宁夏六盘山不同森林类型林地的贮水量

 为评价宁夏六盘山不同森林类型的水源涵养生态功能,对宁夏六盘山地区华北落叶松人工纯林、辽东栎天然纯林、白桦+山杨天然混交林和华山松+红桦+白桦天然混交林4种林地枯落物和土壤的贮水特征进行研究。采用样方法和浸泡法测定枯落物不同层次的最大持水量和持水特性,采用环刀法和浸泡法测定土壤水分物理性质和贮水量。结果表明:林地枯落物层饱和贮水量为华山松+红桦+白桦天然混交林最大,华北落叶松人工纯林次之,辽东栎天然纯林其次,白桦+山杨天然混交林最小;除华北落叶松人工纯林枯落物未分解层和华山松+红桦+白桦天然混交林半分解层在浸泡6h时达到最大持水量外,其他森林类型各层次均在浸泡3h时达到最大持水量;土壤饱和贮水量为华山松+红桦+白桦天然混交林最大,辽东栎天然纯林次之,华北落叶松人工纯林其次,白桦+山杨天然混交林最小。     

秦岭火地塘林区森林根际微生物及其土壤生化特性研究

对秦岭林区几种主要林型根际土壤微生物的测定分析表明根际微生物数量表现为油松—华山松混交林＞落叶松林＞锐齿栎—油松混交林,且以细菌数量为主。同一林型微生物状况为根际＞非根际,干基根区＞干基非根区,且不同林分差异显著。微生物的数量分布与土壤酶活性、有机质含量、土壤养分状况等强弱呈正相关关系。     

不同林型农田防护林植物与土壤理化指标及功能基因差异

为探讨土壤生态(土壤理化指标及化学计量比)与叶片元素间的相互关系,为林地土壤养分管理及合理施肥提供理论依据,在黑龙江省拜泉县选取落叶松纯林、樟子松纯林、樟子松落叶松混交林3种典型农田防护林类型为研究对象,分析比较了3种农田防护林叶片和土壤的碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比。结果表明：混交林的根际土壤电导率、硝态氮含量、全磷含量均显著高于纯林土壤,氮磷比显著低于纯林土壤(P<0.05),混交林落叶松根际土壤电导率和有机碳、全磷、碱解氮、硝态氮含量均为最高,全氮、铵态氮、速效磷含量也较高;混交林落叶松叶片氮含量及磷含量均显著高于混交林樟子松(P<0.05),落叶松纯林和混交林落叶松的叶片氮磷比显著低于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);3种林型的树种叶片氮磷比均小于14,土壤全磷含量均低于全国森林平均磷含量,植物生长一定程度上受到了叶片氮元素及土壤磷元素的限制;土壤硝态氮含量是土壤中最大的影响因子,真菌基因(ITS)、嗜酸基因(Acidobacteria)、碱性磷酸酶基因(phoD)这3种基因的拷贝数与其呈显著正相关(P<0.05),也与土壤有机碳含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、碳...     

农田防护林混交对林木蒸腾速率的影响

以黑龙江省西部地区主要农田防护林树种为研究对象,采用快速称重法对樟子松、落叶松和小黑杨纯林,小黑杨和樟子松混交林,小黑杨和落叶松混交林中的各树种蒸腾速率进行了比较研究.结果表明:(1)与小黑杨混交的樟子松和樟子松纯林蒸腾速率日变化差别不大,蒸腾速率的月变化差异最小,各结构防护林树种的蒸腾速率均呈现抛物线变化趋势.(2)与小黑杨混交的落叶松在整个生长季的月平均蒸腾速率为落叶松纯林的76.96%,与落叶松混交的小黑杨的蒸腾速率比小黑杨纯林低17.43%,小黑杨与落叶松混交林能够有效地降低这两个树种的蒸腾速率.(3)农田防护林在多种环境因子的综合作用下,其蒸腾速率受大气温度和太阳总辐射的影响较大,并且蒸腾速率与大气温度、太阳总辐射和土壤水含量均表现出正相关,与相对湿度和风速均表现出负相关.     

秦岭火地塘林区森林根际微生物及其土壤生化特性研究

对秦岭林区几种主要林型根际土壤微生物的测定分析表明,根际微生物数量表现为油松－华山松混交林〉落叶松林〉锐齿栎－油松混交林,且以细菌数量为主。同一林型微生物状况为根际〉非根际,干基根区〉干基非根区,且不同林分差异显著,微生物的数量分布与土壤酶活性,有机质含量,土壤养分状况等强弱呈正相在关系。     

黄土高原不同退耕还林地森林植被改良土壤特性研究

对比研究了青海省大通县不同类型退耕还林地、草地、农田的土壤性质,包括土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤水稳性团粒结构、土壤饱和导水率。结果表明:华北落叶松容重最小,为农田容重的62%,青杨青海云杉混交林是农田土壤容重的83%;0~15 cm土层青海云杉混交林>0.25 mm的团粒结构含量为45.21%,草坡、耕地分别为32.18%、20.81%;北落叶松纯林的最小饱和导水率是1.22 mm/min,林地中饱和导水率最小的是落叶松青海云杉混交林,为0.17 mm/min,草地和农田分别为0.11 mm/min0、.09 mm/min。退耕还林后,与农田相比,林地土壤物理性质得到明显改善,针阔混交林改良土壤特性作用较好,除了华北落叶松纯林和华北落叶松青海云杉混交林外,针阔混交林的土壤物理性质好于阔叶纯林和针叶纯林,草坡和农田较差,草坡略好于农田。     

