四川省土壤温度状况空间分布特征

土壤温度状况(STR)在现代土壤系统分类中是确定土壤分类单元的重要诊断特性。利用四川省160个气象站点的多年年均和月均地面气候资料与数字高程模型数据,分析不同气象因子与地形因素对土壤温度(土温)的影响,然后以显著影响的因子为辅助变量,采用回归克里格法预测四川省STR的空间分布,依据中国土壤系统分类高级与基层分类划分标准中有关STR的定量诊断指标,对四川省STR及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明,气温、经度、纬度与海拔对土温有显著影响,在高级分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、寒性为主,部分区域为永冻、冷性、高热;在基层分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、冷性为主,部分地区为高寒性、近寒性、亚寒性、高热性。四川省STR分析为四川土壤系统分类与土壤资源的合理利用提供了科学依据。     

中国土壤温度的季节性变化及其区域分异研究

土壤温度是重要的土壤物理性质,其区域分异和季节性变化直接影响着土壤生物的生长发育、繁殖和分布,与农业生产和生态环境紧密相关。本研究根据中国1971～2000年地面气候资料中年均和月均土壤温度、气温和降水数据,分析了我国土壤温度的季节变化及其区域分异特征,并分析了气温和降水对土壤温度的影响。研究表明,我国土壤温度的季节性变化非常明显,土壤温度从春季到夏季变化最大,20℃等温线的纬度跳跃接近25°,而由冬季到春季土壤温度的变化最为缓和。土壤温度的季节变化在不同区域之间存在显著差异;不同区域中土壤温度与气温、降水之间的相关性也各不相同,在温带区域和青藏高原区,气温是土壤温度变化的主要影响因素;在亚热带和热带湿润区土壤温度的季节变化受到气温和降水的共同作用。     

基于贵州高原地貌分区的降水时空异质性特征

为探究贵州省高原山区不同地貌类型单元的降水时空异质性特征及其规律,利用贵州省19个气象站点1951—2018年共68 a的降水量、气温、湿度等数据,充分考虑不同海拔、经度与纬度对降水的影响,采用Mann-Kendall非参数突变检测、滑动平均与距平累积、反距离权重插值法等方法分析不同地貌类型区的降水及各影响因子的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)贵州省降水总体呈下降态势,长时间序列下气温升温趋势较明显,相对湿度下降速率大于降水下降速率,降水与气温呈正相关;(2)非喀斯特地区降水呈微弱的上升趋势,其他5种地貌区降水均呈下降趋势,下降速率大小为:岩溶断陷盆地岩溶高原岩溶峡谷岩溶槽谷峰丛洼地;(3)岩溶峡谷区多年间降水量整体处于平均值以上,降水较丰沛,没有明显的枯水期;其余5种地貌总体上有1967—1980年与1993—2000年两个丰水期,1951—1960年、1985—1992年和2005—2018年3个枯水期;(4)除峰丛洼地无明显突变点外,非喀斯特(2013年)、岩溶槽谷(1984年)、岩溶断陷盆地(1986年)、岩溶高原(1980年)、岩溶峡谷(1986年)发生显著突变;(5)降水在空间特征上与经度呈正相关,与纬度和海拔呈负相关,不同地貌单元上降水空间分布特征为:岩溶高原岩溶峡谷岩溶槽谷非喀峰丛洼地岩溶断陷盆地。掌握不同地貌区降水时空特征及其变化规律,可为降水引起的自然灾害预警提供科学依据。     

基于三种空间预测方法的安庆市耕地土壤速效钾空间分布预测

以安徽省安庆市为研究区,选取环境变量因子(空间位置变量因子、地形变量因子、土壤变量因子、气候变量因子)作为变量因素,通过构建随机森林(Random Forest,RF)模型对研究区耕地土壤速效钾含量进行预测,并与普通克里金(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和反距离权重(Inverse Distance Weighting,IDW)这两种传统空间预测方法作对比。结果表明:研究区内速效钾空间分布的3种方法的预测精度高低顺序为RF>OK>IDW,其中RF模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)分别为30.93 mg·kg^-1、41.31 mg·kg^-1和0.58,相较于OK和IDW分别高出了3.36%、5.95%,6.71%、11.86%和18.37%、23.40%;3种空间分布预测方法整体趋势一致,呈东南高西北低分布。综合而言,RF模型能较好地预测安庆市耕地土壤速效钾含量,且纬度、年平均温度、成土母质、高程、经度、年平均降水量是影响RF模型精度的主要因素。     

土壤系统分类中年平均土温的判定

广西年平均气温具有三维的分布规律。某些地方的年平均气温可以用三元经验方程来估算。经验方程是:Ŷ(年平均气温℃)=69.2362-0.6675×纬度*-0.2941×经度*-0.0049×海拔(m)。用各气象台站的有关数据,通过线性回归方程可得到年平均土温的附加常量,便可估算出任何采样点的年平均土温,对野外工作带来方便。     

