基于转移矩阵的准格尔旗土地利用变化分析

[目的]土地利用是影响水土流失变化的重要因子,通过分析准格尔旗土地利用类型动态变化情况,掌握该区各土地利用类型变化去向,为分析该区水土流失状况提供依据。[方法]采用土地利用转移矩阵方法研究准格尔旗土地利用变化特征。[结果]2014—2016年,准格尔旗各土地利用类型变化不显著,表现为林地、草地、水域及水利设施用地占地面积分别减少16.02,12.66和2.48km^2,居民点及工矿交通用地、其他土地、耕地的占地面积分别增加18.63,10.53和1.72km^2;该区水土流失面积增加70.8km^2。[结论]准格尔旗减少的林地和草地主要转变为居民点及工矿交通用地和其他土地。结合水土流失数据分析表明,该区域水土流失面积的增加与林地和草地面积减少,以及林地和草地植被覆盖度的变化有关。     

泾河中上游流域土地利用格局变化与驱动因子分析

利用RS和GIS技术和景观生态学的方法，对泾河中上游流域1986～2000年的景观特征及其动态变化进行了研究。通过计算多样性指数、优势度、破碎化指数、分离度等指标，进行了土地利用格局变化分析，并对该区域土地利用变化的主导因子进行了分析，认为该区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力主要为：自然因素、经济因素、人口压力及宏观政策等，并互相影响、互相制约，共同影响流域景观格局的变化。     

风沙过渡区土地利用变化及其驱动因素分析--以陕北榆阳区为例

在GIS技术的支持下，依据土地利用动态度模型、区域差异模型和土地利用程度模型，全面分析了榆林市榆阳区1988～2001年土地利用的时空变化，并对土地利用变化的驱动因素进行了详尽分析。结果表明：林地、园地、耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地均呈增长趋势，未利用地、牧草地和水域星减少趋势113年来，榆阳区土地利用变化速度较快，年变化率为0．45％。大于榆林市的土地利用变化速度；榆阳区土地利用变化存在着显著的区域差异；榆阳区土地利用处于发展期，并在榆林市的土地利用变化中发展较快。榆阳区土地利用变化过程中。自然因素的作用并不明显，社会、经济、技术等人文因素则在短期内具有决定性的影响。其中以总人口、工业总产值、乡镇企业个数和城市化水平等因子的作用最大。     

长武王东沟小流域土地利用变化及驱动力研究

对王东沟流域1994年和2002年的土地利用现状进行了分析,揭示了近几年来该区土地利用变化的主要类型及各种土地利用类型的空间格局变化特征。研究表明,该区土地利用方式以耕地、园地、林地为主,变化以耕地和园地为主,并且主要集中在塬面上。自然因素、比较经济效益和宏观政策是该区土地利用变化的主要驱动力。最后,从农业可持续发展角度,对试区土地利用提出了建议。     

秦岭地区近20年来土地利用/土地覆盖变化及分析

秦岭地区是中国南北自然环境的天然分界线，是我国自然环境特征形成的一个重要组成部分。利用RS和GIS技术，分析了近20年来秦岭地区土地利用／土地覆盖在数量、结构、类型和空间分布上的变化情况。并对土地利用／土地覆盖变化的驱动力作了进一步探讨，得出以下结论：20年间秦岭地区土地利用／土地覆盖变化林地、草地和建设用地呈增长趋势，耕地、水域和未利用地则呈减少趋势，林地基本呈稳定状态，增幅仅为0．70％，但增加和减少的面积均较大；耕地减少的幅度较大。减幅为158838．02hm^2。主要转变为林地、草地和建设用地，并且多为优质良田；建设用地高速增长，增幅为47．46％，主要源于耕地，草地也呈增加态势，增幅为10．99％，主要源于林地与耕地；该区土地利用／土地覆盖变化的驱动力主要为：人口压力、经济因素、宏观政策等，且这3方面不是孤立的，而是相互影响、相互制约的，它们共同作用影响着秦岭地区的土地利用／土地覆盖的变化。     

