芪合酶基因转化小白菜的研究*

利用质粒pBin438构建了含有NPT Ⅱ基因和葡萄芪合酶(RS)基因的芪合酶组成型植物表达载体EHA105/pBinRS。用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将RS基因导入纯合系小白菜(Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis)品种中，经Kan抗性筛选、PCR及RT-PCR检测，RS基因已整合到小白菜基因组中并得到了表达，共获得了7株转基因植株。     

植物芪类次生代谢物的功能、合成调控及基因工程研究进展

芪类(stilbenes)是松树、葡萄和花生等植物中发现的具有抗病及保健等多种功能的次生代谢物。芪合酶是芪类次生代谢物合成途径的关键酶。植物大多数芪类次生代谢物都具有诱导合成的特性，它们的诱导合成是芪合酶基因在各种诱发因子作用下被诱导转录和翻译的结果。利用已克隆的芪合酶基因，可在转基因植物中引入芪类合成支路以合成芪类次生产物，从而达到改变转基因植物抗性及保健品质的目的。     

中慢生型天山根瘤菌CCBAU060A自体诱导物合酶基因的筛选及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

细菌在高细胞密度下可以产生化学信号分子调控细菌相关基因的表达,这种信号分子被称为自体诱导物(Autoinducer,AI)。采用检测菌株JZA1在中慢生型天山根瘤菌CCBAU060A(Mesorhizobium tianshanenseCCBAU060A)培养上清液中检测到了高活性的自体诱导物;利用转座子随机突变的方法获得了AI缺失突变株,并克隆得到了相关的自体诱导物合酶基因;将自体诱导物合酶基因在大肠杆菌中进行表达,对大肠杆菌重组菌株进行自体诱导物检测发现,该合酶基因在大肠杆菌中能够合成四种自体诱导物分子。     

外源NO对铜胁迫下小白菜SBPase基因表达特性及其光合速率的影响

【目的】本研究通过克隆小白菜光合暗反应中限制核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸(RuBP)再生的关键酶景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(sedoheptulose-1, 7-bisphosphatase,SBPase)基因,分析铜胁迫及添加外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)缓解铜胁迫时该基因的表达情况,并将其与对应处理下小白菜净光合速率(Pn)的变化情况结合在一起进行分析,以期为全面了解外源NO缓解铜胁迫植物光合作用机理提供理论依据。【方法】以小白菜品种“上海青”3~4片真叶大的幼苗为材料,采用RT-PCR技术克隆小白菜SBPase基因,铜处理浓度为200 μmol/L,外源NO供体SNP浓度为300 μmol/L,同时设置相关的4个对照组排除其他可能因素的干扰,在添加处理液后的0、 4、 8、 12 d上午九点测定各处理小白菜相同节位叶片的净光合速率,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测在对应的处理时间及对应节位小白菜叶片中SBPase基因的表达情况。试验环境条件为光照强度200 μmol/(m2·s),光周期12 h,温度25℃/18℃。【结果】 1)克隆得到小白菜SBPase基因(Genbank登录号:AHY18974.1),开放阅读框为1182 bp,编码393个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为42.34kD,理论等电点为5.85。2)序列分析表明其含有氧化还原活性位点,包含一个具有59个氨基酸残基的叶绿体转移肽序列。小白菜SBPase基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种中已分离的SBPase编码的氨基酸序列具有很高的同源性。3)实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,SBPase基因在铜胁迫下的小白菜叶片中表达量下降,且随着胁迫时间的延长下降程度加剧;而在铜胁迫的基础上添加外源NO可以在一定程度上缓解铜胁迫引起的小白菜叶中SBPase基因表达量的下降。4)铜胁迫下小白菜叶片Pn显著下降,且随着胁迫时间的延长,Pn下降加剧,施加外源NO后Pn的下降得到一定程度的缓解,各处理下Pn的变化与SBPase基因表达量变化趋势一致。【结论】铜胁迫及在铜胁迫的基础上添加外源NO后小白菜叶片中SBPase基因表达量的变化,可能是影响对应条件下小白菜叶片的净光合速率变化的原因之一。     

