甘薯渣制备低聚糖发酵条件的优化

为了研发利用薯渣制备低聚糖工艺,以甘薯渣为原料,对Streptomyces.sp菌株发酵制备低聚糖的条件进行了优化。采用单因素试验,研究接种量、起始pH、发酵时间、料液比、发酵温度对低聚糖产量的影响,结果表明影响产量的关键因素为起始pH、发酵时间、发酵温度。以低聚糖产量为响应值,根据BoxBehnken中心组合设计原理采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法进行最佳条件的优化,结果表明:当起始pH值4.88,发酵时间104.97 h,发酵温度29.44℃,低聚糖的产量最高,为6.288μg·mL-1,在此条件下实际低聚糖的产量为(6.269±0.1)μg·mL-1。采用发酵法制备低聚糖方法切实可行,为进一步研究甘薯渣资源利用奠定了理论基础。     

联合提取分离苹果渣果胶和多酚工艺优化

为研究从苹果渣中联合提取和分离果胶和多酚的最优工艺条件,该文利用酸提法从干燥的苹果渣中提取果胶和多酚,并利用疏水性大孔树脂进行分离。结合一种基于区间数多决策属性的评价方法优化提取分离过程。提取参数为果胶的产量和多酚的产量;分离参数包括:多酚吸附率、果胶吸附率和果胶的色泽变化。经优化后,提取的最优性条件为:pH值2.0,温度95℃,提取时间1.5h和料液比1:20(g/mL)。果胶、多酚物质的平均提取得率为196.49和10.98mg/g,分别占单一提取产率的92.28%和85.92%。经优化得出:最佳的大孔树脂是XDA-5。根据最优分离条件可得到提取液中98.32%果胶和92.15%多酚。结果表明,多属性决策理论的评价方法应用在提取分离苹果渣是可行的,可减少试验量。     

传统与微波辅助工艺提取苹果果胶品质比较

该研究比较了传统工艺（CSE）与微波辅助工艺（MAE）所提取苹果果胶的品质差异,微波工艺[pH=1.0,提取时间20.8 min,功率499 W,料液比=1︰14.5（m/V）]提取的苹果果胶其得率、纯度和总离子含量均显著高于传统工艺[pH=2.0,提取时间1.5 h,温度85℃,料液比=1︰13],动态模式下对果胶溶液凝胶性能分析发现,传统工艺提取的苹果果胶凝胶温度为94℃,微波工艺提取的温度为82℃,但其酯化度和黏均分子质量显著小于传统工艺;传统工艺提取的苹果果胶溶液褐变指数、屈服应力、表观黏度、活化能显著高于微波工艺,总酚含量显著低于微波工艺;传统工艺提取苹果果胶溶液的亮度值和色调角均高于微波工艺,彩度值低于微波工艺提取的苹果果胶;频率扫描发现,传统工艺提取的果胶溶液具有更加稳定的三维结构,分子间相互结合得更加紧密,具有更好的凝胶特性。     

酶法辅助提取柑桔皮总黄酮的工艺优化研究

为了充分利用农业废弃物柑桔皮,进一步提高柑桔皮中总黄酮的提取效率,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合设计对柑桔皮总黄酮纤维素酶法辅助提取工艺中的提取时间、提取温度、pH值和酶用量4因子的最优化组合进行了定量研究,建立并分析了各因子与黄酮得率关系的数学模型.结果表明:最佳的工艺条件为酶用量0.55%、提取时间123 min、pH值4.4、温度48℃.经试验验证,在此条件下,黄酮得率为(3.51±0.13)%,与理论计算值3.62%基本一致.说明回归模型能较好地预测柑桔皮中总黄酮的提取得率.     

