6种食用芳香植物挥发性成分的GC-MS/GC-O分析

挥发性成分是芳香植物具有多样风味及香气性能的物质基础。为研究常见可食用芳香植物的挥发性成分及其风味特性的异同,构建特色芳香植物风味数据库,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析经顶空法萃取的6种食用芳香植物(薄荷、藿香、罗勒、丁香罗勒、香薷及密花香薷)的挥发性成分,经气相嗅辨仪对其挥发性成分进行香气描述分析,对比研究6种芳香植物挥发性成分的异同及香气性能的差异。结果表明:6种芳香植物香气主要由萜烯类、醇类、酮类、醛类成分组成,含有少量的酯类、杂环类及芳香族类化合物,多具有辛辣、刺激、樟脑样香气及清新的柠檬、柑橘风味。薄荷中以具花香和柠檬样香气的香叶醇、香茅醇及柠檬醛、香叶醛含量较多;藿香中以左旋薄荷酮及草蒿脑为主,具木香及大茴香似香气特征;罗勒中丙烯酸酯和芳樟醇是其主体成分,辛辣味突出,花香显;而丁香酚成就了丁香罗勒的主体风味,似丁香花香,具辛辣香气;香薷中以具柠檬样香气的D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛、γ-萜品烯为主,柠檬醛和香叶醛为密花香薷的主体成分,整体偏辛辣,花香透,伴柠檬样清新香气。不同的挥发性成分,以一定的比例及含量组成呈现了芳香植物的特征香气。研究结果可为特色芳香植物的品种选育、香气品质提升及风味性能的研究提供科学数据参考。     

真空冷冻干燥对柠檬挥发性风味化合物保留的影响

为探索真空冷冻干燥方法对柠檬中挥发性风味化合物保留特性的影响,该研究采用一体化冻干、传统冷冻干燥2种不同工艺方法进行对比干燥试验。结果表明,柠檬一体化冻干法在真空冻结阶段预先脱除了近1/3的初始水分,在预冻和升华干燥环节分别与比传统冻干法节省2.5、2h,冻干后形成相对致密的多孔网络结构,细胞壁孔室较为完整。新鲜柠檬原料挥发性风味化合物中单萜烯类化合物占绝对主导地位,主要为D-柠檬烯、萜品烯、左旋-β-蒎烯、β-蒎烯,主要倍半萜烯风味化合物为1-石竹烯、巴伦西亚橘烯、β-防风根烯,主要醛类化合物为柠檬醛、二甲基-辛二烯醛、壬醛、癸醛、己醛,主要醇类化合物为α-松油醇、橙花醇、4-萜烯醇、芳樟醇、香叶醇,主要酯类化合物为橙花乙酸酯、5-甲基-2-4-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯;各类主要挥发性风味化合物在2种方法冻干柠檬中保留率均较低,绝大部分迁移出被冷阱凝霜捕集或真空泵抽排机外损失;一体化冻干柠檬中各类风味化合物含量显著高于传统冻干柠檬(P0.05),对挥发性风味化合物的保留具有显著优势;主要单萜烯类风味化合物在传统冻干冷阱凝霜中含量显著高于一体化冻干冷阱凝霜(P0.05),而主要倍半萜烯化合物、醛类化合物、醇类化合物、脂类化合物在一体化冷阱凝霜中含量均显著高于传统冻干冷阱凝霜(P0.05)。2种冻干柠檬挥发性风味化合物保留特性的差异可能与冻干工艺时间、微观组织形态有关。该研究结果为柠檬等果蔬冷冻干燥加工制品的保香提质提供参考。     

超高压处理对杏汁香气成分的影响

为了探讨超高压处理对杏汁香气成分的影响,将杏原汁在500 MPa压力、25℃温度条件下处理20 min后,经顶空固相微萃取与毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测超高压处理前后杏汁香气成分的变化,并用面积归-化法测定了各种成分的质量分数.结果表明超高压处理后对杏汁中香气成分的有较明显影响,其中己醛、2-己烯醛、糠醛、己醇、叶醇、芳樟醇、橙花醇、β-苯乙醇等香味成分的质量分数分别增长了68.14%、95.26%、46.76%、61.11%、58.56%、35.75%、37.75%和42.30%;酯类、内酯类的香气成分的含量有所降低;酮类香味成分的含量则没有明显变化.感官评定表明:超高压处理不仅能很好地保持了杏的特征香气,而且使杏汁的青鲜香气更加突出,有利于产品风味品质的提高,这与杏汁中香气成分检测结果相一致,因此对杏加工来说超高压处理是一种很有前景的冷加工技术.     

