晋西黄土区基于地形因子的土壤水分分异规律研究

以山西省吉县蔡家川小流域典型梁峁坡面为研究对象,在研究区共布设313个土壤水分监测点,用TDR测定土壤(0~30cm,30~60cm)水分,经克立格(kriging)插值得到了研究区土壤水分分布图,并与基于数字高程模型(DEM)提取的研究区域坡向、坡度、高程3个地形因子分布图叠加,生成土壤水分与地形因子相对应的数据库,用以分析坡面尺度地形因子对土壤水分的影响情况及基于地形因子的土壤水分分异规律。通过主成分分析得出:地形因子对土壤水分影响的次序依次为坡向>高程>坡度。通过对坡向和坡度聚类分析得出:影响土壤水分分异的坡向可分为两类,即292.5°~360°(0°)~112.5°(阴坡),112.5°~292.5°(阳坡);影响土壤水分分异的坡度分为:5°~20°,20°~35°两类。依据坡度和坡向的分类结果,分别拟合土壤水分和地形因子的函数关系,求出不同坡度、坡向土壤水分的关系系数:若假定坡度为5°~20°、坡向为阴坡时,土壤水分关系系数为1,则坡度为5°~20°、坡向为时阳坡时土壤水分关系系数为0.99,坡度20°~35°、坡向为阴坡时土壤水分关系系数是0.82,坡度20°~35°、坡向为阳坡时土壤水分关系系数为0.8。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡向土壤球囊霉素类相关土壤蛋白的分布特征

为研究坡向对土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白(GRSP)的影响,选取了3个弃耕年限相同、立地条件相似,仅坡向不同的天然草地为试验地,坡向分别为阳坡(S15°W)、半阳坡(N75°W)、阴坡(N57°E)。首先对3个坡向的典型植物群落进行了植被调查,然后采集了优势物种的根际土与非根际土并进行测定。结果表明:不同坡向土壤GRSP含量整体表现为阳坡半阳坡阴坡,其中阴坡土壤T-GRSP含量较阳坡、半阳坡显著减少;不同物种对土壤GRSP含量无显著差异;T-GRSP呈现较强的根际效应,EE-GRSP则较弱。研究表明GRSP与坡向呈负相关,与物种和根际作用正相关,根际作用强于物种。     

赤峰市小流域地形因子对土壤有机碳密度的影响

为研究地形因子对土壤有机碳密度的影响,选择内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗黄花甸子流域为研究对象,运用地统计学和ArcGIS空间分析工具相结合的方法,根据流域DEM数据提取流域高程、坡度、坡向信息,并将其划分等级与克里格插值得到的流域土壤有机碳密度分布图进行叠加,建立地形因子的碳密度数据库,从而分析不同高程、坡度、坡向下土壤有机碳密度的变化情况。结果表明,地形因子对土壤有机碳密度的影响由高到低为高程>坡度>坡向。高程与坡度对土壤有机碳密度的影响较大,对土壤有机碳密度的影响均呈现抛物线走势,随高程与坡度的增加土壤有机碳密度表现为先升高后下降,并分别在600⁶50 m高程范围和5°650 m高程范围和5°¹0°坡度范围内达到最大值;坡向对土壤有机碳密度的影响由低到高为阳坡<阴坡<半阴坡<半阳坡。     

两种灌木根系对异质生长空间的适应分布特征

为探究灌木根系对异质空间的适应策略,以紫穗槐和胡枝子两种灌木为研究对象,采用盆栽控制生长空间的研究方法,以放置不同形状的木板在盆内模拟不同喀斯特异质空间条件(孔隙型、圆形裂缝型、条形裂缝型和孔隙+岩石阻挡型),研究了异质空间条件下两种灌木根系分布特征。结果表明:(1)异质空间条件下紫穗槐和胡枝子根系各项指标均高于均质空间,异质空间条件对根系生长有促进作用。不同植物受异质空间的影响程度不同,胡枝子在异质空间下的根系生物量显著高于均质空间。不同异质空间对根系生长的影响不同,紫穗槐和胡枝子根系均在孔隙型和圆形裂缝型两种空间条件下最为发达。(2)紫穗槐和胡枝子根生物量分布特征受异质空间影响。在异质空间下两种树种根生物量的垂直分布均集中分布在土层深度5—10 cm和15—20 cm范围内,水平分布均集中分布在距植株中心0—3 cm内。紫穗槐根系生物量的水平分布受异质空间具体形状影响较大,孔隙型空间和圆形裂缝型空间对其水平分布影响较为显著。(3)两种灌木对异质空间的适应策略不同,紫穗槐根系对异质空间的适应策略为寻找更多空间,而胡枝子根系对异质空间的适应策略为占据有限空间。综上,紫穗槐和胡枝子根系生长受空间影响,两种灌木根系对生长空间适应策略不同。     