PHAs合酶phaC2基因转化烟草叶绿体的研究

中长链羟基脂肪酸聚酯 (medium-chain-length-PHAs, mcl-PHAs) 属于微生物聚酯。Ⅱ型PHA合酶是mcl-PHAs生物合成途径中的关键酶。将编码Ⅱ型PHA合酶的基因phaC2与水稻(Oryza sativa )叶绿体psbA基因的启动子和终止子构建表达盒(RpsbA-pro-phaC2-RpsbA-ter)，连同壮观霉素抗性基因aadA表达盒(prrn-aadA-TpsbA-ter)一起克隆进烟草叶绿体基因组同源片段rbcL和accD中，构建了烟草叶绿体转化表达载体pTC2。基因枪法转化烟草(Nicotiana tobacum L.)叶片，获得具有壮观霉素抗性的转基因烟草。对T0代和T1代转基因植株的PCR和Southern blot鉴定结果表明, 外源基因确已整合进烟草叶绿体基因组中，T1代转基因植株已达同质化。RT-PCR分析结果证实phaC2基因已在转录水平上表达。转基因植株的正反交试验证明外源基因在转基因后代中遵循母性遗传规律，不存在转基因的花粉漂移现象。通过叶绿体遗传转化, 实现中长链羟基脂肪酸聚酯合成关键酶基因phaC2在烟草叶绿体基因组中的稳定转化。     

小白菜BcGSH的克隆及其与BcMT2a基因的表达分析

镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)污染是最常见的重金属污染,而小白菜(Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis)又是富集重金属较高的叶菜类蔬菜之一。为了探明小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及其复合胁迫响应的作用机理,本实验采用不同浓度Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)处理小白菜幼苗,对其与重金属富集相关的植物络合素(phytochelatins,PCs)途径关键基因小白菜谷胱甘肽基因(glutathione,BcGSH)进行克隆且对其所编码的蛋白进行生物信息学分析,并对BcGSH基因与金属硫蛋白途径(metallothionein 2a,BcMT2a)的基因进行组织特异性和相对表达量分析。结果表明:克隆获得BcGSH基因(Gen Bank No.MH414515)全长为1 178 bp,编码369个氨基酸,没有信号肽位点,为非分泌性蛋白,亚细胞定位预测,该基因主要存在于细胞质中,为亲水性不稳定蛋白;BcGSH与BcMT2a基因的表达在小白菜中存在组织特异性,BcGSH基因主要在根中表达,BcMT2a基因主要在叶中表达。且二者的相对表达量在一定浓度范围内,随着Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及其复合浓度的升高而增加,当Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)浓度分别为20、300、10/300 mg/L时,BcGSH基因的表达量达到最大值,当Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)浓度分别为40、900、40/900 mg/L时,BcMT2a基因的表达量达到最大值。研究表明小白菜在受到重金属离子Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)胁迫时,BcGSH与BcMT2a基因有明显的应答,可增加小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的耐受性。本研究为重金属污染的植物修复提供理论依据。     

铜胁迫下小白菜叶片基因表达谱的cDNA-AFLP分析

本研究以小白菜品种‘上海青’为试验材料,利用Cu2+质量浓度为10 mg·L-1的营养液水培小白菜幼苗,通过cDNA-AFLP技术分析小白菜响应铜胁迫相关基因及其表达情况。试验中利用多态性较好的135对引物进行扩增,共获得5 800多条转录衍生片段(TDFs),平均每个引物组合扩增出30~60条,片段大小主要集中在100~1 000 bp,根据条带强弱和有无的变化,其表达模式可以分为持续表达、瞬时表达、上调表达和下调表达4种情况。通过筛选获得180条差异表达TDFs,其中上调表达77条(42.8%),下调表达61条(33.9%),瞬时表达42条(23.3%)。选取其中152条差异表达TDFs进行回收测序,最终得到151个有效序列,其中上调表达68条(45%),下调表达50条(33.1%),瞬时表达33条(21.9%)。Blastx比对结果显示,112条TDFs序列与已知基因具有较高的相似度,涉及能量代谢、物质合成与运输、逆境响应、信号转导等多种途径,16条TDFs序列与功能未知或假定基因的同源性较高,其余23条TDFs序列与已知功能基因的同源性较低或零匹配,可能是一些新的铜胁迫应答基因。从151条TDFs选取4条TDFs,以小白菜actin基因为内参照,对其在不同胁迫处理时间的表达情况进行荧光定量RT-PCR验证,分析结果与cDNA-AFLP结果基本吻合,表明cDNA-AFLP技术是研究小白菜铜胁迫相关基因差异表达的有效方法。小白菜铜胁迫相关基因表达情况较为复杂,涉及多种代谢途径。本研究结果可为探讨小白菜铜胁迫的分子机理和相关基因的克隆提供理论依据。     

