广西野生甘蔗资源调查

从1979年到1985年,每年9至10月间对广西野生蔗资源进行了调查,范围在东经105°20′～111°20′和北纬21°38′～26°17′之间。通过调查,共搜集到甘蔗亚族6个属11种,植物标本144份,活株无性系123份,基本了解和掌握广西野生蔗及其近缘植物主要类群的分布状况和生态条件。这些材料大部分保存在广西农学院教学实验农场,为今后研完和利用野生蔗的种质资源提供可贵的试验材料。     

梯田土壤有机碳密度分布及影响因素

研究丘陵地区不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度的分布及其影响因素,为丘陵地区土壤肥力培育和生产力提升提供技术参考。通过密集采样,分析东南丘陵水田、旱地、果园和茶园4种典型利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳密度变化及其影响因素。结果表明,东南丘陵地区土壤有机碳密度平均为4.14kg/m2,其变化受地形、土地利用方式及土壤化学性状等因素影响。海拔为200～800m时有机碳密度最高,平均为4.38kg/m2;坡度对土壤有机碳密度影响表现为2°～6°>6°～15°>15°～25°>0～2°>25°以上;从坡向看,南北坡有机碳密度较高,东西坡较低;不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳密度果园>茶园>水田>旱地;水田土壤有机碳密度与土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关,与缓效钾呈极显著负相关,旱地与速效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关,果园与碱解氮和速效钾呈正相关,茶园仅与碱解氮呈显著正相关。     

淀山湖生态示范区附着藻类季节动态变化研究

于2010年在淀山湖生态修复示范区分0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 m 4个水层挂片,进行附着藻类群落结构的季节调查,以期探索其时空变化特征,为淀山湖生态修复积累基本资料。结果显示,共检出附着藻类139种,隶属7门50属;其中硅藻门最多,为19属89种;附着藻类的种类数在不同水层的分布具有季节特性,优势种具有明显的季节性和垂直性特性;该水域附着藻类密度在春季0.1 m水层最高,为12.73×104cell·cm-2;在冬季1.5 m水层最低,为367 cell·cm-2。除秋季0.5 m水层密度高于0.1 m水层外,其他3季藻类密度均随水深的增加而递减;二因素方差分析显示,附着藻类密度春季显著高于其他3季（P〈0.05）,秋季显著高于夏季和冬季（P〈0.05）;0.1 m水层密度与0.5 m水层密度之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）,但此两水层藻类密度均显著高于1.0 m和1.5 m（P〈0.05）。附着藻类Shannon-weaver多样性指数（H′）为1.29～4.32,春季显著高于其他3个季节（P〈0.05）;1.5 m水层显著低于其他各水层（P〈0.05）。表层水体（0.1 m）附着藻类密度和多样性易受降雨、风浪等因素干扰。     

不同立地条件下野生荆条与胡枝子根系生长特性的比较研究

根系分布特征有着特殊的生态意义,它反映出植物适应和改变环境的功能.采用土钻法研究了野生荆条与胡枝子在两种坡度(12°与28°)和两种坡向(阳坡与阴坡)立地条件下根系生长特性.结果表明,根系直径d≤1 mm有效根系荆条高于胡枝子,且阳坡明显高于阴坡;d＞1 mm根系生物量,在阳坡两种坡度及阴坡12°条件下,胡枝子均高于荆条,而阴坡28°条件下则相反;在阳坡和阴坡两种坡向条件下,距主干0.2 m处和0.4 m处,胡枝子d＞1 mm的根密度均大于荆条,而d≤1 mm的根密度明显小于荆条,表明水平方向荆条的有效根系生长强于胡枝子;两种灌木根系的垂直分布主要集中于0-60 cm内土壤中,d＞1mm根密度的大小次序为胡枝子(阳坡)＞荆条(阳坡)＞荆条(阴坡)＞胡枝子(阴坡),d≤1 mm根密度的大小次序为荆条(阳坡)＞荆条(阴坡)＞胡枝子(阳坡)＞胡枝子(阴坡).     

吉林省低山丘陵区地形因素对坡耕地侵蚀沟分布的影响

[目的]研究吉林省低山丘陵地貌内侵蚀沟与地形因素关系,从而发现地形因素对侵蚀沟发育及分布影响,为侵蚀沟综合治理与土地利用规划提供科学参考。[方法]采用RTK测量系统对东辽县辽河源镇境内坡耕地中25条侵蚀沟进行了精准地面测量,基于1∶10 000地形图,利用ArcGIS软件生成数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM),将侵蚀沟测量数据与DEM数据相叠加,获取侵蚀沟与地形要素各特征值,对各特征值进行相关性研究。[结果]①研究区沟壑密度为5.99 km/km~2,沟谷占坡地面积比例为5.12%。侵蚀沟主要分布于坡地中下部的耕地内,处于强烈侵蚀状态;②沟谷占坡地面积比例随坡度的变化呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在坡度为6°～9°范围内达到最大值;③沟壑密度与汇水区平均宽度呈幂函数关系;④沟壑密度随3°～6°坡地占总汇水面积比例的增加而减少,随6°～9°坡地占总汇水面积比例的增加而增加;⑤侵蚀沟平均宽度与汇水区平均宽度及形状系数均存在线性正相关关系,相关系数分别达0.57和0.84。[结论]吉林省低山丘陵区侵蚀沟处强烈侵蚀状态,且有继续发展的趋势,6°～9°坡地是侵蚀沟分布的集中区域。     

