干湿循环对崩岗土体稳定性的影响

通过对湖北通城花岗岩崩岗区发育典型的各层次土体(淋溶层、淀积层、过渡层、母质层)进行干湿循环试验,分析干湿交替次数对各层次土体裂隙发育、崩解性、抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,在干湿循环影响下,土体产生并逐渐发育裂隙,在第2次循环后,土体产生主要裂隙,裂隙比显著增加,此后循环发育出细小裂隙。4次循环后4个层次土体的裂隙比表现为淀积层淋溶层过渡层母质层。随着干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙发育,各层次土体崩解性不断增强,淋溶层和淀积层崩解缓慢,而过渡层和母质层能够在极短时间内完全崩解;随着干湿循环次数的增加,土体的抗剪强度不断衰减,淋溶层和淀积层衰减幅度减小,过渡层和母质层衰减幅度增大。     

鄂东南花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤液塑限特征及影响因子分析

崩岗是鄂东南花岗岩地区普遍存在的土壤侵蚀现象,给农业生态与经济发展带来了严重影响.研究崩岗剖面土壤液塑限特征不仅有利于崩岗侵蚀机理的研究,也为崩岗水土流失的防治改良提供理论依据.以通城县五里镇典型的花岗岩崩岗剖面为对象,通过室外采样结合室内液塑限联合测定实验,以及土壤理化性质测定,分析花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤液塑限规律及其影响因子,并探讨其与崩岗发育的关系.结果表明:花岗岩崩岗不同层次间的土壤液塑限差异显著,淋溶层和淀积层的液限值均大于50％,塑限值为30％左右,显著高于母质层;土壤液塑限值受黏粒质量分数、有机质质量分数、容重、游离氧化铁质量分数等影响,并随各因子的增大而增大,均呈正相关关系;其中,黏粒质量分数、游离氧化铁质量分数对土壤液塑限的影响更加显著(R2=0.860“,R2=0.908”).花岗岩崩岗土壤液塑限过渡层、母质层相对较低,在遇到降雨冲刷时,土体状态极易发生改变,易发生水土流失.利用土壤基本理化性质,可以对土壤液塑限进行预测,并为加强崩岗侵蚀机理研究及其治理提供依据.     

花岗岩风化土不同土层抗蚀性差异分析

土壤的抗蚀性即土壤抵抗外力对其破坏和搬运的能力,土壤抗蚀性越强,受到的侵蚀破坏就越少。本文通过对通城崩岗区花岗岩发育的淋溶层、淀积层、母质层进行多次人工模拟降雨试验,在一定雨强、坡度的条件下,收集径流、泥沙来研究崩岗区花岗岩发育的不同土层的抗蚀性。结果表明:崩岗区花岗岩发育的淋溶层、淀积层、母质层的抗蚀性有显著差异,各土层的入渗率呈现稳定差异,淀积层的稳定入渗率是淋溶层的1.25倍,母质层的2.27倍;且输沙率差异明显,母质层的平均输沙率是淀积层的1.79倍,淋溶层的3.11倍。结合3层土理化性质和土壤粒径分析可知,母质层的抗蚀性最弱,淀积层次之,淋溶层最强,其中决定3层土抗蚀性大小的主要因素是土层中小颗粒含量和颗粒间的粘结能力。     

花岗岩崩岗区土壤可蚀性因子估算及其空间变化特征

土壤可蚀性K值是土壤侵蚀模型的必要参数,研究花岗岩崩岗区土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析崩岗区土壤侵蚀的空间变化特征.采集湖北通城花岗岩典型崩岗淋溶层、淀积层、母质层土壤,运用5种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法分析各层土壤可蚀性差异,通过室内人工模拟降雨实验验证花岗岩风化土可蚀性K值的有效性及5种估算方法的灵敏度.结果表明:花岗岩风化土的各层土壤可蚀性差异显著,母质层平均K值最大,是淋溶层的1.20倍,淀积层的1.03倍,且各层土壤的稳定含沙率和各粒径流失量差异显著;诺莫法估算的各层土壤的可蚀性K值与40 min每层土的稳定含沙率之比最接近,诺莫法估算各层土壤可蚀性K值的灵敏度最高,为修正诺莫的1.5倍,EPIC模型法的6倍.因此,针对南方花岗岩风化土可采用诺莫法准确评价土壤可蚀性K值.通过估算崩岗不同层次土壤的可蚀性K值及其空间变化特征,对针对性地研究崩岗形成机制及其治理具有一定指导意义.     

