河北省太行山区3种人工水土保持林枯落物及土壤水文效应

[目的]揭示人工水土保持林林下枯落物以及土壤持水特征,为太行山区水土保持林的建造和规划提供理论依据。[方法]运用烘干法,室内浸泡法,环刀法等得出不同林分林下枯落物蓄积量、持水量、吸水速率、最大持水能力和拦蓄量,比较了不同林分枯落物和土壤的持水能力。[结果]枯落物总储量范围为9.96~19.19t/hm2,表现为栓皮栎林总储量最大,荒坡总储量最小。枯落物最大持水量变化范围为23.76~66.72t/hm2,栓皮栎—侧柏混交林最大,荒坡最小。栓皮栎—侧柏混交林有效拦蓄量可达51.50t/hm2,在各林分中最大;荒坡有效拦蓄量为19.55t/hm2,在各林分中最小。枯落物持水量、吸水速率均与浸泡时间呈相关关系,前者为对数关系(R0.97),后者为幂函数关系(R0.98)。各林分土壤容重均值介于1.14~1.55g/cm3,总孔隙度介于38.62%~43.76%。各林分土壤有效持水量表现为:刺槐林栓皮栎—侧柏混交林栓皮栎林荒坡,其中刺槐林最大(为106.85t/hm2),荒坡最小(为89.37t/hm2)。[结论]水土保持林持水能力远大于荒坡。     

辽西海棠山森林枯落物持水与土壤贮水能力研究

从森林涵养水源的角度出发,对辽西海棠山6种林分的枯落物持水能力和土壤贮水能力进行了研究,结果表明,森林枯落物的厚度为1.3～3.0 mm.依次为油松人工林>针阔混交林>五角枫人工林>核桃秋林>黄檗林>杂木林,枯落物蓄积量为3.68～12.46 t/hm2,依次为油松人工林>核桃秋林>黄檗林>针阔混交林>五角枫人工林>杂木林;枯落物最大持水量为1.09～4.33 mm,依次以黄檗林>核桃秋林>油松人工林>五角枫人工林>针阔混交林>杂木林,枯落物最大持水率为285.32 oA～504.01%,依次为黄檗林>核桃楸林>五角枫人工林>油松人工林>杂木林>针阔混交林;枯落物有效拦蓄深为0.27～0.99 mm,依次为:黄檗林>五角枫人工林>核桃楸林>油松人工林>杂木林>针阔混交林,有效拦蓄率为234.35%～421.67%,依次为黄檗林>核桃楸林>五角枫人工林>油松人工林>杂木林>针阔混交林;枯落物持水量在最初的2 h内迅速增加,而后增加速度逐步放缓,未分解层和半分解层枯落物均在18 h左右达到饱和,持水量与浸泡的关系为H=Aln(t)+B;五角枫人工林(123.6 t/hm2)、油松人工林(107.4 t/hm2)和针阔混交林(103.6 t/hm2)的土壤贮水力相对较强,黄檗林(84.4 t/hm2)、核桃秋林(60.6 t/hm2)和杂木林(55.8 t/hm2)的土壤贮水能力相对较弱.     

木兰围场3种典型林分枯落物及土壤持水能力

为探讨木兰围场华北落叶松人工林、白桦华北落叶松次生林和白桦次生林枯落物和土壤的持水规律。以这3种典型林分的枯落物和土壤为研究对象,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别研究3种林分枯落物和土壤的持水特性。结果表明:3种林分枯落物的蓄积量表现为华北落叶松人工林(18.84t/hm2)白桦华北落叶松次生林(15.28t/hm2)白桦次生林(9.53t/hm2)。白桦华北落叶松次生林的枯落物最大持水量最大,为31.10t/hm2;而白桦次生林最大持水量最小,为21.40t/hm2,枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系,关系式为Q=aln(t)+b;吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系,关系式为V=ktn。枯落物在前0.5h内吸水速率最大,在4h左右时下降速度明显减缓,在24h时的吸水速率基本趋于0。3种林分枯落物有效拦蓄量表现为华北落叶松人工林(23.42t/hm2)白桦华北落叶松次生林(20.24t/hm2)白桦次生林(15.51t/hm2)。在0-60cm的土壤层中,华北落叶松人工林土壤容重均值最大,为1.32g/cm3;白桦华北落叶松次生林最小,为1.10g/cm3。白桦华北落叶松次生林的土壤总孔隙度均值最大,为53.65%;华北落叶松人工林最小,为47.45%。土壤的毛管孔隙度均值呈现出白桦华北落叶松次生林(42.61%)华北落叶松人工林(40.68%)白桦次生林(36.01%)的趋势。白桦次生林的土壤有效持水量最大,为175.99t/hm2,华北落叶松人工林最小,为67.70t/hm2。综合3种林分枯落物层和土壤层的持水能力,可知白桦华北落叶松次生林储水能力强于华北落叶松人工林和白桦次生林。     

