北京地区不同土纲典型剖面的土壤微形态特征

以北京地区不同土纲典型剖面为例,通过观察土壤薄片,利用ENVI图像统计分析功能,从土壤微结构、粗骨颗粒、土壤形成物与孔隙几个方面研究其微形态特征。结果表明:北京地区不同土纲典型剖面土壤之间微形态差异明显。淋溶土典型剖面土壤发育完全,Bt层常见到黏粒淀积胶膜;雏形土与新成土土壤微结构发育程度较低,没有淀积黏粒存在,但雏形土形成了B层,存在孔洞状结构,钙积现象明显,土壤发育较新成土成熟。人为土明显表现出大量人类活动的痕迹,侵入物、动植物遗迹多见,土壤发育最为成熟。     

定边县板凳滩移民区土壤发生特性与系统分类研究

通过对陕西省定边县板凳滩移民区2 500hm2未利用地的调查及不同深度剖面土样的分析,研究了不同地形和不同植被下土壤的发生特性及系统分类。项目区内土壤没有完整的发生层次;土壤颜色、结构和养分在剖面层次上无明显差异;土壤有机质含量较低,最高1.7871g/kg,最小0.201 7g/kg;土壤碳酸钙无明显的淋溶淀积,剖面中无淀积层;颗粒组成以2～0.02mm粒级的砂粒为主;土壤CEC集中分布在2.5～5cmol/kg,保肥性能差。通过诊断层和诊断特征分析,研究区土壤共分属1个土纲,1个亚纲,2个土类和4个亚类,其中剖面Ⅱ1属于弱盐潮湿砂质新成土,剖面Ⅱ5属于钠质潮湿砂质新成土,剖面Ⅲ4属于石灰潮湿砂质新成土,剖面Ⅵ4属于石灰干润砂质新成土。研究结果可为移民区的土壤资源综合评价、土壤适宜性评价及农、林、牧业合理布局提供依据。     

岷江上游杂谷脑河谷土壤发生特征与系统分类研究

为了解岷江上游杂谷脑河谷的土壤发生特征及类型归属，以位于四川阿坝藏族羌族自治州理县杂谷脑河谷的8个典型土壤剖面为研究对象，通过野外成土因素调查与土壤形态特征观测及室内土壤物理、化学性质分析，依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》(简称系统分类)与《中国土壤(1998)》(简称发生分类)鉴定其类型。研究表明，8个剖面均为温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况；土壤色调为7.5YR和10YR，部分剖面表层明度和彩度均低于3.5，达到暗沃表层的颜色要求；土壤颗粒组成以粉粒含量最高、砂粒次之、黏粒最低，质地为壤土或粉质壤土；土壤结构主要为亚角块状，部分剖面表层为团粒结构；部分剖面中具有腐殖质、黏粒胶膜及假菌丝体等新生体，形成黏化层和钙积层；均具石灰性，主要为碱性到强碱性反应；有机碳含量范围1.64 ~ 61.45 g/kg，部分剖面含量至上而下逐渐降低，具有均腐质特性；游离铁含量为10.78 ~ 19.57 g/kg，个别剖面B层均在14 g/kg以上，具有铁质特性；有效磷含量为1.2 ~ 43.1 mg/kg，个别符合肥熟表层和磷质耕作淀积层的有效磷含量要求。供试土壤在中国土壤系统分类中归属于人为土、均腐土、淋溶土和雏形土4个土纲的4个亚纲、7个土类和8个亚类，在中国土壤发生分类中属于半淋溶土纲下褐土土类的燥褐土亚类(对应于系统分类的石灰肥熟旱耕人为土、普通简育干润雏形土和普通暗沃干润雏形土3个亚类)及石灰性褐土亚类(对应于系统分类的普通暗厚干润均腐土、普通简育干润淋溶土、钙积暗厚干润均腐土、普通钙积干润淋溶土和普通铁质干润淋溶土5个亚类)。中国土壤系统分类具有更强的土壤类型区分能力。     

