影响香菇中甲醛含量的因素分析

本文分析了香菇在不同生产阶段甲醛产生的原因,探讨了不同加工处理方式对鲜香菇和干香菇中甲醛含量的影响,讨论了外源因素对香菇中甲醛含量检出效果的作用,以期为进一步优化香菇加工处理以及改进检测方法提供参考。     

一种土壤中缓效钾测定的改进方法

土壤缓效钾是土壤有效钾的一部分,通过对NY/T 889-2004《土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量的测定》测定缓效钾含量的前处理方法进行改进,用标准COD消解器消解替代了油浴(或磷酸浴),改进后的方法在精密度方面平行测定最大相对相差均≤8%,在准确度方面标准物质测定的单次结果均在标准值范围之内。实际样品测定方面,改进前和改进后的方法相对相差均≤8%。改进后的方法有较好的精密度和正确度,操作更加安全,消解效率高。     

石灰性土壤缓效钾含量检测浸提方法的改进

用硝酸提取方法测定石灰性土壤缓效钾含量过程中,在浸提溶液中加入一滴植物油作为消泡剂,可防止浸提液沸腾时溢出管口;用硬质大试管取代三角瓶,并用油浴取代电热板,每次浸提样品数量增加到60个左右,工作效率提高3～4倍.结果表明,浸提方法改进后,同一批样品浸提液开始沸腾时间前后相差5 s左右,浸提液温度基本稳定在103.8℃,平行样检测结果的变异系数在1.2%～2.4%之间,重复样检测结果的变异系数在1.2%～3.3%之间.用改进方法测定不同含量的石灰性土壤缓效钾时,与常规方法有85%的符合率.改进方法测定值与参比土样定值平均值的相对误差在0.4%～3.8%之间.     

中波紫外线处理对香菇采后维生素D2含量及生化品质的影响研究

为强化香菇中维生素D₂含量,并研究中波紫外线(UV-B)对香菇营养品质、活性氧代谢相关酶活性以及超微结构的影响,本研究将鲜香菇置于0.203 mW·cm^-2的UV-B紫外灯下,正反面分别照射0.5、1、2、3 和4 h,考察香菇营养品质、表观形态、抗氧化相关酶活及其超微结构结。结果表明,与对照组相比,UV-B处理2 h后维生素D₂含量从0升至104.87 μg·g^-1,持续延长处理时间,维生素D₂含量未出现显著增加,维生素C含量整体呈先上升后下降趋势,在UV-B处理2 h时最高为46.1 μg·g^-1。有机酸、可溶性糖含量、酶等对UV-B处理不敏感,均保持稳定状态;但长时间照射使香菇色泽显著加深,细胞受损,膜透性增加;UV-B处理2 h时相对电导率较对照组提高了20.61%,处理3 h时相对电导率提高了63.25%。香菇经UV-B处理2 h后,在后期贮藏过程中表现出较好的品质稳定性。本研究结果表明,2 h的UV-B照射处理有助于提高香菇维生素D₂、维生素C的含量和抗氧化系统的强化,并且对于其他营养品质无显著负面影响,对提高香菇的商品价值有较好的参考价值。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定植物样品中的硒含量

建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定植物性样品中微量硒含量的方法。样品经微波消解完全后,先赶酸至1 mL,再用HCl在100℃还原10 min,然后以10 g/L的硼氢化钾(KBH4)为还原剂,5%HCl为载流,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱仪进行测定。方法检测限为0.023μg/L,加标回收率为87.5%～105.0%,RSD小于1.0%,且标准物质测定结果均在推荐值范围内。该方法灵敏度和准确度高、稳定性好,适用于大量植物性样品中微量硒元素的测定。     

土壤中总铬测定方法的比较研究

采用国标GB/T 17137-1997和GB/T 17141-1997中规定的两种方法即H2SO4-HNO3-HF、HNO3-HF-HClO4法对土壤样品进行消解处理,筛选了HNO3-HF-HClO4消化体系并进行改进,再运用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中总铬（Cr）的含量。结果表明：土壤总Cr测定中的3种预处理方法的测定结果存在明显差异,改进后的HNO3-HF-HClO4法优于原国标方法,该方法消解速度快（3 ~ 4 h）且完全,大大缩短了实验时间;该方法灵敏度高（最低检出限0.04 mg/L）、准确度高（相对误差在1.3% ~ 5.0%）、加标回收率高（94.6% ~ 108.7%）,精密度好（相对标准偏差小于5.7%）,是值得推广的土壤Cr消解方法,可应用于农业环境土壤质量样品的检测。     