承德市第三乡林场不同林分类型枯落物和土壤的持水特性

[目的]探究林分枯落物和土壤的水文效应,科学选择持水性能更好的林分类型。[方法]以河北省承德市围场县第三乡林场中落叶松纯林(Ⅰ)、落叶松—白桦—山杨针阔混交林(Ⅱ)、白桦—山杨阔叶混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,采用室内浸水法、环刀法以及室内烘干等方法对枯落物和土壤持水特性进行研究。[结果]枯落物总储量:Ⅰ(26.58t/hm2)Ⅱ(25.01t/hm2)Ⅲ(21.55t/hm2)。枯落物最大持水量:Ⅲ(56.88t/hm2)Ⅱ(56.24t/hm2)Ⅰ(51.91t/hm2)。枯落物持水量随浸水时间变化呈对数函数变化趋势。枯落物吸水速率随浸水时间变化呈幂函数变化趋势。枯落物有效拦蓄量:Ⅱ(46.22t/hm2)Ⅲ(43.90t/hm2)Ⅰ(43.36t/hm2)。土壤容重:Ⅰ(1.13g/cm3)Ⅱ(1.12g/cm3)Ⅲ(0.99g/cm3)。土壤总孔隙度:Ⅲ(51.89%)Ⅱ(49.13%)Ⅰ(41.38%)。土壤最大持水量:Ⅲ(1037.80t/hm2)Ⅱ(982.50t/hm2)Ⅰ(827.53t/hm2)。[结论]通过多方面比较3种林分类型枯落物和土壤持水性能,可知Ⅲ持水能力最好,Ⅱ稍弱,Ⅰ最差。     

泉州石壁水库库区3种林分枯落物储量及其持水特性研究

对石壁水库库区桉树林、马尾松林、杂木林3种主要林分枯落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明,马尾松林的枯落物储量最大（9．42t／hm^2）,其次为桉树林（7．55t／hm^2）,杂木林最小（7．41t／hm^2）。桉树林、马尾松林、杂木林枯落物未分解层最大持水率分别为184．36％、170．85％、119．90％;半分解层最大持水率分别为209．25％、181．09％、136．04％。各林分枯落物最大持水量为桉树林14．99t／hm^2,马尾松林16．59t／hm^2,杂木林9．32t／hm^2。3种林分枯落物持水量随着浸泡时间的增加按照W=aln（t）＋b关系式增加,吸水速率随浸泡时间的增加按方程V=kt^n下降。研究表明石壁水库库区马尾松次生林枯落物持水量最大,杂木林持水效果最差。     

砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及土壤物理性质

为揭示砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及林下土壤物理性质变化特征,以位于黄土高原北部准格尔旗砒砂岩区6种林分类型为研究对象,运用浸泡法和烘干法,对林下枯落物、土壤(0—50 cm)的持水性能及物理性质进行研究。结果表明:(1)砒砂岩区6种林分类型林下枯落物厚度范围为0.73～2.77 cm,总蓄积量范围为1.47～7.93 t/hm~2。枯落物层厚度、总蓄积量大小依次为油松、侧柏、沙棘、柠条锦鸡儿、山杏和撂荒地。枯落物未分解层厚度及其蓄积量均明显大于半分解层。(2)林下枯落物最大持水率范围为149.48%～267.32%,枯落物最大持水率与有效拦蓄量大小顺序一致,为撂荒地柠条锦鸡儿沙棘山杏侧柏油松;枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均呈现出未分解层高于半分解层。(3)林下枯落物层在浸泡0.5 h吸水速率最快,浸泡1 h持水量增加迅速,浸泡8 h吸水速率和持水量增量趋近于0。(4)林下土壤容重低于撂荒地;总孔隙度范围为44.36%～32.57%,最大持水量范围为8.89～17.43 mm,均呈现油松林下最大,山杏林下最小。(5)林下枯落物蓄积量与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别呈正相关关系。油松林、侧柏林地具有显著的保持水土能力。研究成果为开展砒砂岩区水土流失综合整治和生态修复提供了参考依据。     