陕西黑垆土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

在分析陕西省境内9个黑垆土剖面成土环境、剖面形态特征及理化性质的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类高级及基层分类检索标准,确定了其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。9个黑垆土剖面的腐殖质层厚度介于30～120 cm,通体均具有强石灰反应,CaCO_3含量介于12.5～189.5 g/kg,其中6个剖面具有30～45 cm的堆垫层。黑垆土共包括淡薄表层、暗沃表层、雏形层、黏化层、钙积层5个诊断层和堆垫现象、钙积现象、盐积现象3个诊断现象,均腐殖质特性、温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况以及石灰性4个诊断特性。9个黑垆土剖面在高级分类上可检索为淋溶土和雏形土2种土纲,向下继分为普通钙积干润淋溶土、钙积暗沃干润雏形土、钙积简育干润雏形土以及普通简育干润雏形土4个亚类;其土族鉴别特征可分为黏壤质混合型温性、壤质硅质混合型石灰性温性、壤质混合型温性等6个土族以及胡家庙系、崾崄系、崔木系等9个土系。但目前的系统分类检索结果未能体现黑垆土具有深厚腐殖质层及堆垫现象的典型特性,因此黑垆土的系统分类归属仍需开展深入研究,同时建议新增堆垫干润雏形土土类或堆垫简育干润雏形土亚类,以体现人为农业生产活动对黄土高原地区土壤的影响。     

侵蚀性花岗岩坡地不同地貌部位土壤剖面风化特征研究

为揭示发育于侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地上不同地貌部位土壤剖面的风化发育特征,在浙江省选择了典型的风化花岗岩坡地:浙江省嵊州市水土保持监测站为研究区,在监测站同一坡面不同侵蚀强度的坡顶、坡中、坡底选取3个典型的土壤剖面(140 cm),从下至上等距离(20 cm)采集土壤样品,共采集21个土样。进行了各层土壤基本理化特性和化学全量的分析,并分别计算了3个剖面不同层次的主要化学风化系数及总的风化强度,结果表明:(1)在强烈侵蚀的花岗岩风化残积坡地发育的土壤,总体发育成熟过程较弱,其进一步的发育与典型的地带性土壤的发育有很大的差异,侵蚀过程严重地影响了土壤的进一步成熟,侵蚀强度越大,则土壤发育越差。(2)土壤剖面总的风化强度不大,上下层的递变差异很小,脱硅富铝化过程随着剖面深度的增加风化程度越来越弱。(3)土壤剖面的化学分层不明显,各种风化指标均在60 cm左右形成了一个分界层,其上受水力侵蚀影响明显,其下呈现出的特性以继承残积母质为主。(4)不同地貌部位的风化发育程度排序为:坡底坡中坡顶,其与采样坡面的侵蚀强度排序正好相反。(5)风化程度与有机质和黏粒含量具有较为明显的正比关系,在侵蚀环境下,土壤的物理特性对风化的影响明显,在沉积环境下土壤有机质的影响大于黏粒含量的影响。总之,由于受侵蚀的影响,坡地土壤剖面的淀积层不发育,剖面呈现出的假淀积层不是由淋溶作用形成的,而是具有一定风化程度的风化残积层,结果导致发育于山地丘陵侵蚀性坡地的土壤层次划分不同于常规的土壤层次划分。     

宁夏中部地区典型灰钙土的发育特性及系统分类研究

为了解宁夏中部地区地带性土壤——灰钙土的发育特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,在研究区内挖掘8个代表性的土壤剖面,进行剖面形态观察,采集分层土壤样品,测试理化性状。结果发现:(1)灰钙土中发生的主要成土过程有:弱腐殖质积累、弱淋溶淀积过程。(2)8个供试剖面中检索出的诊断依据有淡薄表层、干旱表层、雏形层、钙磐等诊断层,黄土和黄土状沉积物岩性特征、半干润/干旱土壤水分状况、温性土壤温度状况、钠质特性、石灰性等诊断特性和钙积诊断现象等。(3)依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,可将8个供试剖面初步归属为雏形土、干旱土2个土纲,干润雏形土、正常干旱土2个亚纲,简育干润雏形土和简育正常干旱土2个土类,普通简育干润雏形土、钠质简育正常干旱土2个亚类。依据《中国土壤系统分类土族与土系划分标准》将供试剖面初步划分为5个土族,5个土系。(4)参比研究表明,灰钙土在土壤发生分类和系统分类中的分类类别不是简单一对一的关系,发生分类中相同的类别可对应系统分类中不同类别,系统分类定量化的分类指标使土壤分类更加量化,减少了同名异土情况的发生,提高了分类的准确性。     