不同坡向条件下小叶杨光合光响应曲线研究

为研究黄土丘陵区不同坡向条件下人工栽培灌木小叶杨林(Populus simonii)的光合生理特征,测定了地处阴坡、半阴坡、半阳坡和阳坡条件下小叶杨光合光响应曲线季节变化特征。结果表明:直角双曲线修正模型能很好的拟合不同坡向条件下小叶杨的光合光响应曲线,其光合光响应曲线均无光饱和现象;阳坡条件下的小叶杨最大净光合速率(Pmax)均显著低于阴坡、半阴坡和半阳坡,且均以7月下旬最高;5月下旬,阳坡和半阳坡条件下的表观量子效率(AQE)显著高于阴坡和半阴坡条件,而7月下旬和9月中旬的AQE分别以阳坡和阴坡显著最高;不同坡向条件下的光饱和点(LSP)以7月下旬和9月中旬显著最高,而光补偿点(LCP)与暗呼吸速率(Rd)均以9月中旬显著最低;5月下旬,小叶杨的水分利用效率(WUE)以阴坡条件下显著最高,7月下旬以半阴坡条件下显著最高,9月中旬以阴坡和半阴坡条件下显著最高。综合分析表明在黄土丘陵区种植小叶杨的最适宜坡向顺序为:阴坡半阴坡半阳坡阳坡。     

DEM分辨率对微地形形态的影响

不同的DEM采样间隔能够使地表微地形的概括发生变化,导致微地形观测结果出现差异,该文主要研究不同观测尺度条件下微地形的变化。在深耕、浅耕、裸坡和细沟4种地形条件下,采用三维激光扫描仪获得5,10,20mm的点云数据。通过地理信息相关软件对点云数据加以处理分析,提取不同尺度条件下各类微地形的坡度、坡向、坡度变化率和坡向变化率;通过坡度、坡向定性研究微地形变化与观测尺度之间的相关性,通过对坡度变化率、坡向变化率的研究得出坡度、坡向的变化值域。不同地形条件的微地形在不同观测尺度下变化有明显差异。坡度在8°~15°,15°~25°,45°~60°,60°~90°变化均一;坡向受观测尺度影响主要集中在阳坡和半阳坡;坡度变化率和坡向变化率表明观测尺度越细微地形坡度坡向变化情况越显著,从10,20mm观测尺度下的0~3/3,3~∞两个取值区间逐渐迁移到在5mm尺度条件下的3~∞。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同立地条件下欧李生长状况研究

为了探明栽植坡度、坡向对欧李生长情况的影响,在甘肃省定西市安家沟小流域内选择坡度为0°、8°、20°、38°4种不同坡度和阴坡、阳坡两种坡向栽植欧李。通过对2015—2017年连续三年的观测数据分析可知,不同坡度下欧李生长总体表现为0°和8°缓坡明显好于20°径流小区和38°陡坡坡面(P0.05),欧李各项主要指标的生长量与坡度呈负相关关系,欧李的株高、东西冠幅和南北冠幅在不同坡向间生长差异显著;基生枝枝粗、基生枝长、一级枝粗、一级枝长在不同坡向生长差异不显著。     

黄土丘陵区4种典型植物根系分布特征及对土壤分离速率的影响

以黄土丘陵区4种典型植物种群(狼牙刺、白羊草、铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子)为研究对象,采用野外采样、室内模拟试验与分析相结合的方法,对0—30cm土层的各径级根系密度参数(根长密度、根体积密度、根表面积密度)与土壤理化性质、土壤分离速率间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)4种植物的根系径级主要集中在0D≤1.0mm之间,86%~93%的根长和46%~61%的根表面积分布在此范围内,且根系径级越大,根系各密度参数越小;(2)4种植物各径级根密度参数对土壤理化性质(容重、有机质、团聚体)的影响各不相同;狼牙刺根系直径为0D≤1.0mm的根密度参数与土壤容重、有机质含量呈极显著相关;铁杆蒿在0D≤1.0mm径级的根密度参数与土壤容重呈极显著负相关,与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,所有径级的根密度参数与土壤团聚体均呈显著正相关;白羊草在0D≤5.0mm径级区间内的根可有效改善土壤的容重,在0D≤2.0mm径级根密度参数与土壤有机质、团聚体呈显著正相关;达乌里胡枝子在3.0D≤5.0mm径级的根对土壤容重影响显著,直径D1.0mm的根对土壤团聚体有显著的影响;(3)土壤分离速率与根系各密度参数呈负相关。除达乌里胡枝子外,其他3种植物在0.0D≤1.0mm径级上根密度参数与土壤分离速率均呈极显著负相关。     