鄂东南花岗岩崩岗岩土抗剪强度与含水量的关系

崩岗是我国南方特殊的一种土壤侵蚀现象,其形成主要是由于岩土稳定性降低所致;土壤抗剪强度是表征崩岗岩土稳定性的重要指标,而土壤含水量是影响抗剪强度的关键因子.以通城县2处崩岗为研究对象,采集淋溶层(A)、淀积层(B)、过渡层(BC)和母质层(C)原状土样,通过室内直剪试验,研究崩岗岩土不同层次抗剪强度与含水量的关系及变化规律.结果表明:A层抗剪强度随含水量增加呈现先增大后下降趋势,其余各土层抗剪强度整体上随含水量增加呈现而下降,B层抗剪强度较大,C层抗剪强度最小,且B层抗剪强度受含水量影响最大;土壤黏聚力变化幅度较大,A层随含水量增加先增大后减小,其余各层均随含水量增加而减小,B层黏聚力在4个层次中最大,同时其衰减幅度也较大,C层因黏粒质量分数低、缺少胶结物质而黏聚力极低;土壤内摩擦角4个土壤层次均随含水量增加而减小.研究结果可为崩岗侵蚀机理研究以及进一步防治崩岗侵蚀提供理论依据.     

人工模拟降雨下花岗岩崩岗区不同层次土体产流产沙特征

选取湖北通城县五里镇发育典型的崩岗作为研究对象,利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,分析花岗岩崩岗区各层次土体的产流产沙状况和泥沙各粒径流失规律。结果表明,各层次土体入渗率和累积入渗量在整个降雨时段内差异显著。随着降雨时间的延长,各层次土体入渗率均表现出先快速减小后逐渐趋于稳定,累积入渗量则相差越来越大;淀积层的稳定入渗率最大为328.75ml/min,是淋溶层的1.13倍,母质层的1.76倍;Horton模型能对各层次土体入渗率很好的拟合(R20.922),且拟合结果证实了模拟降雨条件下各层次土体入渗速率随时间变化规律。各层次土体产沙率和累积产沙量在整个降雨时段内差异显著。母质层平均产沙率为40.43g/(L·min),是淀积层的1.79倍,淋溶层的3.11倍;淀积层的累积产沙量增加较快,淋溶层的累积产沙量增长缓慢,母质层的累积产沙量在整个降雨时段内不断增加且远大于淋溶层和淀积层的累积产沙量。各层次土体0.2mm粒径的流失量最多,0.2~1mm粒径次之,1~2mm粒径和2mm粒径流失量最小;随着降雨时间的延长,淋溶层各粒径流失量均逐渐减小,淀积层各粒径流失量逐渐增多,母质层各粒径流失量逐渐趋于稳定。该研究对揭示崩岗区各层次土体侵蚀的产流产沙机理及侵蚀规律的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义,为崩岗水蚀过程物理模型的建立奠定基础。     

初始含水率对崩岗土体抗拉特性的影响

针对花岗岩发育的崩岗土体崩壁失稳等问题,通过单轴抗拉试验,研究了湖北通城地区不同初始含水率的崩岗土体抗拉强度特性。结果表明:初始含水率对崩岗土壤抗拉强度影响明显。土壤抗拉强度特征曲线为单峰型,表土层、红土层和红砂过渡层抗拉特征曲线在含水率W_C(24.4%)附近出现抗拉强度峰值,而砂土层在W_C(25.8%)出现抗拉强度峰值。崩岗不同层次土壤轴向拉伸长和径向收缩长随初始含水率呈现正相关关系,且土壤轴向拉伸率和径向收缩率与初始含水率拟合出相关系数较高的线性函数关系(除砂土层的径向收缩率与初始含水率呈指数函数关系)。低(18%～22%)、中(22%～30%)、高(30%～饱和)3种初始含水率区间下崩岗土壤持水机制分别为土壤毛细管持水机制、团粒水桥联结持水机制与团粒持水机制。研究结果可为崩岗科学防治提供一定的科学依据。     