重庆市更新统沉积物发育土壤的特性及分类

选取重庆市境内分别由夹卵石黄色黏土(PC)、黄色黏土(YC)、红色黏土(RC)等更新统沉积物发育的6个典型旱地和水田土壤剖面为研究对象,探讨其土壤特性及系统分类归属。结果表明,PC发育的旱地土壤富含砾石且无铁锰斑纹,YC发育的旱地土壤不含砾石但有铁锰斑纹,RC发育的旱地土壤耕作层以下黏粒淀积明显。在PC和YC发育的水田土体内,上部土层的有机质累积明显且彩度较下部低,游离铁在下部土层有明显聚积,而母质为RC的水田土体内游离铁则迁移不明显。3个旱地土壤分别被划归为普通简育湿润雏形土、普通铁质湿润雏形土和红色铁质湿润淋溶土3个亚类,3个水田土壤则分别被划归为普通铁聚水耕人为土和普通简育水耕人为土2个亚类,共可建立6个土族和6个土系。YC发育的普通铁质湿润雏形土有铁锰斑纹存在,这是古水文条件的反映,现已完全脱离地下水的影响,故不再具有潮湿土壤水分状况;沉积物特征、区域气候等会影响旱地土体内黏粒的淋溶淀积,进而影响其土纲划分;水耕活动使更新统沉积物发育的雏形土和淋溶土演变为水耕人为土;地块筛选、坡改梯、拣拾等人为活动会显著减少PC发育的水田土体内砾石含量,影响其土族控制层段的颗粒大小级别判定。     

北京低山与山前地带土壤发生过程及不同分类系统的对比

本文论述了北京低山和山前地带７个土壤剖面的主要发生过程,即粘化过程和碳酸钙淋溶淀积过程。残积粒化过程不仅仅表现在土体中部,在各个层次均存在,是土壤中普遍存在的发生学过程。本文认为钙积层存在与否取决于母质类型。并对比了７个研究剖面在不同土壤分类系统中的地位。     

陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土样区的基层分类研究

选择陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土地区为样区,以该地区代表性土壤土垫旱耕人为土(土)为研究对象,在野外调查、室内分析及查阅大量有关剖面资料的基础上,根据中国土壤系统分类体系,对土垫旱耕人为土(土)的基层分类进行了研究。研究表明,应用土壤颗粒大小级别、矿物学型和土壤温度状况等3项指标对土族进行划分,在0~160cm的控制层段中小于2mm的土壤平均质地,多数剖面为粘壤土,少数为壤土或砂质壤土,矿物学型属伊利石型、伊利石混合型或蛭石型,土壤温度属温性或温热土壤温度状况。土垫旱耕人为土(土)土系的控制层段拟定为从表土层上界向下160cm,对于诊断层的底部在160cm以下的,则从表土层至诊断层的下部边界,特征土层有肥熟表层、土垫表层、暗沃表层、耕作淀积层、粘化层、粘质层、CaCO3高度淀积层、CaCO3中度淀积层、CaCO3低度淀积层、氧化还原层和稚育层。根据样区9个典型剖面,结合关中地区土垫旱耕人为土(土)的有关研究资料,划分了土族和土系,并描述了各土系的典型特征及土系间的变异情况。     

西安少陵塬黄土—古土壤序列S_3剖面元素迁移及古气候意义

以西安少陵塬S3古土壤剖面为研究对象,通过地球化学分析并结合野外剖面观察,探讨该剖面的元素迁移、化学风化特征及其所揭示的气候变化等问题。结果表明:(1)少陵塬剖面S3黏化层具有3层结构,根据铁质胶膜发育、Ca CO3迁移等可以将S3剖面构型划分为黏化层(Bts1-Bts2-Bts3)、风化淋滤黄土层(BC)和Ca CO3结核淀积层(Bck);(2)Bts层Ca O与Ca CO3迁移程度最大,淋失率分别达到了-99.3%、-83.1%,Sr、Na2O和Mg O也发生了显著迁移,而Fe2O3、Al2O3和Rb则在黏化层略有富集,尤其Fe2O3和Al2O3在Bts3层有明显富集;(3)少陵塬S3古土壤介于初等风化向中等强度风化的过渡阶段,风化作用由BC→Bts2→Bts1→Bts3逐渐增强,Bts3已基本完成初期脱Ca、Na风化过程;(4)依据Ca CO3与Fe2O3的迁移富集特点确定,少陵塬剖面S3古土壤Bts3发育时的土壤为弱碱性,而Bts1和Bts2为碱性;初步确定少陵塬S3为黄褐土,S3发育时期西安地区的年均降水量为800 mm左右。     