坡向与植物群落对水蚀风蚀交错带土壤有机碳氮的影响

以黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域内的1个支沟为对象,通过植被调查和采样分析,研究了坡向和植物群落类型对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和有机碳氮密度(SOCD、TND)的影响。结果表明:(1)坡向对0—20cm土壤SOC和TN含量及0—60cm C/N均有显著影响。SOC、TN含量及C/N分别表现为:半阴坡半阳坡沟头半阴坡半阳坡=沟头及半阳坡半阴坡≥沟头的趋势;(2)植物群落对0—10cm SOC和TN含量及0—20cm C/N均有显著影响。半阴坡分布的3种豆科群落达乌里胡枝子、紫花苜蓿及白花草木樨间土壤碳氮差异不显著,但均显著高于禾本科的长芒草群落;半阳坡分布的达乌里胡枝子和紫花苜蓿群落SOC和TN含量相当,均显著高于茵陈蒿群落(菊科)和长芒草群落;沟头的达乌里胡枝子群落SOC、TN显著高于长芒草。豆科草本植物更有利于促进土壤碳氮的积累;(3)坡向主要影响表层0—20cm SOCD和TND,其对60cm剖面SOCD和TND贡献率分别为45%～55%和47%～53%。不同植物群落下土壤表层及整个剖面SOCD和TND均有显著差异。研究支沟内SOCD平均为2.13kg/m2,远低于黄土高原其他地区。上述结果对于水蚀风蚀交错带土壤碳氮储量的精确评估及植被合理建造有一定指导价值。     

山区植被覆盖度变化的地形分异特征——以贵州开阳县为例

植被覆盖度是生态恢复的重要指示器,研究其变化特征可为资源合理利用、生态恢复提供科学参考。以贵州省开阳县为研究区,基于landsat4-5 TM,Landsat8 OLI遥感影像,获取2002年、2019年30 m分辨率植被覆盖度数据,从阴坡与阳坡视角研究山区植被覆盖度变化和地形分异特征。结果表明:(1)2002—2019年阴坡与阳坡植被覆盖度总体呈南高北低分布,期间阴坡与阳坡植被总体处于恢复趋势。(2)研究时段内阴坡与阳坡植被覆盖度随海拔上升表现为增加趋势; 海拔小于600 m的地区阳坡和阴坡植被覆盖度差距最大; 2019年二者植被覆盖度在海拔小于600 m的地区下降明显,高于800 m的地区均有较大提升。(3)阴坡和阳坡植被覆盖度随坡度增加总体呈上升趋势,坡度大于35°后二者差异增强; 植被覆盖度增量随坡度增加总体表现为上升—下降特点。(4)阴坡和阳坡植被覆盖度随地形起伏度增加呈上升趋势。2002年阳坡各等级地形起伏度的植被覆盖度总体高于阴坡,2019年二者植被覆盖度差异性随地形起伏度上升而增强。综上,阴坡和阳坡植被覆盖度与海拔、坡度、地形起伏度呈正相关关系,二者在不同等级地形梯度上具有较大差异性。地形因子对山区阴坡、阳坡植被覆盖度的影响是多方面的,不仅从海拔和坡向上影响水热组合条件,也从坡度和地形起伏度上影响人类对山区林地资源的开发利用。     

Oleaster (var. sylvestris) and subsp. cuspidata are suitable genetic resources for improvement of the olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea)

