桃SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

建立适宜桃基因组DNA的SRAP-PCR扩增体系,为桃基因图谱的构建和分子标记打下基础。以桃基因组DNA为模板,通过正交试验设计,从dNTPs、Mg2+、Taq酶、引物、模板5种因素4个水平对桃SRAP-PCR反应体系进行优化,所建立的体系为25μL:dNTPs为0.12 mmol/L,Mg2+为4 mmol/L,Taq酶2 U,引物为0.3 mmol/L,模板DNA50ng。PCR反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性l min,35℃复性l min,72℃延伸l min,5个循环;94℃变性l min,50℃复性l min,72℃延伸l min,35个循环,72℃延伸10 min。     

龙眼ISSR反应体系的建立和优化

对影响龙眼ISSR－PCR扩增反应的各个参数进行优化,建立适合龙眼的ISSR反应体系：PCR反应体积为20μl,其中模板DNA 25ng,引物0.2μmol/L,dNTP 100μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.5U,MgCl2 2.5mmol/L,10×PCR缓冲液2.0μl;扩增程序为94℃预变性5min;94℃变性1min,退火温度1min,72℃延伸90s,40个循环;72℃延伸7min     

烟草RAPD反应体系的建立与优化研究

以烤烟品种为材料,研究了烟草RAPD分析过程中的影响因素,包括模板浓度、Mg2+、dNTP、引物、Taq 酶、循环次数、退火温度等,建立了适于烟草RAPD分析的PCR反应体系：即在25μl反应体系中,模板用量为40ng;引物浓度为0.4μM;Mg2+浓度为2.5mM;dNTP浓度为0.2mM;Taq DNA聚合酶用量为1U。扩增程序为94℃预变性5min;然后94℃变性1min,38℃复性1min,72℃延伸1.5min,39个循环;最后72℃延伸5min。     

胡椒SRAP反应体系的建立和优化

建立并优化胡椒SRAP分子标记体系,为海南胡椒属植物亲缘关系和遗传多态性分析、物种和品种鉴定等打下技术基础。利用单因素随机试验对胡椒SRAP-PCR反应体系中各组分（Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP、模板DNA、引物和Mg2+）的浓度进行优化,同时筛选SRAP-PCR反应的循环数和最适退火温度。通过实验确定了SRAP-PCR反应体系为：反应总体系为20 μL,其中引物0.35 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,dNTP 0.6 mmol/L,Mg2 + 1.5 mmol/L,模板DNA 25~200 ng,同时通过梯度PCR试验,确定引物最佳退火温度;最佳SRAP-PCR反应程序为：94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性30 s,35℃退火30 s,72℃延伸45 s,5个循环;然后94℃变性30 s,48℃退火30 s,72℃延伸45 s,40个循环;最后72℃延伸7 min,4℃保存。SRAP-PCR体系适为胡椒属植物遗传多样性分析奠定了基础,并成功地应用于海南胡椒属植物亲缘关系和遗传多态性分析。     

山杏RAPD反应体系条件的优化

以山杏新鲜叶片为材料,研究了山杏RAPD分析过程中的影响因素,包括Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物、模板DNA浓度、变性时间、循环次数等,建立了适合山杏RAPD反应的PCR体系,即20μL反应体系中含有Taq酶1.0U、Mg2+ 2.0mM,四种dNTP各0.1mM,引物0.5μM,模板DNA50ng。扩增程序为：94℃预变性4mins;94℃变性1min,36℃退火1min,72℃延伸1.5mins,10个循环;94℃变性30s,36℃退火40s,72℃延伸60s,30个循环;最后72℃延伸5min     

柑桔SRAP和ISSR分子标记技术体系的建立与优化

通过对PCR反应程序、反应体系(DNA模板量、PCR反应体积、Mg2 浓度、dNTP浓度、Taq酶用量、引物量)、电泳检测方法的系统优化,建立了柑桔SRAP-PCR和ISSR-PCR体系;以此进行大规模引物筛选,从而建立了柑桔SRAP和ISSR分子标记技术体系.SRAP-PCR:25μL体系,模板DNA25ng,Tris-HCl10 mmol/L,KCl50 mmol/L,Mg2 1.2 mmol/L,dNTP 120 μmol/L,Taq酶1.5U,引物0.4μmol/L,反应程序为94℃预变性5min,35个循环(94℃ 30s,47℃ 1min,72℃ 1min),72℃延伸10min;ISSR-PCR:25μL体系,模板DNA25ng,Tris-HCl10mmol/L,KCl50mmol/L,Mg2 1.6 mmol/L,dNTP200μmol/L,Taq酶1 U,引物0.8μmol/L.筛选出稳定性好、多态性高的24对SRAP引物和13条ISSR引物.     

实蝇RAPD反应体系的构建与优化

以几种常见的实蝇为材料，研究了实蝇RAPD分析过程中的影响因素，包括模板DNA浓度、dNTP、引物、Taq酶、变性时间、循环次数、退火温度等，建立了适于实蝇RAPD分析的PCR反应体系：在25μl反应体系中，模板DNA用量为80ng，MgCl 2浓度为2.0mM；四种dNTP浓度各为0.2 mM；Taq引物浓度为0.5μM；酶用量为1U；扩增程序：先94℃预变性3min，再94℃变性45s、36℃退火1min、72℃延伸2min共40个循环，最后延伸10min。     

无核葡萄SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

以大粒无核葡萄‘皇家秋天’的基因组DNA为模板,对无核葡萄SRAP-PCR反应体系的主要成分及反应退火温度进行优化。获得的最优SRAP-PCR反应程序为94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性1 min,38℃复性1 min,72℃延伸1 min,5个循环;94℃变性1 min,56℃复性1 min,72℃延伸1 min,35个循环;72℃终延伸10 min。25 μL体系中,模板DNA 40 ng,Mg2+ 1.5 mmol/L,dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L,引物0.2 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.6 U。实验结果表明,优化后的SRAP-PCR反应体系扩增多态性高,带型清晰,稳定性好。     

黄枝油杉ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

先运用正交设计进行初步筛选,再用单因素设计逐一优化对ISSR-PCR扩增效果有影响的Mg2+、Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP、引物、模板DNA、循环次数及退火温度.建立了黄枝油杉的最佳反应体系和程序,即25μL体系中含2.0mmol/L的Mg2+、1.5U Taq DNA聚合酶、0.10mmol/L的dNTP、1.0μmol/L的引物、30ng的模板DNA以及2.5μL10×PCR buffer,其余的用灭菌的ddH2O补够25μL.扩增程序:94℃预变性5min;94℃变性30s,48～56℃(不同的引物,其退火温度不同,根据具体引物而定)退火45s,72℃延伸90s,以上3个步骤循环50次;最后72℃延伸7min;扩增产物放在4℃冰箱中保存.该体系和程序稳定性良好,结果可靠,可用于黄枝油杉遗传多样性分析.     

块根紫金牛ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交和单因素试验设计方法,研究Mg2+、dNTP、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶、模板DNA、退火温度及循环次数对ISSR-PCR扩增效果的影响,建立块根紫金牛ISSR-PCR反应体系和扩增程序,即25 ul的体系中含Mg2+ 2.0 mmol/L,dNTP0.15 mmol/L,引物1.0μmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶1.0U,模板DNA50ng,10×Buffer 2.5μl.适宜的扩增程序是94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性30s,56.6℃退火45s,70℃延伸2.0 min;45个循环;72℃延伸7min,4℃保存.采用正交和单因素试验可快速建立ISSR-PCR反应体系.该体系稳定、可靠,可用于块根紫金牛遗传多样性分析.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.