红枣挥发性物质在烘干过程中的变化研究

新鲜成熟的团枣在25～75℃逐渐烘干，当温度在4 h升高到50℃后，控制升温速率为每4 h升高5℃，直到75℃。取鲜枣100 g及从50℃开始每隔5℃取样100 g，去核、切碎，分别用95%乙醇浸泡，蒸去乙醇得膏，然后用除去过氧化物的乙醚萃取，醚液用无水硫酸钠干燥，低温下蒸发除去乙醚后得到挥发性物质，再用气相色谱—质谱联用仪测定了上述样品的挥发性化学成分。结果表明，新鲜成熟的团枣的挥发性成分主要为13种酯类，以棕榈烯酸乙酯、肉豆蔻烯酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、油酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、肉豆蔻酸乙酯等的含量较高,且其含量随着温度的升高和时间的延长而逐渐略有减少；5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛和5-羟基-5，6-二氢-麦芽酚在55℃以上检出，2-呋喃甲醛在65℃以上检出，随着烘干温度逐步升高和时间增长其残留含量逐渐增高；65℃时干枣的品质最好，烘干红枣的最高温度不宜超过70℃。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽粪便中34种抗生素含量

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定鲜羊粪、鲜牛粪、鲜猪粪、鲜鸡粪、处理猪粪及处理鸡粪等畜禽粪便中34种氟喹诺酮类、磺胺类及四环素类抗生素含量的方法。畜禽粪便采用甲醇、Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine提取液各10 mL分2次提取,超声10 min、离心5 min,固相萃取净化,LC-MS/MS外标法测定。结果表明,鲜牛粪、鲜羊粪、鲜猪粪、处理猪粪以及鲜鸡粪和处理鸡粪的基质中,34种目标物均具有良好的线性关系以及较高的精密度和准确度,加标回收率均在64.6%～117.9%之间;并且,此方法能满足畜禽粪便中喹诺酮类、磺胺类及四环素类34种抗生素含量的分析要求。     

宁南山区利用柠条枝栽培香菇技术可行性研究

为了探究宁南山区柠条枝作为香菇代料栽培基质的可行性,以78%苹果木为对照,柠条枝39%、苹果木39%进行柠条枝代料栽培香菇的初步探究,对于不同处理的香菇菌丝生长、子实体发育以及营养成分状况进行了测定与分析。结果表明:加入39%的柠条枝后菌丝生长速率降低0.88 mm/d,转色天数延长12 d,生育期延长35 d,基本实现全年生产;单棒产量与生物学效率不存在显著差异,表明所选柠条枝配方对于香菇子实体发育无显著影响;营养成分中,干物质、粗纤维、必需氨基酸以及部分矿物质元素含量降低,其中粗纤维含量与陕西传统栽培基质所产香菇不存在显著差异,脂肪、氨基酸总量以及鲜味氨基酸含量增加,重金属含量均低于国家相关标准,其他营养成分差异均不显著。该研究表明,宁南山区可进行香菇反季节栽培,柠条作为香菇产业的替代性资源具有可行性。由于香菇部分养分含量降低,适宜添加比例还需进一步探究。     

淹水与风干过程中土壤有效磷含量变化研究

新鲜土壤在风干过程中,随着水分含量的减少,土壤中磷的有效性产生显著变化。本文选取了4种水稻土(沙溪庙组、遂宁组、黄壤、自流井组),分别测定鲜样和风干后的样品有效磷含量。结果表明:鲜样有效磷含量高于风干样品,风干后样品的有效磷含量减少程度与土壤的基本性质(水分状况、pH值、有机质)有关,比较发现:与鲜样的水分系数呈负相关、与pH值和有机质含量呈正相关,在各影响因素中水分含量>pH>有机质。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.