The olive belongs to Olea, a complex genus and to a species with six subspecies. Subsp. europaea includes both the cultivated olive and the oleaster, the wild ancestor of the olive. Little is known on the phenotype of fruits from subsp. cuspidata. We aimed to compare europaea and cuspidata trees for oil content and composition and to verify whether natural hybrids may exist between the two subspecies. Specimens were from Kenya and putative natural hybrids between cuspidata and europaea were from Stellenbosch (South Africa). Cultivar and oleaster trees were sampled in France (continental and Corsica), Italy (Continental and Sardinia) and Tunisia. We have examined the fruit (drupe) structure between subsp. cuspidata and europaea and extracted oil from the pulp, seed and total drupe. Comparison for oil content was made between the cultivated olive and the oleaster and some cuspidata trees from Kenya. A few of cuspidata individuals from Botanical gardens do not enable phenotyping for oil content and composition. Oil composition analyses were performed for the main fatty acids to compare the three taxa. We used microsatellite markers at 11 loci to compute genetic distances between cuspidata, oleaster and cultivar trees and to reveal eventual hybrids. The SSR polymorphisms were huge between the two subspecies and they revealed that putative hybrids were true hybrids sampled around olive orchards. The whole comparison of oil content shows that olive cultivars display higher oil content than the subsp. cuspidata and that the oleaster trees are intermediate, whereas for oil composition of the drupe, cuspidata from Kenya shows less oleic acid than europaea. However, the cuspidata trees show seed oil composition similarities with the other two taxa. The discussion deals with possible reasons to explain the differences and of the possible uses of these taxa for breeding both the olive and brown olive. H. Hannachi and H. Sommerlatte have equal contribution in the article.     

菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、中杆属和拟丽突属线虫毒性效应研究

采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。     

Nuclear DNA content estimations in wild olive ( Olea europaea L. ssp. europaea var. sylvestris Brot.) and Portuguese cultivars of O. europaea using flow cytometry

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an economically important woody fruit crop widely distributed in the Mediterranean regions. In this work the genome size of six Portuguese cultivars of olive (O. europaea ssp. europaea var. europaea) and wild olive (O. europaea spp. europaea var. sylvestris) was estimated for the first time. The nuclear DNA content of O. europaea cultivars ranged between 2.90 ± 0.020 pg/2C and 3.07 ± 0.018 pg/2C and the genome size of wild olive was estimated as 3.19 ± 0.047 pg/2C DNA. These results suggest a low intraspecific variation at least among the studied cultivars and between them and wild olive. This is not in accordance with previous results in some Italian cultivars where high genome size heterogeneity was found. The methodology presented here seems appropriate for genome size estimations within this genus and opens good perspectives for a large screening of estimation of nuclear DNA content among O. europaea cultivars and Olea species that could clarify this issue.     

Morphological characterization of seeds of three Australian wild Citrus species (Rutaceae): Citrus australasica F. Muell., C. inodora F.M. Bailey and C. garrawayi F.M. Bailey

The comparative morphology of the seeds of three Australian Citrus species, C. australasica C. inodora and C. garrawayi, was studied. Their seed characteristics were broadly similar to those of the cultivated species of the genus, when observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. Citrus garrawayi differed in seed shape (rounded to triangular) and seed coat morphology (i.e., thicker with longer epidermal protrusions) from C. australasica and C. inodora (rounded surface with flat underside in shape). The well-developed minute epidermal protrusions on the seed coat of C. garrawayi were more similar to those in the cultivated species, C. × sinensis and C. × aurantium. In contrast, the surface topography of C. australasica and C. inodora seeds was more like that of the cultivated species, C. × aurantifolia and C. × limon. Seed morphology, especially surface topography, was found to be a useful tool for taxonomic identification in Australian wild citrus.     

尖镰孢萎蔫专化型在土壤中的存在状态与菌量消长的关系

尖镰孢萎蔫专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)是一种寄生兼腐生的土传性植物病原真菌,这种真菌除引起棉花枯萎病,严重危害棉花生产外,还能侵染大豆、烟草、花椰菜等40多种作物¹⁾,以及多种杂草^[6]。因此,该种真菌既能在受侵染的棉花植株体内繁殖蔓延,也能在其它宿主体内生存,并随同作物残体进人土壤中以腐生方式生活,或以厚垣抱子等休眠结构维持其生命。     

铅胁迫下小花南芥与玉米间作对根系分泌物 有机酸的影响

为了揭示Pb胁迫对间作和单作的超累积植物和作物根系分泌低分子有机酸的影响,研究设置400 mg·L?1Pb胁迫,采用水培曝气法试验,以玉米和小花南芥单作为对照处理,研究Pb胁迫下玉米和小花南芥间作对植物根系形态、根系分泌有机酸及Pb吸收的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,间作小花南芥情况下,玉米根系分泌物检测到乳酸;玉米分根条数、根表面积和根密度与单作相比分别增加60%、15%和42%,地下部和地上部干重生物量分别增加108%和75%,玉米地下部Pb含量下降44%;与单作相比,间作玉米条件下,小花南芥根系分泌物检测到乙酸和乳酸,小花南芥根系分泌物量与单作相比增加103%~1 700%,小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量分别比单作增加49%和75%,转运系数增加22%。相关分析结果表明,单作小花南芥只有地上部Pb累积量与草酸显著相关,而间作小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量与草酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸显著相关。研究表明超富集植物小花南芥与玉米间作体系,根系分泌的有机酸改变了Pb在小花南芥和玉米体内的累积特征,促进超累积植物小花南芥累积Pb,减少农作物玉米植株体内Pb含量。Pb胁迫下超累积植物小花南芥与玉米间作是一种可行的修复模式。     