中俄原油管道对不同类型兴安落叶松林土壤养分及重金属影响

以漠河-大庆输油管道工程所穿越的大兴安岭低山丘陵区地带性森林植被—兴安落叶松5种林型为研究对象,对比分析了管道敷设作业带与非作业带土壤养分及重金属的含量变化特征。结果表明,(1)原油管道敷设后,土壤pH值均升高,白桦-兴安落叶松林pH受影响最大,升高了1.0;土壤有机质含量均极显著降低(P0.01),白桦-樟子松-兴安落叶松林降幅达74.11%。(2)管道敷设后,5种类型兴安落叶松林的土壤养分含量均存在不同程度的变化,其中越桔-兴安落叶松林影响最大,土壤全氮、速效氮含量减少了93.42%和77.78%,全磷含量增幅为59.00%,全钾含量升高幅度达3.63倍,土壤速效钾含量减少了65.75%;5种林型土壤全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量降低均达极显著水平(P0.01)。(3)5种类型兴安落叶松林土壤Cu含量作业带较非作业带升高幅度均较小,说明施工对土壤Cu含量影响较小;土壤Mn、Zn、Pb含量均呈增加趋势,其中对白桦-兴安落叶松林的影响最大,其Mn含量增幅达1.77倍,Zn、Pb含量分别增加1.35和1.11倍。通过内梅罗综合污染指数评价,管道敷设造成了5种类型兴安落叶松林不同程度的土壤重金属污染,白桦-兴安落叶松林土壤受污染较为严重,综合污染指数达2.95。     

华北土石山区人工林土壤健康评价研究

健康的土壤是培育和保护健康森林的基础,研究不同人工林下土壤健康状况对森林健康维护和可持续经营具有重要意义。以河北木兰围场人工林中的落叶松纯林、油松纯林、落叶松与白桦混交林和油松与落叶松混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理、化学和生物学性质,并采用主成分分析法评价了其土壤健康状况。结果表明:(1)林分类型对土壤理化和生物学性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、养分含量和微生物数量减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;(2)土壤因子之间关系密切,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量和细菌数量与土壤密度呈显著或极显著负相关,而与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关;土壤养分含量之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;土壤微生物数量与土壤pH值和养分含量之间存在一定的相关性;(3)采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0-60 cm的土壤健康状况进行了评价,各林分土壤健康水平由高到低依次为:落叶松与白桦混交林油松与落叶松混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林。     

黄河下游引黄灌区弃土区不同土地利用方式改良土壤功能评价

[目的]探讨黄河下游引黄灌区弃土区不同土地利用方式对土壤改良的影响,为该区集中弃土区水土保持生态建设中植被恢复模式的构建提供科学依据和技术参考。[方法]以山东省滨州市小开河引黄灌区的刺槐纯林、杨树+花生农林间作和大豆农田为研究对象,测定分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤抗侵蚀能力、土壤蓄水性能及土壤养分含量等指标。采用模糊数学隶属函数法对3种土地利用方式的改良土壤功能进行综合评价。[结果]3种土地利用方式可显著增强土壤抗蚀性、改善土壤物理结构、增强土壤蓄水性能和土壤养分。土壤抗蚀能力依次表现为:杨树+花生农林间作大豆农田刺槐纯林裸地。大豆农田改善土壤物理性状能力优于刺槐纯林和农林间作;土壤蓄水能力表现为:大豆农田刺槐纯林农林间作裸地;在增强土壤渗透、减少地表径流方面,农林间作最好,刺槐纯林次之,大豆农田最差。土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量均表现为:大豆农田农林间作刺槐纯林裸地,而土壤速效钾含量表现为:刺槐纯林大豆农田农林间作裸地。[结论]引黄灌区弃土区改良土壤功能强弱综合评价为:大豆农田杨树+花生农林间作刺槐纯林。建议在该区域水土流失治理的土地利用方式选择上优先采用大豆农田,其次为农林间作。     

茅台水源功能区不同林分类型土壤养分特征

为了探讨茅台水源功能区不同林分类型的土壤养分效应,对茅台水源功能区马尾松林、柏木林和马尾松+柏木混交林3种针叶林土壤养分制征进行研究.结果表明:不同针叶林土壤平均养分存在一定的差异,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾质量分数均表现为柏木林＞马尾松+柏木混交林＞马尾松林,有效磷质量分数表现为马尾松+柏木混交林＞马尾松林＞柏木林,而全氮质量分数则表现为马尾松+柏木混交林＞柏木林＞马尾松林.统计分析表明:马尾松林和柏木林及马尾松+柏木混交林的有机质、碱解氮质量分数及pH值差异显著(P＜0.05),柏木林与马尾松+柏木混交林的全氮质量分数和pH值差异也显著(P＜0.05),而3种针叶林的有效磷和速效钾质量分数均不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05).相关分析表明:全氮质量分数、有机质质量分数、碱解氮质量分数、pH值相互之间均呈显著性相关,而速效钾质量分数则与全氮、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷质量分数呈显著性相关.另外,参照土壤养分等级评价标准发现:3种针叶林的有效磷和有机质质量分数较高,均在丰富以上;速效钾质量分数则较低,均在中等以下;其他养分则在很丰富和缺乏之间.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。