响应面法优化提取花椒籽蛋白质工艺研究

本研究以花椒籽为原料,采用盐提法提取花椒籽中蛋白质。在单因素实验基础上,根据Central-Composite中心组合实验设计原理,采用响应面分析法,考察NaCl浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比、pH值对蛋白质得率的影响。结果表明,响应面法优化所得的最佳工艺条件可靠,其最佳工艺条件为:NaCl浓度0.79mol·L-1,提取时间60min,提取温度35℃,料液比1∶17.5,pH值8.78。在此最佳工艺条件下花椒籽粗蛋白得率为18.92%。     

超声波辅助提取山豆根氧化苦参碱研究(简报)

为了优化山豆根氧化苦参碱的超声波辅助提取工艺,该文采用单因子试验和L9(34)正交试验设计,研究了超声波功率、超声波提取时间、超声波提取温度、乙醇浓度、液料比、浸置时间和提取液pH值对山豆根氧化苦参碱提取的影响.结果表明,影响氧化苦参碱得率的主次因素为超声波提取时间、超声波提取温度、超声波功率及浸置时间;经正交试验确定山豆根氧化苦参碱最佳提取工艺条件为:超声波提取时间150min,超声波提取温度90℃,超声波功率300W,浸置时间20 min.在此最佳工艺条件下,山豆根氧化苦参碱的得率为1.253%.与对照试验相比,得率提高了73%,纯度提高了17%.     

微波干燥预处理对苹果渣提取果胶的影响

利用微波干燥技术对湿苹果渣进行预处理,研究了微波干燥预处理对苹果渣提取果胶的影响.以探索一种新的干燥方法和提高果胶品质.结果表明:微波能量越大,苹果渣组织结构破碎越严重,其复水能力越弱;但对苹果渣颜色无显著影响;微波干燥预处理能显著提高果胶得率,微波预处理条件为300 W、15 min、7.5×10-2kW·h或500 W、10 min、8.3×10-2kW·h时微波预处理苹果皮渣的果胶提取得率比对照提高了50%左右,是较为适宜的微波处理条件,但微波能量大于8.3×10-2kW·h时,对果胶得率有不利影响;微波干燥预处理对果胶半乳糖醛酸含量无显著性影响,但显著提高了果胶的酯化度、固有黏度和黏均分子质量.     

麦麸中低聚木糖的制备及抗氧化活性研究

以麦麸木聚糖为原料,采用酶法水解制备低聚木糖,研究其抗氧化活性。在单因素基础上,采用正交试验设计,考察酶解时间、酶解温度、pH值、加酶量对低聚木糖含量影响以及酶解的最佳工艺。通过对DPPH自由基,羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率的测定,研究了麦麸制备的低聚木糖抗氧化作用。研究表明,酶法制备麦麸低聚木糖的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量600U·g-1,pH值为6,酶解时间90min,酶解温度60℃,在最优条件下的验证试验得到低聚木糖含量为5.09mg·mL-1。对低聚木糖的抗氧化研究表明,1mg·mL-1低聚木糖对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率分别达到76.55%和80.30%,对超氧阴离子自由基的抑制效果较弱,最大清除率为41.12%,低聚木糖能有效清除自由基,表现出良好的体外抗氧化活性。     

超声波辅助提取秋葵果胶工艺优化及理化性质分析

为开发优质果胶资源,利用超声波辅助法从黄秋葵和红秋葵果荚中提取果胶,采用单因素试验探讨了酸种类、料液比、pH值、提取温度、超声时间和超声功率对2种秋葵果胶提取率的影响,并应用BoxBenhnken设计应面试验,确定果胶的最优提取工艺,并对其理化性质进行比较分析。结果表明,黄秋葵果胶的最佳提取工艺条件:萃取溶剂为盐酸、pH值2.0、提取温度70℃、料液比1∶40 g·m L-1,超声时间41 min、超声功率350 W,果胶提取率最高为15.87%;红秋葵果胶的最佳提取工艺条件:萃取溶剂为盐酸、pH值2.0、提取温度70℃、料液比1∶36 g·m L-1,超声时间42 min,超声功率350 W,果胶提取率最高为15.03%。经傅里叶红外光谱分析及理化性质测定,黄秋葵、红秋葵果胶的各项指标均优于国家标准,两者半乳糖醛酸含量分别为78.72%、72.92%,酯化度分别为66.95%、68.68%,均属于高酯果胶。添加黄、红秋葵果胶后,凝胶质构特性均得到明显的提升。本研究结果为果胶新资源的开发利用提供了基础数据。     