北京百花山森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应研究

对百花山4种林分枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:1核桃楸林枯落物的总蓄积量为9.99 t/hm2,最大持水量为27.72 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为29.55 t/hm2;华北落叶松林枯落物的总蓄积量为10.27 t/hm2,最大持水量为12.84 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.53 t/hm2;黑桦林枯落物的总蓄积量为7.04 t/hm2,最大持水量为19.01 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为19.18 t/hm2;辽东栎林枯落物的总蓄积量为8.22 t/hm2,最大持水量为14.72 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为18.33 t/hm2。2半分解层枯落物浸泡8 h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层10 h基本达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln(t) b;枯落物在浸水的前半小时内吸水速率最大,4 h左右时下降速度明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=ktn。3辽东栎林土壤层持水能力最强,为266.22 t/hm2,黑桦林土壤的持水能力最差,为219.39 t/hm2,利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数均在0.98以上。     

滦河典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应

[目的]研究滦河上游典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应,为森林健康监测和评价提供依据。[方法]对滦河上游3种林分的枯落物层未分解层与半分解层进行调查研究。[结果](1)油松林的枯落物生物量为12.03t/hm2,最大持水量为19.4t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为23.52t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物生物量为9.51t/hm2,最大持水量为11.9t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为17.03t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物生物量为5.54t/hm2,最大持水量为13.0t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.7t/hm2。(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10h。枯落物在浸水的前0.5h内吸水速率最大,6h左右时吸水速率明显减缓。(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为375.92t/hm2;油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为248.04t/hm2。利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数R2均在0.98以上。[结论]油松林枯落物层的生物量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量都最大,而落叶松白桦混交林枯落物的土壤持水能力最强。     

不同林分枯落物水文效应和地表糙率系数研究

试验在庞泉沟国家自然保护区内进行,以撂荒地为对照,分析了3种不同林分下枯落物的现存量、持水能力、阻滞径流速率、减沙减流效应和林地糙率系数。结果表明:①油松枯落物的现存总量最大,达到18.62t/hm2,最大持水能力为56.20t/hm2,有效拦蓄深为3.40mm;华北落叶松枯落物的现存总量为16.29t/hm2,最大持水能力为50.8t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为2.98mm;辽东栎的现存总量为11.06t/hm2,最大持水能力为37.30t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为2.44mm;②放水试验结果表明,3种林分枯落物阻滞径流速率明显,又以辽东栎效果最大;林下枯落物的减沙减流作用显著。油松、华北落叶松和辽东栎分别比对照撂荒地减少径流量8837,6773,12610g;减少泥沙量1369,1317,1425g。减沙减流效果显著。③与撂荒地相比,枯落物的存在明显增加了地表糙率n值。油松、华北落叶松和辽东栎的n值分别为0.045,0.068,0.101,而撂荒地的n值仅为0.019。林地内枯落物有效增加地表糙率,深刻地影响着林地径流速率、产流量、产沙量和土壤下渗。为此保护林地内枯落物意义重大。     

盱眙人工林枯落物及土壤水文效应研究

通过对盱眙月亮山5种人工林枯落物和土壤持水性能的研究,发现五种林下枯落物蓄积量为5.12~15.31 t/hm²,最大持水率变化范围为164.09%~250.76%,最大持水量变化范围为8.40~41.18 t/hm²,有效拦蓄量为3.55~28.12 t/hm²,从大到小依次为杨树林 > 朴树林 > 桃树林 > 杨梅林 > 墨西哥柏林。不同林地类型林下枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的动态变化规律基本相似,枯落物持水量随浸泡时间延长而增长,在水中浸泡24 h时,其持水量基本达到最大值,前2 h内各林分枯落物层持水作用较强。林下枯落物层持水量与浸泡时间之间的关系式为Q=aln（t）+b,吸水速率与浸水时间之间的关系式为V=ktⁿ。杨树林地土壤的最大持水量和非毛管持水量均是最大,达到了305.24 t/hm²,305.24 t/hm²,并且杨树林地的渗透性能也是最好的。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Development of hydromorphism in soils of agrolandscapes in the depressions of Western Ciscaucasia

The current state and rate of hydromorphism development in the soils of flat bottomed depressions in Western Ciscaucasia are assessed. The dynamics of the soil cover pattern on a plain with numerous mesoand microdepressions and on a watershed with weakly pronounced erosion relief were revealed. The relationship between the expansion of the waterlogged areas and the pattern of the soil cover of the agrolandscapes in the depressions was revealed. The dependence of the areas of excessively moistened sites on the changes in the topography was shown. The direction and parameters of the changes in the morphology, chemical composition, and hydrological properties of the degraded hydromorphic soils were investigated. The relationships between the density of the soils and the humus content and the composition of the exchangeable bases were studied. Methods for the assessment of the rates of the degradation processes based on the comparison of aerial photographs and soil maps for typical sites in the territory investigated are proposed. The specific features of decoding the aerial photographs of the soils in the depressions were revealed. The relations between the differences in the photos’ tone and the degree of the hydromorphic degradation of the soils were found. Promising methods for interpretation of aerial photographs with the help of image analysis programs can be recommended.