弹性蛋白酶基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

本研究以一株产弹性蛋白酶的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增得到的弹性蛋白基因,与GenBank中的序列对比发现同源性为99%。将弹性蛋白酶基因连入到表达载体pPIC3.5K中,经过酶切和测序鉴定证实弹性蛋白酶基因已插入到载体启动子下游,成功构建了质粒pPIC3.5K/PAE。将pPIC3.5K/PAE线性化,通过电转化将目的基因转入毕赤酵母KM71中,利用MD培养基筛选到近400个转化子,再经G418抗性的筛选,获得48株含高拷贝的重组毕赤酵母转化子并用PCR和弹性蛋白平板验证。经过甲醇诱导表达得到高表达的重组酵母菌株,酶活为1060U/mL是出发菌株的26倍。本研究成功克隆到铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶基因,为实现活性弹性蛋白酶的高效表达奠定了基础。     

嗜热子囊菌光孢变种cbh1基因的cDNA克隆及在毕赤酵母的高效表达

以嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus)总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR克隆出外切纤维二糖水解酶基因cbh1片段，采用RACE方法获得全长cDNA克隆，其全长为1 710 bp，编码一种由457个氨基酸组成的单肽，推导的氨基酸序列中1～19位为信号肽序列，GenBank的登录号为AY840982。将该片段克隆到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)分泌型表达载体pPIC9K上，获得表达重组质粒pPIC9K/cbh1，转化毕赤酵母GS115，所得重组子经PCR验证后进行诱导表达，筛选出一重组子GSp-15,经144 h诱导后，外切纤维二糖水解酶表达量为1.17 mg/mL，产酶活力为20.3 U/mL。     

草酸青霉外切葡聚糖酶基因(cbh1)克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达和重组外切葡聚糖酶特性分析

木霉的纤维素酶系中通常缺少β-葡萄糖苷酶,导致了终产物抑制,木霉生长速度明显没有青霉快,因此,来源于青霉的纤维素酶受到了越来越多的重视.通过热不对称交错PCR(TAIL-PCR)技术从草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)M菌株中克隆得到外切葡聚糖酶基因cbh1(GenBank登录号:HQ843504).该基因全长为1 641 bp,无内含子序列,编码547个氨基酸,具有Glu236,Asp238和Glu241典型催化残基,推测属于糖基水解酶第7家族.将cbh1克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9中,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9-cbh1,电击转入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris )GS 115菌株.阳性重组子经测序及活性分析表明,cbh1基因成功分泌表达,表明来源于草酸青霉的外切葡聚糖酶基因首次在毕赤酵母中获得成功表达.重组酶活性分析表明,其活性可达56IU/mg,最适反应pH、温度分别为6.0和55℃,且pH和温度稳定性均较好.研究结果认为,cbh1基因的克隆丰富了纤维素酶的基因资源,其在毕赤酵母中的成功表达也为该类纤维素酶基因高效工程菌株的构建提供了基础.     

里氏木霉木聚糖酶基因Ⅱ在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其酶学性质研究

利用RT-PCR技术从高产木聚糖酶菌株T. reesei Rut C-30中成功扩增出其主要木聚糖酶基因XynⅡ,经序列分析证实,在该菌株诱变选育过程中其成熟肽序列有两处碱基发生突变;将不带原基因信号肽的XynⅡ克隆到毕赤酵母高效表达载体pPICZαA上,线性化后经电击转化到毕赤酵母中,经Zeocin及PCR筛选后得到的转化子用1%甲醇诱导。SDS-PAGE证实,重组子实现了分泌表达,且发酵上清中几无杂蛋白;对该重组酶酶学性质分析表明,该酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH值为6.0,该酶热稳定性较好,在50℃下保温30 min仍能保留其95%以上活性。     

里氏木霉RUT-C30内切β-甘露聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

摘要：以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）RNA为模板，采用RT-PCR扩增的方法获得不带自身信号肽man1基因的cDNA片段。构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-man1，重组质粒SacⅠ线性化后用PEG（聚乙二醇）法导入毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株GS115中，通过PCR和表型鉴定表明man1基因已经整合到毕赤酵母染色体上。经大量筛选，获得高效分泌表达甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母工程菌株RMAN23。将此菌株在5L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵，测定酶活最高达470IU /mL，同时对重组甘露聚糖酶的性质进行了初步研究。     

α-半乳糖苷酶基因Mel1在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

用PCR方法从酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mel1基因,将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1。将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1电击转化至毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)KM71,在含有100mg/mLzeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落。发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析,在53kD处有特异带;经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳,与显色底物的反应,检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带。重组菌pGAPZα-Mel1/KM71摇瓶发酵6d后,培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12U/mL。     

抗菌肽基因在毕赤酵母中分泌表达及其条件优化

用化学合成法合成了以酵母偏爱密码子编码的抗菌肽cecropinA(1-8)-melittin(1-18)基因片段,合成片段与酵母表达载体pPIC9K重组,构建胞外分泌表达载体pPIC9K-came,电击法转化毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)SMD1168宿主菌,对CAME抗菌肽重组酵母菌的摇瓶发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,酵母表达抗菌肽具有抗菌活性且溶血活性显著降低;重组酵母在含2%葡萄糖pH7.0的YPD培养液中,250r/min震荡培养24h后,重组酵母菌的A600为6.0时,经0.5%甲醇在28℃条件下诱导48h能够诱导产生较高抗菌活性的抗菌肽。     

Constitutive Expression of α-galactosidase Mel1 Gene in Pichia pastoris

用PCR方法从酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mel1基因，将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1。将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1电击转化至毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris ) KM71，在含有100 mg/mL zeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落。发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析，在53 kD处有特异带；经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳，与显色底物的反应，检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带。重组菌pGAPZα-Mel1 /KM71摇瓶发酵6 d后，培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12 U/mL。     

蜡样芽胞杆菌M22Mn-SOD基因的分子改造及在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据毕赤酵母(Pichia pastons)密码子的偏好性,以氨基酸序列不变为原则,对源于蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cernes)M22的Mn-SOD基因进行分子改造,设计、合成了新的基因序列Mn-SOD-2.构建酵母表达载体pPICZαA/Mn-SOD-2,并整合至毕赤酵母GS115染色体.结果表明,所构建的重组体经0.5%甲醇诱导表达后,Native-PAGE检测证实有清晰单一活性条带;SDS-PAGE检测证实重组蛋白的分子量24 kD.酶活分析表明,外源蛋白的活性较改造前增加了2.2倍,且表达稳定性良好.     

人溶菌酶基因的克隆及其在真核菌株中表达质粒pPIC9K/hLZM 的构建

利用RT—PCR技术，从人的胎盘组织中直接扩增出溶菌酶基因(hLZM)的cDNA全序列，插入到质粒pPIC9K上，转化巴斯德毕赤酵母KM71，通过G418快速筛选，构建出能够高效表达人溶菌酶基因的重组毕赤酵母菌株，作为真核细胞反应器，用以生产人溶菌酶。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.