微波辅助提取黄皮果肉果胶工艺参数优化

为优化微波辅助提取黄皮果肉中果胶的工艺,采用均匀设计法,考察了微波功率、提取时间、液料比及提取液pH值4个因子对黄皮果胶得率的影响。利用SAS软件对试验数据进行模型拟合和回归分析,确定提取时间和液料比是影响果胶得率的重要因子,并最终获得微波辅助提取黄皮果胶的最优工艺参数为:微波功率600W,提取时间8min,液料比24:1mL/g,提取液pH值2.0。在此条件下果胶得率为3.59%。通过对果胶基本特性的测定分析,该工艺提取的黄皮果胶品质基本符合国家标准,可为黄皮果胶提取的工业化放大提供参考。     

苹果渣多酚提取工艺的优化

为优化苹果渣中多酚提取工艺,并得到提取工艺和多酚组成之间的关系,利用微波辅助提取法设计了由物料颗粒、液料比、乙醇浓度、微波功率和微波提取时间5个因素构成的多酚提取优化试验流程,构建了涵盖黄酮、原花青素2种典型多酚物质和抗氧化能力的提取工艺评价指标体系。采用证据理论对不同工艺在评价指标下的焦元进行识别,并基于信度函数和似真函数得到了不同提取工艺的效用区间和优化方案。优化结果为：物料颗粒60目,液料比30?mL/g,乙醇体积分数60%,微波功率600?W,提取时间70?s,此条件下苹果渣多酚的提取量为213.83?mg/100g,黄酮提取量为83.21?mg/100g,原花青素提取量为52.79?mg/100g,抗氧化的EC50值为3.71?mg/100mL,验证了采用证据理论进行苹果渣多酚提取工艺优化的有效性。     

Effects of commercial pectolytic and cellulolytic enzyme preparations on the apple cell wall

The action of three different commercial enzyme combinations on apple cell wall material has been examined in a model system under conditions of mash and pomace treatment by using an alcohol-insoluble substance prepared from apples. A part of the total dietary fiber, for example, galacturonan (pectin), appeared in the soluble fraction after enzymatic mash treatment. The soluble fraction increased intensely during pomace treatment. Furthermore, enzyme actions caused a change in the water-binding capacity of residues as well as changes in the monosaccharide composition and in the molecular weight distribution of saccharides in filtrates (soluble parts). The extent of decomposition of cell wall material and the increase of soluble oligomeric and/or polymeric dietary fiber components are caused by both the composition (pectinases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and the activities of the enzyme preparations. The model experiments allow an insight into the reactions occurring during enzyme action on the plant cell wall, for example, during apple juice production using pectolytic and cellulolytic enzyme preparations.     

苹果渣中不同极性多酚的分离及体外抗氧化活性研究

为了优化苹果多酚提取工艺,进而提高苹果多酚提取物中强效多酚的含量,该文采用液-液萃取方法按极性大小对果渣多酚进行分离,进而采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基法和铁离子还原/抗氧化力法对不同极性多酚体外抗氧化活性进行评价.结果表明:液-液萃取方法,可以实现不同极性多酚的有效分离,不同极性苹果多酚,其体外抗氧化活性有显著差异,水层多酚活性最强,其次为正丁醇层,乙酸乙酯层相对较弱,即多酚的抗氧化性与其极性呈正相关.因此,工业化提取苹果渣中多酚时,增大提取溶剂的极性有利于强效多酚的获取.     