崩岗侵蚀区土壤物理性质分层差异及其对崩岗发育的影响

崩岗是我国南方红壤区最严重的土壤侵蚀类型之一。采集赣州市典型的花岗岩和红砂岩崩岗地区土壤样品,测试分析其红土层和母质层的黏聚力、内摩擦角和液塑性指标,结果表明:花岗岩崩岗地区母质层的抗剪强度显著低于红土层,而两者的液塑性指标值没有显著差异,说明母质层抗剪强度低是导致花岗岩地区崩岗发育的诱因;红砂岩地区红土层抗剪强度稍高于母质层,但两者间没有显著性差异,而红土层土壤液塑性指标值要显著高于母质层,说明母质层的低液塑性有利于红砂岩地区崩岗侵蚀的发育。花岗岩和红砂岩崩岗地区红土层的破坏容易诱发崩岗,因此保护红土层是预防崩岗侵蚀的关键。     

云雾山自然保护区土壤发生特性与系统分类研究

对黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏云雾山自然保护区不同演替阶段植被下土壤的发生特性及系统分类进行了研究。结果表明:保护区内土壤保持有完整的发生层次,有明显的A层、过渡层(AB)、淀积层(B)与母质层(C);土壤颜色、结构和养分在剖面层次上明显差异;土壤有机质含量较高,最高可达到31.5g kg-1;土壤碳酸钙有明显的淋溶淀积,在剖面中下部形成淀积层;颗粒组成以0.05-0.01mm粒级的细砂粒为主,其次为<0.002mm的粘粒;土体矿质全量中,S iO2占绝对优势,A l2O3次之,化学元素的含量顺序依次为S i A l>Ca>Fe>K≈Mg>Ti>Mn。土壤发育处于物理风化为主阶段,化学风化较为微弱,矿质元素的移动不明显。供试土壤共分属2个土纲,2个亚纲,3个土类和3个亚类,其中YW-2、4属于钙积暗厚干润均腐土,YW-3、5属于普通简育干润雏形土,YW-6属于钙积暗沃干润雏形土。     

基于分形理论模拟花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线

崩岗是我国南方花岗岩地区特殊的土壤侵蚀现象,给山区经济造成了严重的影响.为了探索南方花岗岩地区崩岗侵蚀剖面的水分特性,明确水分与崩岗发育的关系,本研究采用野外调查采样与室内分析的方法,运用土壤粒径分形理论,并结合Brooks and Corey模型,模拟花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线.选择通城县花岗岩崩岗剖面5个层次(表土层、红土层、过渡层、砂土层和碎屑层)采集土样,通过对土壤粒径分布和土壤含水量的测定,分析分形维数与土壤粒径之间的关系.同时,应用土壤粒径分形理论,模拟土壤水分特征曲线,基于估算结果与实测结果的比较,探讨分形方法估算土壤水分特征曲线的可行性.结果表明:崩岗剖面土壤黏粒质量分数越大,土壤粒径分维值越大;土壤粒径分维值越大,土壤水分特征曲线的分维值则越大,两者之间线性关系较好;运用分形理论,模拟土壤水分特征曲线的预测值与实测值具有良好的一致性,模拟结果的精度随土层的深度增加而增加,模拟效果以土壤黏粒和粉粒质量分数较少、砂粒质量分数较多的土壤效果较好.研究结果为花岗岩崩岗机理的探索奠定了基础,对崩岗水分的研究具有指导意义.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.