热带地区玄武岩发育土壤中的生物硅及其发生学意义

运用重液分离法对海南岛北部不同喷发期玄武岩发育的7个土壤剖面生物硅进行了分离和测定,发现生物硅的含量变幅为2.9～54.0 g kg-1,其中最小值出现在发育时间较长的HE11剖面的B2层,最大值出现在发育时间较短的HE09剖面的表层。生物硅的剖面分布特征和有机碳、总氮比较相似,呈现出随土壤深度的增加含量逐渐降低的趋势,在0～40 cm范围之内这种现象更明显。生物硅和总硅之间极显著相关性表明生物硅土壤硅循环中起着主要作用。随着风化强度的提高,黏粒含量的增加,土壤pH逐渐降低,土壤中的生物硅含量有逐渐下降的趋势。初步认为:在土壤发育的初期阶段,来自原生矿物的直接风化释放的溶解硅有利于生物硅在土壤中保存和积聚。而随着土壤的进一步发育,原生矿物的逐渐被分解,土壤的pH下降和黏粒含量进一步增加,土壤中的生物硅也会被溶解、利用,结果是其含量逐渐下降。至发育的高级阶段,土壤中的硅进一步淋失,pH和黏粒含量逐渐趋于稳定。在陆地生物"泵"作用下,生物成因硅会被植物循环利用并维持在一个含量相对稳定的状态。     

鄂湘两省山地土壤粘粒矿物的研究──Ⅲ．神农架自然保护区北坡土壤的粘粒矿物与表面化学特性

本文研究结果表明：（１）神农架垂直带土壤矿物的风化脱硅作用较弱，粘土矿物以２：１型矿物为主，１：１型高岭含量很少。（２）随海拔升高，矿物的淋溶脱钾和层间羟基铝化作用增强，低海拔土壤的２：１型矿物以水云母为主，高海拔土壤以１．４ｎｍ矿物为主，其中１．４ｎｍ过渡矿物相对增多。（３）土壤的络合态铁、铝和非晶形铁，铝含量随海拔升高明显增大。（４）土壤的可变电荷量，阴离子交换量，交换性酸和铝饱和度等均随海拔     

Stoichiometry of base cations and silicon during weathering of a deep soil profile derived from granite

Evaluation of the stoichiometry of base cations (BCs, including K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) and silicon (Si) (BCs:Si) during soil mineral weathering is essential to accurately quantify soil acidification rates. The aim of this study was to explore the differences and influencing factors of BCs:Si values of different soil genetic horizons in a deep soil profile derived from granite with different extents of mineral weathering. Soil type was typic acidi-udic Argosol. Soil samples were collected from Guangzhou, China, which is located in a subtropical region. To ensure that the BCs and Si originated from the mineral weathering process, soil exchangeable BCs were washed with an elution treatment. The BCs:Si values during weathering were obtained through a simulated acid rain leaching experiment using the batch method. Results showed that soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties varied from the surface horizon to saprolite in the soil profile. The BCs:Si values of soil genetic horizons during weathering were 0.3-3.7. The BCs:Si value was 1.7 in the surface horizon (A), 1.1-3.7 in the argillic horizon (Bt), and 0.3-0.4 in the cambic (Bw) and transition (BC) horizons, as well as in horizon C (saprolite). The general pattern of BCs:Si values in the different horizons was as follows: Bt > A > Bw, BC, and C. Although BCs:Si values were influenced by weathering intensity, they did not correlate with the chemical index of alteration (CIA). The release amounts of Si and BCs are the joined impact of soil mineral composition and physical and chemical properties. A comprehensive analysis showed that the BCs:Si values of the soil derived from granite in this study were a combined result of the following factors: soil clay, feldspar, kaolinite, organic matter, pH, and CIA. The main controlling factors of BCs:Si in soils of different parent material types require extensive research. The wide variance of BCs:Si values in the deep soil profile indicated that H⁺ consumed by soil mineral weathering was very dissimilar in the soils with different weathering intensities derived from the same parent material. Therefore, the estimation of the soil acidification rate based on H⁺ biogeochemistry should consider the specific BCs:Si value.     

崩岗发生区岩土类型分析

本文应用岩土工程的试验方法及其分类标准,对崩岗发生区的风化壳岩土进行分析.结果表明:1)依据地质成因和风化程度,风化壳可划分为坡积层和风化岩土层;其中,风化岩土层又分为残积土层、全风化层、强风化层,并以粘、石英含量高、粉、长石含量高分别为各自的典型特征.2)依据土的颗粒组成、塑性指数、颗粒的矿物组成,可将风化壳的岩土分为六大类:粘性土、石英砾砂、粉土类、粉砂、长石砾砂和角砾;且对应的风化壳层次分别为坡积层,残积土层,全风化层,强风化层上部、强风化层中部、强风化层底部.3)坡积层与风化岩土层的性质变化大,界限明显;风化岩土层中各层次之间为渐变过渡关系.     