不同气象插值方法精度评估及对草地NPP估算的影响

以2000—2015年宁夏境内及周边14个气象站点的年均气温及年总降水量为数据基础,分别利用反距离权重法(IDW)、样条函数法、Anusplin插值法对气象数据进行了空间插值并交叉检验,将不同方法插值获取的气象要素空间栅格数据作为模型驱动参数输入CASA模型,研究了气象要素不同插值方法对草地NPP估算精度的影响。结果表明:(1)3种插值法中Anusplin插值法在宁夏区域内气象要素插值的误差最小,精度最高,反距离权重法误差最大,在气温插值中表现最为明显;(2)通过实测数据的检验,CASA模型在宁夏草地NPP估算当中适用性强,模拟的年总NPP空间分布格局与实际情况相符,模拟数据可靠;(3)在不同草地类型的NPP估算中,引用MOD17A3NPP数据作为验证数据对比发现基于Anusplin的气象要素插值数据及CASA模型模拟的NPP一定程度上提高了NPP估算精度,其在干草原、灌丛草原、干荒漠类草原及荒漠草原的估算中精度较高,而在沼泽类和山地草甸的估算效果欠佳,其估算精度有待提高。     

安徽省气象数据空间插值方法比较与分布特征

以安徽省境内80个气象站点2011—2014年的降水量和2015年的逐日气温数据为基础,结合该区30 m的DEM数据,选取反距离权重加权法（IDW）、径向基函数法（RBF）、普通克里金法（OK）和协同克里金法（CK）对降水和气温数据分别进行了空间插值,并对模拟结果进行了交叉验证。结果表明:考虑了纬度和高程的协同克里金插值效果最好,降水和气温的插值误差排序均为:CK < OK < RBF < IDW,并对插值结果进行分析,发现研究区降水和气温空间分布均呈现由南向北逐渐递减的特点,并与经纬度、高程进行相关系数和回归分析,表明气象要素纬度地带性显著,降水量主要由纬度和高程决定,气温则主要受纬度的影响,月均气温与经度和纬度有一定的季节性规律。     

基于不同估算方法的贵州省土壤温度状况

土壤温度状况是土壤系统分类重要的土壤诊断特性,是土壤某些分类单元的划分依据。以贵州省86个气象站点(1951/71—1980)地面气候资料为基础,应用不同的土壤温度估算方法(土温内插法、土温直接估算、纽荷模型估算、气温回归估算法、纬度海拔回归估算法),判定贵州省各县(市)的土壤温度状况。结果表明,5种方法的估算结果基本一致,"不同海拔的贵州省经纬度海拔回归估算"方法在贵州省土壤温度状况估算中的应用更为广泛。贵州省土壤温度状况包括温性、热性和高热性三种土壤温度状况类型;有80个县(市)的估算结果属于热性土壤温度状况;威宁、大方属于温性土壤温度状况;有4个县(市)估算结果处在不同土壤温度状况临界值附近,存在两种土壤温度状况,其中水城、开阳和习水存在温性和热性两种土壤温度状况,而罗甸则存在高热性和热性两种土壤温度状况。将贵州省土壤温度状况作为诊断特性应用于土壤系统分类时,应综合考虑成土环境条件。     

基于混合地理加权回归与克里格的区域降水量空间插值方法

基于四川省区域范围内144个气象站点的实测降水数据,在综合考虑空间位置、地形等影响因素的基础上,采用改进的回归克里格模型,即混合地理加权回归克里格模型（MGWRK）对四川省年降水量的空间分布进行空间插值,并与普通克里格（OK）、全局回归克里格（GRK）和地理加权回归克里格（GWRK）等模型的插值效果进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）应用逐步回归法筛选确定的用于回归分析的影响因子组合为经度、纬度和坡度,可有效消除解释变量间的多重共线性,为后续的空间插值奠定基础;（2）同一回归变量在地理加权回归（GWR）与全局回归（GR）两种回归模型中的AICc（修正的赤池信息量准则,Corrected Akaike Information Criterion）值之差（ΔAICc）可用于定量判定各回归变量的空间非平稳性类型,据此将变量坡度设为全局变量,经度和纬度设为局部变量进行处理。在此基础上,通过MGWRK模型对四川省年降水量进行空间插值;（3）MGWRK插值模型综合考虑了空间位置、地形等多个影响因素及其与降水相互关系的空间非平稳性特征,相对于传统的OK和GRK法具有更高的插值精度。     

西南典型岩溶区土壤硒空间分布预测

土壤硒精准预测和制图是富硒土壤资源开发利用和环境规划管理的基础。该文以西南典型岩溶区桂林永福百寿河流域为例,在分析影响土壤硒化学行为因子的基础上,通过野外样品采集和室内化学分析以及Arc GIS空间分析,获取了研究区相关地理环境因子和土壤属性因子数据。利用逐步回归方法选择土壤硒空间分布预测的辅助变量,使用协同克里格模型对非连续分布的辅助变量进行插值。在此基础上利用地理加权回归模型对土壤硒空间分布进行预测,同时以普通克里格插值结果作为参照。研究结果表明:使用地理环境因子和影响土壤硒化学行为的土壤属性因子可以提高土壤硒预测精度;协同克里格插值解决了辅助变量数据连续分布的问题;土壤硒的空间分布与地形和影响土壤硒化学行为的因子有关。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.