Effect of macerating enzymes on the oligosaccharide profiles of Merlot red wines

Commercial pectinase preparations are applied in winemaking to improve wine processing and final quality. These preparations contain pectolytic enzyme activities such as polygalacturonases, pectin esterases, pectin lyases, and rhamnogalacturonases. These enzymes modify the polysaccharide and oligosaccharide composition of wines. The influence of various commercial enzyme preparations on wine oligosaccharide composition was studied, on Merlot wines from the Bordeaux area. Wine oligosaccharides were isolated by high-resolution size-exclusion chromatography on a Superdex-30 HR column. The glycosyl residue and glycosyl linkage compositions of the oligosaccharide fractions obtained were determined. The MS spectra of the Merlot oligosaccharide fractions from control and enzyme-treated wines were recorded on an AccuTOF mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Oligosaccharides in the control wines were partly methylated homogalacturonans, corresponding to smooth regions of pectins, whereas those of the enzyme-treated wines were mostly rhamnogalacturonan-like structures linked with neutral lateral chains, arising from the hairy regions. The enzyme preparations used thus cleaved the rhamnogalacturonan backbone of the hairy zones and demethylated and hydrolyzed the smooth regions. Besides, different structures were detected, depending on the enzyme preparation used, indicating that they contained rhamnogalacturonase activities with different specificities. The oligosaccharide profiles can serve as a marker of enzymatic treatments.     

苹果皮渣固态发酵生产菌体蛋白饲料工艺优化及产物品质分析

为提高苹果皮渣中粗蛋白的含量,以黑曲霉为发酵菌种发酵苹果皮渣,通过单因素试验对影响苹果皮渣固态发酵的参数进行优化,在此基础上进一步采用响应面试验筛选最佳发酵工艺参数,并对最佳工艺条件下的发酵产物品质进行分析。结果表明,黑曲霉发酵苹果皮渣的最佳工艺条件为:黑曲霉接种量10%、发酵温度32℃、水料比3.5、发酵时间6 d。此条件下苹果皮渣经发酵后粗蛋白含量从7.05%提高到33.56%,粗脂肪含量从4.75%提高到5.57%,粗纤维含量从21.80%降低到13.53%,氨基酸总含量从45.10 mg·g~(- 1)提高到126.30 mg·g~(- 1),必需氨基酸含量从16.13 mg·g-1提高到50.40mg·g~(- 1)。综上,黑曲霉发酵可以显著提高苹果皮渣的营养价值,这为苹果皮渣资源化利用、缓解蛋白质供需矛盾提供了有效途径。     

Apple pomace is a good matrix for phytochemical retention

Phytochemical content and color changes in dried apple pomace and pulp (mixture of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious varieties) were studied during 9 months storage in the water activity (a(w)) range 0.11-0.75 at 30 °C. Water mobility was measured at various a(w) levels by (1)H NMR. During storage, antioxidant degradation (including flavonols, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, anthocyanins, and hydroxycinnamic acids) followed first-order kinetics, whereas color changes followed zero-order kinetics. These changes were accelerated by increasing a(w). Phytochemical and color were more stable in the pomace than in the pulp over the entire a(w) range, having 2-6 times smaller degradation rates. These results were related to the lower water mobility found in apple pomace as compared to the pulp. The overall results show that apple pomace can be exploited as a food ingredient with good phytochemical retention, and may help in the development of new matrices with maximum phytochemical retention.     