酸枣荆条耗水特征及其茎木质部解剖构造

[目的]研究酸枣和荆条耗水特征与其茎木质部解剖构造之间的关系,为中国北方干旱区造林树种的选择提供技术支持。[方法]采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对酸枣和荆条的树干液流进行监测,并于监测完成后,采用切片法,观察其茎木质部解剖构造。[结果](1)不同季节2树种的耗水特征存在差异,与湿润季节相比,干旱季节两树种树干液流变化均具有较强的波动性,其日均液流速度和日均耗水量均较小;2树种相比,干旱季节时酸枣的最大液流速度、日均液流速度以及日均耗水量均显著大于荆条,而湿润季节与之相反。(2)就其茎木质部解剖构造而言,酸枣的导管形状大小比较均一,而荆条的导管形状大小参差不齐;酸枣的导管直径、长度、面积平均值及边材相对输导面积均小于荆条,而其导管密度大于荆条。(3)酸枣的相对输导率和脆性指数均小于荆条,说明酸枣的水分输导的有效性小于荆条,而其安全性和抗旱性大于荆条;另外,在湿润季节,二者的耗水特征主要取决于其水分输导的有效性,而在干旱季节,主要取决于其安全性和抗旱性,进而阐明了二者在不同季节表现出不同耗水差异的原因。[结论]与荆条相比,酸枣的茎解剖构造更有利于其在干旱季节维持较高的树干液流,进而得以正常的生长,因此更适合于干旱区造林。     

Biological control of Phytophthora parasitica var. Nicotianae on tobacco seedlings with non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi

Nonpathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi (BNR) controlled black shank caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae on greenhouse-grown tobacco seedlings in styrofoam float trays. Three BNR isolates were incorporated into a soil-less mix on colonized, pulverized, sifted rice particles; colonized whole rice grains; or on pelleted tobacco seeds coated with 0.5% methyl cellulose. Five-wk-old seedlings were inoculated with zoospores of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and disease rated over 10 d. The level of protection varied with method of BNR application, ranging from 40 to 70%. Overall, control was better when BNR isolates were applied on rice inocula rather than on BNR-colonized tobacco seeds. From 15% to 80% of individual roots from seedlings grown in soil-less mix amended with BNR-colonized rice grains were colonized while only 0–20% of roots from seedlings grown from BNR-colonized tobacco seeds were colonized. Likewise, 37–100% of soil-less mix amended with BNR-colonized rice grains contained BNR's while less than 3% of soil-less mix was colonized when seedlings emerged from BNR-colonized tobacco seeds. This is the first demonstration of biocontrol of Phytophthora by BNR fungi.     

rDNA polymorphism of foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica) landraces in northern Pakistan and Afghanistan and in its wild ancestor (S. italica ssp. viridis)

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacer length polymorphism was studied in foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica) landraces from Pakistan and Afghanistan and in its wild ancestor (S. italica ssp. viridis) from Pakistan by PCR-based methods. Sequence polymorphism was also investigated for accessions selected based on the observed length polymorphism. The PCR-based length polymorphism and sequence polymorphism of rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) clearly demonstrated genetic differentiation between cultivated and wild forms in the region. Genetic differentiation was observed between different areas to some extent in the cultivated form, and between different regions in the wild form of northern Pakistan. Based on the results, we discuss the genetic differentiation of foxtail millet and wild ancestor in this region and possible utility of rDNA markers to trace the dispersal of this crop in the region.     

腐殖酸结合汞对多年生植物(Citrus Sinensis L. Osbeck)的生物有效性初探

野外采集广柑树及供其生长的土壤,研究多年生植物对土壤Hg的吸收及与土壤理化性质、腐殖酸结合汞（HS—Hg）的关系。结果表明,在酸性土壤环境中,酸性过强,果树吸收Hg量会更低;果实部分Hg含量与土壤的有机质或腐殖酸含量呈现负相关关系;HS—Hg特别是FA—Hg（富啡酸结合汞）组分是果树吸收、积累Hg的重要来源,其与根Hg的相关系数达到0．700^＊-0．759^＊＊,且以表层土壤更能提供有效的HS—Hg。