微卫星分子标记与松浦镜鲤3个表型性状的相关分析

本文利用SPSS13.0分析软件对194尾松浦镜鲤的体重、体长和尾长值进行相关分析,并选用扩增效果好的30个微卫星标记,检测新品种松浦镜鲤繁殖群体的有效等位基因数（Ne）、观测杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）和多态信息含量（PIC）等遗传参数,以卡方检验估计群体Hardy-Weinberg平衡,最后还将30个基因座的不同基因型与个体的体重、体长和尾长进行了相关分析。结果显示,体重与体长高度线性相关,差异极显著;尾长与体重、体长分别呈显著相关,差异显著。多样性指数结果表明共检测到172个等位基因,片段长度在115～432bp之间,有效等位基因数为1.14～5.32;观测杂合度为0.07～0.92,期望杂合度为0.13～0.91;多态信息含量为0.12～0.79,其中高度多态（PIC≥0.5）21个,中度多态（0.25≤PIC≤0.5）7个,表明这个群体的多样性较高,信息含量比较丰富。我们还发现有4个遗传位点：HLJ328、HLJ693、MFW29和MFW48与体长性状显著相关（P〈0.05）,其中,位点HLJ328、HLJ693和MFW48还与体重性状显著相关（P〈0.05）,未发现与尾长性状相关的位点。本文获得的这些标记具有生长特性优势,可作为松浦镜鲤分子辅助育种的参考标记。     

毛乌素沙地梁地上小叶杨根系分布特征

为了解释小叶杨根系的适应性,采用根钻取样法对毛乌素沙地东北部梁地上不同坡位小叶杨人工林根系分布特征进行研究。结果表明：小叶杨根系大部分分布在0—40cm土层中,在0—20cm土层中达到峰值。细根（根径小于3mm）在不同坡位和距树干不同距离处垂直分布特征相似,粗根（根径大于3mm）的垂直分布特征差异比较明显,而且在距树干1．0和1．5m处的土层中,坡顶部位根系密度大于坡底部位。坡底部位细根和粗根的密度均随距树干距离的增加而减小,而坡顶部位细根与前者相似,粗根在1．0m处达到最大值。在坡底和坡顶坡位距树干任何距离上细根在深层土壤中所占比例大于粗根,但在距树干1．0m以外,粗根在坡顶部位的深层土壤中所占比例大于坡底部位,说明小叶杨根系对坡顶和坡底部位有很好的适应性。     

典型黑土区村级尺度侵蚀沟演变

侵蚀沟的演变是东北水土流失过程的重要方面.利用1968和2009年亚米级遥感影像,获取典型黑土区村级尺度的侵蚀沟分布、耕地垄向和土地利用数据,基于1∶1万地形图获取等高线、坡度、坡长和垄向坡度数据,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,分析典型黑土区41 a村级尺度侵蚀沟的动态变化及其影响因素.结果表明:1)41 a间,典型黑土区侵蚀沟密度有明显增加的趋势,基于分辨率为亚米级遥感影像解译的侵蚀沟密度较以往研究结果大幅增加;2)自然坡度0.25°～1.5°范围内为该区域侵蚀沟密度变化最大的区域,8°以上区域由于实施退耕还林措施,侵蚀沟密度降低;3)300～500 m坡长区域侵蚀沟密度出现极值;4)由于实施改垄措施,41 a后垄向坡度在0～0.25°范围内耕地面积增加,大于0.25°范围内耕地面积均减少.     

辽宁省侵蚀沟发育特性及地形分异特征

在不同层面对研究区数字高程模型(DEM)重分级,探讨地形因素对侵蚀沟发育的影响。以第一次全国水利普查侵蚀沟普查成果(2010年)与辽宁省第五次土壤侵蚀普查侵蚀沟普查成果(2015年)获取侵蚀沟分布数据,基于1∶50 000DEM获取侵蚀沟高程、坡度、坡向、坡长和空间分异特征。在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术的支持下,分析辽宁省侵蚀沟发育特性与地形分异特征。结果表明:5年间研究区侵蚀沟密度增加0.02km/km~2,侵蚀沟高发区主要集中在辽西;70%以上区域密度变化值50m/km~2,大部分处于微度增加区;高程在325~350m时密度变化值最大;坡向上南坡、西南坡为密度变化高值区;坡度在1.5°~15°时密度变化曲线呈抛物线形,1.5°和15°时无明显变化;坡长在600~800m时密度变化值最大,坡长1 000m时密度变化值无明显差异。     

浙江天台山七子花林土壤动物群落结构特征与动态变化

2000年4月至2001年4月逐月对浙江天台山七子花林土壤动物群落特征进行调查研究,初步分析凋落物、季节、海拔等因素对土壤动物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)蜱螨目(57.06%)和弹尾目(21.21%)为七子花林的优势类群,膜翅目(4.72%)、双翅目(3.65%)、综合纲(2.74%)、寡毛纲(2.68%)和鞘翅目(2.57%)为常见类群。(2)七子花林各样地土壤动物的个体数量在5月份和11月份都表现为峰值,在7月份至8月份的干热期个体数量明显下降。(3)处于中海拔地区(780m)呈共优群落的七子花林样地土壤动物的密度最大、类群数最多、多样性指数最高。(4)各样地土壤动物在土层中的垂直分布表现出明显表聚性特点,然而,在7月份至8月份的干热期,出现底层土壤动物个体数量多于表层的逆分布现象。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.