锦橙汁辐照和巴氏灭菌处理后相关品质的分析

为探讨辐照和巴氏杀菌对橙汁品质的影响,对锦橙汁分别进行1.4、2.8、5.6kGy3种不同剂量辐照及巴氏灭菌处理,使用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对挥发性成分进行分析,测定橙汁色度、pH值和Vc含量,并对橙汁香气进行感官评定。在鲜橙汁、巴氏灭菌汁和3种辐照样品中分别检测到了54、47、57、55和53种成分,2.8kGy剂量辐照处理后橙汁挥发性成分总峰面积最高,β-月桂烯、柠檬烯和γ-松油烯等橙汁特征香气物质经辐照后保持率高于巴氏灭菌。各种处理后Vc含量均有所下降,橙汁橙香均减弱。1.4kGy辐照后的橙汁感官评价结果最好,因此可以对橙汁进行低剂量辐照灭菌。     

茶树油控制香蕉采后炭疽病害的研究

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量的茶树油（TTO）及其主要成分（4-松油烯醇、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯和1, 8-桉叶油素）对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO及其主要成分熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实的发病情况和TTO处理对接种果实防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,TTO、4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇均能显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;TTO处理降低了接种炭疽病菌果实的发病程度,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇处理对接种果实病斑直径的抑制效果显著好于TTO。另外,TTO处理提高了接种果实过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的酶活性,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性。初步研究表明TTO在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和提高果实抗病性上具有应用可行性,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇可能是其主要活性成分。     

茶树油熏蒸处理对香蕉采后炭疽病害的影响

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量（0～40 μL）的茶树油（TTO）及其主要成分（4-松油烯醇、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯和1,8-桉叶油素）对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO及其主要成分熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实常温贮藏（25°C,相对湿度75%）的发病情况和TTO处理对接种果实防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,TTO、4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇均能显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,质量浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;1.25 g/L TTO处理降低了接种炭疽病菌果实的发病程度,0.32 g/L 4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇处理对接种果实病斑直径的抑制效果显著好于TTO。另外,1.25 g/L TTO处理提高了接种果实过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的酶活性,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性。初步研究表明TTO熏蒸处理在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和提高果实抗病性上具有应用可行性,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇可能是其主要活性成分。     

紫苏挥发油化学成分GC/MS分析及抑菌评价研究

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法分别提取紫苏叶和花中挥发油,运用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法结合计算机检索对其挥发油进行化学成分分析,采用面积归一法测定了挥发油中各种成分的相对质量分数,利用抑菌贴片法、MIC法和光电浊度法分别对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌进行了抑菌性研究。结果显示,从紫苏叶和花水蒸汽蒸馏所得挥发油中分别检测出12种和10种化合物,其中叶中主要成分为紫苏醛（75.88%）、柠檬烯（3.82%）、石竹烯（9.87%）和法呢烯（3.21%）;花中主要成分为紫苏醛（49.23%）、石竹烯（18.53%）、法呢烯（8.99%）、芳樟醇（11.3%）和姜黄二酮（4.55%）。紫苏精油对两种细菌均有很强的抑制作用,但对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制能力要明显强于对大肠杆菌的抑制能力。     