Substrates Influence Stimulatory Effect of Mevalonic Acid on Carotenoid Production in Red Yeasts

Stimulation of carotenogenesis in carotenoid producing red yeasts, algae, or bacteria for enhanced carotenoid production has been achieved by mevalonic acid addition. Recently, carotenoid‐enriched feed was produced by Phaffia rhodozyma fermentation of inexpensive animal feeds. Because mevalonate improves carotenoid yield in P. rhodozyma in synthetic medium, this study tested whether a similar enhancement was possible in biobased substrates. Four concentrations, 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.1% of mevalonate as a precursor of P. rhodozyma production of astaxanthin and β‐carotene were evaluated in five substrates: defatted rice bran, full fat rice bran, wheat bran, corn whole stillage, and synthetic media. Additionally, four concentrations, 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% of apple pomace and tomato pomace were also evaluated as precursors of carotenogenesis in P. rhodozyma fermentation of corn whole stillage and rice bran. Mevalonic acid, tomato pomace, and apple pomace enhanced carotenoid yields in all substrates in that order. However, the optimal concentration of precursor and the percent increase of carotenoid yield in each substrate were variable, potentially indicating substrate influence on carotenoid stimulation. Among animal feed substrates, mevalonic acid in corn whole stillage resulted in the best astaxanthin yield of 220 μg/g and β‐carotene of 904 μg/g. Tomato pomace resulted in 29% astaxanthin and β‐carotene enhancement in corn whole stillage, and apple pomace increased β‐carotene production by 26% in whole stillage. The use of expensive mevalonate is offset by the inexpensive process of producing carotenoid‐enriched DDGS. Optimization of tomato or apple pomace addition may further enhance the carotenoid yields.     

Activity and concentration of polyphenolic antioxidants in apple juice. 1. Effect of existing production methods

Apples are an important source of flavonoids in the human diet. The effect of processing apples into juice on polyphenolic antioxidant content and activity is described. Raw juice obtained from Jonagold apples by pulping and straight pressing or after pulp enzyming had an antioxidant activity that was only 10 and 3%, respectively, of the activity of the fresh apples. The levels of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in the juice were reduced to between 50% (chlorogenic acid) and 3% (catechins). Most of the antioxidants were retained in the pomace rather than being transferred into the juice. Apparently, most of the antioxidant compounds are absorbed to the solid matter of the pomace. In apple juice, 45% of the total measured antioxidant activity could be ascribed to the analyzed antioxidants. For three apple cultivars tested (Elstar, Golden Delicious, and Jonagold), the processing methods had similar effects. The results indicate that processing can have a major impact on the bioactivity of products.     

Production of L-lactic acid and oligomeric compounds from apple pomace by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation: a response surface methodology assessment

The potential of apple pomace for lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was evaluated. The effects of the cellulase to solid ratio (CSR), the liquor to solid ratio (LSR), and the beta-glucosidase to cellulase ratio (BCR) on the kinetics of lactic acid generation were assessed, and a set of mathematical models was developed to reproduce and predict the lactic acid concentration of fermentation broths. Operating at low cellulase and cellobiase charges (1 FPU/g and 0.25 IU/FPU, respectively) and short reaction times (10 h), SSF media containing 27.8 g of lactic acid/L were obtained with a volumetric productivity of 2.78 g/Lh. Material balances showed that the SSF processing of 100 kg of dry apple pomace results in the production of 36.6 kg of lactic acid, 18.3 kg of oligomeric carbohydrates (which can be used as ingredients for functional foods), 8.4 kg of microbial biomass, and 8 kg uronic acids.     

Activity and concentration of polyphenolic antioxidants in apple juice. 2. Effect of novel production methods

There is a great interest in food components that possess possible health-protecting properties, as is the case with flavonoids. Previous research showed that conventional apple juice processing resulted in juices poor in flavonoids and with a low antioxidant activity. This paper shows that it is possible to improve flavonoid content in juice and its antioxidant activity by applying an alcoholic extraction either on the pulp or on the pomace. The levels of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in enriched juice were between 1.4 (chlorogenic acid) and 9 (quercetin glycosides) times higher than in conventional apple juice. In enriched juice the antioxidant activity was 5 times higher than in conventional apple juice, with 52% of the antioxidant activity of the originating fruits present. The novel processing method had similar effects for three apple cultivars tested (Elstar, Golden Delicious, and Jonagold). The taste and color of enriched juice were different from those of conventional juice.