二化螟鞘磷脂合酶相关基因CsSMSr的克隆、真核表达及表达谱分析

鞘磷脂合酶(SMS)基因家族在鞘脂质代谢中起着关键作用,可以通过调节神经酰胺和甘油二酯的平衡调控细胞的生存和凋亡.本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆得到1个二化螟鞘磷脂合酶相关基因的全长eDNA,命名为CsSMSr(Genbank登录号:JQ664739).CsSMSr开放阅读框1587bp,可编码528个氨基酸;序列分析表明,CsSMSr基因编码的蛋白N端具有保守的SAM结构域,含6个跨膜区域,并且有4个SMS家族特有的保守区域D1～D4,保守区D3和D4上有活性中心包括3个氨基酸残基(催化三联体):His302,His345,Asp349.CsSMSr在粉纹夜蛾Tn细胞内成功表达,Western blot检测表达产物分子量约60kDa.应用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析该基因在二化螟不同发育阶段和不同组织的表达,结果表明,CsSMSr随着二化螟的生长发育表达水平逐渐升高,在成虫时期达到最大;CsSMSr的表达具有组织特异性,二化螟雌成虫和雄幼虫生殖器官中的CsSMSr表达量都显著高于其他器官,在二化螟雄成虫精巢中表达量也较高,但与中肠和马氏管差异不大.CsSMSr的表达有时间特异性和组织特异性,推测该基因在二化螟的发育和生殖中有重要作用.本研究成功克隆并表达了二化螟鞘磷脂合酶相关基因,为进一步对该基因进行功能鉴定奠定了基础.     

白藜芦醇合成酶(RS)基因转化胡萝卜及高白藜芦醇转基因胡萝卜株系的筛选

白藜芦醇是具有抗病及多种保健功能的芪类次生代谢物,胡萝卜(Daucus carota var.sativa)则是富含β胡萝卜素等多种营养成分的重要蔬菜。研究着眼于创建具有白藜芦醇保健功能的胡萝卜新种质资源,在对葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)白藜芦醇合成酶(resveratrol synthase,RS)基因在胡萝卜中高效表达的密码子优化基础上构建无潮霉素磷酸转移酶(HPT)抗性基因的转化载体pCB-RS-hyg-,应用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将pCB和pCB-RS-hyg-共转化到胡萝卜并获得再生植株。经过T0、T1和T2代的逐代筛选,获得2个白藜芦醇含量较高(11.34和15.23mg/g)的转基因胡萝卜株系。     

金龙胆草查尔酮合酶基因(CHS)的克隆及其在花期不同组织的表达量分析

查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)是植物类黄酮化合物合成的第一关键酶。为了获得金龙胆草(Conyza blinii Lévl.)CHS基因,本研究采用快速扩增cDNA末端(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术克隆得到了金龙胆草CHS基因的DNA和cDNA全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析,通过RTPCR检测该基因在花期不同组织部位中的表达情况并检测对应部位的相对花青素含量。结果表明,获得的CHS基因DNA全长2 098 bp,包括2个内含子;cDNA全长为1 692 bp,含有完整开放阅读框(1 197 bp),编码399个氨基酸,包含查尔酮合酶的标志性序列,命名为CbCHS(GenBank登录号:KJ155749)。序列比对结果显示,金龙胆草CbCHS基因与已报道的其它植物的CHS氨基酸序列具有很高相似性(最高为95%)。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,在叶和茎的表达量最高,相对表达量分别达到87.03%和98.33%,表达量之间没有显著差异(P0.05);在根中CbCHS基因表达量最少,相对表达量仅为9.43%,表达量与其余部位具有显著差异(P0.05)。花青素含量也以茎和叶中最高,根中微量,表明CbCHS基因与花青素的蓄积有一定相关性。本研究首次克隆了金龙胆草CbCHS基因的全长DNA及cDNA序列,研究了其在花期不同组织器官中的表达量差异及与花青素的含量关系,为进一步研究CbCHS基因对金龙胆草黄酮含量的影响及其调控机制提供了基础资料。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.