Changes caused by Norway spruce in an ochreous brown earth, assessed by the isoquartz method

Previous investigations had shown that about 80 years of Norway spruce monoculture on an ochreous brown earth of the Belgian Ardennes were sufficient to accentuate the weak podzolization process already present in the climax beechwood soil and to increase the weathering of several minerals, e.g. 2:2 clay minerals. In order to evaluate more accurately mineral weathering and spruce-induced losses of nutrient elements, an isoquartz assessment method has been applied to a pair of soil profiles, one developed under beech, the other under spruce.
Results show a clear decrease of several weatherable minerals in the soil of the spruce stand which was more marked than in the beechwood, especially for chloritic minerals: losses reach about 30% of the initial chlorite content in the cambic horizon and regularly increase up to 70% in the humic layer. There were severe spruce-induced losses of Mg and Na: 27% of the initial Mg reserve was removed from the whole soil and the losses reached 60% in the upper 20 cm.
It is concluded that 86 years of Norway spruce monoculture have appreciably increased weathering processes and removal of elements.     

Proton Budgets of Forest Ecosystems on Volcanogenous Regosols in Hokkaido,Northern Japan

The proton budgets of deciduous and coniferous forest ecosystems on volcanogenous regosols in Hokkaido, northern Japan, were studied by measuring the biogeochemical fluxes (atmospheric deposition, canopy leaching, vegetation uptake and leaching from soil) at each site during a three year period. The proton budgets were developed for individual compartments of the ecosystem: vegetation canopy, organic and mineral soil layers. At both sites, atmospheric S deposition was the dominant proton source in the vegetation canopy. In organic horizons, dissociation of weak acids (bicarbonate and/or organic acids) and vegetation uptake of base cations were the dominant proton sources, and the net mineralization of base cations was the dominant proton sink. Atmospheric acid deposition was almost neutralized in the forest canopy and organic horizon. At both sites, weathering and/or ion exchange of base cations and protonation of weak acids (mainly bicarbonate) were the dominant proton sinks in the mineral soil. In both organic and mineral soil, internal proton sources (mainly vegetation uptake of base cations and dissociation of weak acids) exceeded external proton sources, indicating that acid deposition was not the main driving force of soil acidification in the studied forest ecosystems.     

Genesis of a Xeralf on feldspathic sandstone, South Australia

A Xeralf on feldspathic sandstone was sampled from a hillslope in the Mount Lofty Ranges in order to study its genesis and, in particular, the origin of the strong texture contrast. Micromorphological study demonstrated that the clay present in void argillans and papules in the B2 horizon accounted for only a small amount of the clay present. Elemental analysis of the whole soil (< 2 mm) and sand, silt and clay fractions showed that there had been considerable weathering of both quartz and microcline, which were the dominant minerals present. Kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral weathering product. Illite appears to be forming from vermiculite in the A horizon. Using zircon as an internal standard, it was shown that elemental losses of SiO₂ and reductions in weight and volume were similar in A and B horizons. Losses of aluminium and potassium were greatest in the A horizon, least in the B3. There has been an absolute increase in the amount of iron. A possible source is iron from heavy mineral bands upslope. It was concluded from the similarity of the quartz particle-size distributions of the A2, B2 and B3 horizons that the intensity of weathering of quartz was the same in A and B horizons. In the case of feldspar (mostly microcline), there is a greater proportion of feldspar in the fine sand and silt fractions of the A2 horizon than in the B horizon. Weathering of feldspar is greatest in the A horizon. The texture profile is principally a function of greater lateral loss of clay from the A horizons compared to the B horizons.     

悬着水位对铝硅酸盐的稳定性及土壤发生的影响

The mineral stability and solute activities of soil solution extracted from selected horizons of seven studied pedons of Alfisols in Kentucky, USA, and the relationship between distribution of iron-manganese concretions and the restrictive layers were investigated. The results showed that the genesis and development of these soils and mineral weathering trends were strongly influenced by the depth of bedrock and the presence of perched water tables at lithic (limestone) interfaces due to the dissolution and buffering effect of limestone bedrock. The extractable Mg/Ca ratio as depth function and soil depth above bedrock could be used as indices of weathering and degree of soil development. Maximum iron-manganese concretion accumulation was found to occur in the horizon overlying clay horizon (>40% clay) with a sharp increase in clay content (>10%), which suggested that zones of Fe-Mn concretion accumulation in soils of the Inner Bluegrass Region appeared to be a sensitive genetic indicator of argillic horizons with restrictive permeability.