杀菌方式对即食胡萝卜片挥发性风味物质的影响

为研究不同杀菌方式对即食胡萝卜片挥发性风味物质的影响,运用固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对新鲜胡萝卜片和经巴氏杀菌、超高压杀菌、热辅助超高压杀菌处理的即食胡萝卜片及其贮藏期间(4℃,60 d)的挥发性组分进行对比分析。试验结果表明:新鲜胡萝卜片的主要芳香成分为萜烯类物质。与未杀菌组相比,经不同杀菌处理后,即食胡萝卜片的萜烯类物质含量均有所降低,其中巴氏杀菌组降低的最多。在贮藏前期(20~30 d),超高压处理即食胡萝卜片的萜烯类物质的含量最高,超高压杀菌在短期内较好地保持了胡萝卜特有的香气,即食胡萝卜片品质较好;其次是热辅助压力杀菌组,热辅助压力杀菌组即食胡萝卜片的β-蒎烯、β-石竹烯的含量较其他处理组较高,较好地保持了胡萝卜的松树树脂香气以及辛香气味;而巴氏杀菌组即食胡萝卜片的萜烯类物质含量最低,即食胡萝卜片的品质相对较差。研究结果可为新型杀菌技术在即食产品领域的应用提供参考。     

超高压处理对卤制鹅胗灭菌保鲜与品质的影响

为了揭示超高压处理对卤制鹅胗灭菌保鲜与品质的影响,以100、200、300、400、500、600 MPa的压力对卤制鹅胗进行处理,保压15 min,以未经高压处理的样品为对照,室温(20±5)℃存放至第1、5、9 天测定样品的菌落总数、大肠杆菌及沙门氏菌等微生物指标,同时对样品的pH值、嫩度、色差等理化指标以及感官指标进行分析。结果表明：400 MPa以上压力保压15 min可以有效抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生长;200～500 MPa处理对pH值的影响不显著（P＞0.05）,在9 d存放期中,pH值整体呈下降趋势,鹅胗样品中心点pH值高于边缘部位;超高压处理对嫩度没有显著影响（P＞0.05）;超高压处理对表面色差有显著影响（P＜0.05）。从感官上分析,高压处理对卤制鹅胗的口感、气味及质地等感官品质影响不显著。超高压处理不仅具有较好的杀菌效果,而且最大限度地保证了卤制鹅胗的品质。     

不同品种和生长期嘉宝果叶片酚类及挥发性物质研究

为研究不同品种和生长期嘉宝果叶片酚类及挥发性物质的含量和组成,分别通过比色法、水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用技术,对沙巴、四季早生、福冈等9个品种嘉宝果老/嫩叶的总酚、总黄酮、精油含量和挥发性成分进行测定。结果表明,沙巴嫩叶的总酚含量(31.87%)最高;阿根廷嫩叶总黄酮含量(24.81%)最高;沙巴老叶精油含量(2.78‰)最高,其次为沙巴嫩叶(2.42‰)。老叶中相对含量在0.05%以上的挥发性化合物有31~44种,均以萜类为主;嫩叶中相对含量在0.05%以上的化合物有28~40种,同样以萜类为主。除沙巴、阿根廷、大红钻老/嫩叶和福冈老叶外,其余老/嫩叶均以倍半萜为优势成分。沙巴老叶主要成分为α-蒎烯、桉叶油醇;沙巴嫩叶为β-蒎烯和α-蒎烯;阿根廷老/嫩叶、大红钻嫩叶和白艾斯老叶为β-蒎烯;福冈老/嫩叶为β-石竹烯;四季早生、大巨红晶、艾斯卡老/嫩叶为β-胡椒烯;乔尼尔老/嫩叶为β-石竹烯、β-胡椒烯。主成分分析结果表明,单萜含氧衍生物、α-蒎烯、单萜烯、β-蒎烯、α-芹子烯是导致不同品种间嘉宝果老叶香气差异的主要物质;倍半萜烯、单萜烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、β-石竹烯是导致不同品种间嘉宝果嫩叶香气差异的主要物质。综上,沙巴嫩叶总酚含量最高,精油含量较高,活性挥发性物质蒎烯(α-蒎烯+β-蒎烯)相对含量高达62.41%,在抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等方面有潜在的利用价值,在医药领域有极大的研究价值和开发潜力。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。