自然生长和人为影响下土壤碳氮含量差异及影响因素

[目的]深入探讨环青海湖区近30年未变动放牧草地和耕地土壤碳氮含量影响因素,以期为该区土地利用优化管理提供参考。[方法]基于有幸在该区找到未变动放牧草地和耕地,采用前期研究工作中的多个指标,利用一元和多元回归模型进一步分析土壤碳氮含量主导因素。[结果]该区草地和耕地土壤理化指标基本以30 cm土层深度为界发生明显变化; 从回归模型中可以看出,由于受到人类活动影响,耕地土壤碳氮含量受土壤理化指标影响较小,而草地土壤作为未扰动土壤,在自然发育背景下土壤碳氮主导因素明显多于耕地。[结论]土地利用变化显著影响了土壤性状,在该区减少土地扰动能有效减缓土地荒漠化进程。     

鄱阳湖沙区农户对土地利用变化的影响——以江西省都昌县多宝乡为例

为探讨鄱阳湖沙区农户对土地利用变化的影响及其机理,以该区多宝乡238户农户调查数据为基础,采用Logistic模型从农户家庭和农户个体两方面分析了南方沙区土地利用变化对农户行为的响应机制,结果表明,农户与沙山距离、风沙危害程度、农地面积以及农户个体状态是影响该地区土地利用变化的显著因素。通过对鄱阳湖沙区人地关系的探讨,提出了通过政策、资金、技术等手段改善农户生存与生产条件,健全土地流转市场,优化能源结构,提高农户生态保护意识等措施,以期正确引导农户合理、高效、可持续利用土地,实现农村新型、集约化农业,促进农村经济和生态环境的可持续发展。     

生态建设重点区域土地利用变化及驱动因素分析——以潮河流域为例

以密云水库的重要水源地和生态建设重点区域——潮河流域为研究区,基于GIS技术,分析了20世纪80年代中后期到2005年流域的土地利用/覆被变化;在此基础上,构建了土地利用变化驱动力指标体系,对流域土地利用变化的驱动力进行了主成分分析,分析了1981—2005年政策、经济、人口、科技进步等驱动因素对该流域土地利用变化的影响。结果表明:潮河流域的土地利用类型以林地为主,20世纪80年代中后期到2005年,流域林地、草地的变化最为显著,其中林地面积增加最多,草地面积则大幅减少;政策因素是影响该流域土地利用格局变化的主导因素。     

"退耕还林"政策驱动下的农户土地转用决策及其土地利用变化影响研究——基于江西省丰城市农户问卷调查的一个分析

在分析“退耕还林”政策驱动下的农户土地转用决策机理的基础上,以江西丰城市的农户调查资料建立了“退耕还林”政策与农户土地利用变化的计量分析模型,结果表明:(1)退耕收益补偿对比值对土地利用变化有显著的影响;(2)“退耕还林”政策中对土地产权的安排对土地利用变化强度影响不大;(3)在不同区域,土地利用变化强度的影响因素不同,土地资源丰度、农户择业行为对土地利用变化强度影响较大。并进一步就推进生态友好的土地利用方式、合理引导土地利用变化提出了相关建议。     

松原市沙区土地利用变化及其对土地沙化的影响研究

利用1988年,2000年的遥感图像数据,求得吉林省松原市沙区土地利用变化的转移矩阵,根据计算结果,分析探讨了松原市沙区监测期间土地利用变化特征及区域差异。结果表明:松原市沙区土地利用变化显著,耕地、林地大幅度增加,草地与未利用地减少且空间差异明显,土地利用变化的主要驱动力是人口增长和土地收益高低。在此基础上探讨了土地利用变化方向对该区土地沙化演化的影响,研究表明:耕地向草地和林地的转移有利于沙化的逆转,林地向草地和耕地转移会使沙化进一步发展。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.