利用菜籽油酶法生产生物柴油的初步研究

生物柴油作为可再生能源，对环境友好，引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。该文利用固定化脂肪酶－Novo435，在无有机溶剂存在的情况下，催化菜籽油与甲醇酯交换反应制取生物柴油，对影响酯交换反应过程的因素：甲醇与油脂的摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、脂肪酶用量、转速、水分等进行深入研究，得到了菜籽油间歇酯交换反应的适宜工艺条件：转速200 r/min、醇油摩尔比1.5∶1、反应温度50℃、酶用量10%(与油脂的质量比)、反应10 h后菜籽油的酯交换率达到47％。水分的存在不利于固定化酶在无有机溶剂系统下催化菜籽油的酯交换反应，使酯交换率降低到30％。反应所需理论甲醇量分两次加入，反应26 h后，油脂的酯交换率达到80％。     

固体催化剂催化牛油制取生物柴油工艺优化

利用固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油可以实现催化剂的重复利用、降低原料成本,从而提高生物柴油的市场竞争力。该文以牛油为原料,在自制固体催化剂Cs2O/γ-Al2O3的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用响应面法对反应过程进行了优化,试验考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,并得到了最优反应条件,即反应温度66℃,醇油摩尔比10.5：1,催化剂用量5.3%,反应时间120 min,生物柴油的酯交换率达到95.5%。反应后固体催化剂在400℃下灼烧4 h后可以重复利用,重复利用8次后酯交换率下降不到6%。研究结果将为固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油的连续和产业化生产提供试验基础,为提高生物柴油的市场竞争力提供参考。     

超声强化酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺优化

为了获得超声强化酯交换反应制备生物柴油最佳工艺条件,为工业化生产提供借鉴。该文考察了超声功率密度、反应温度、催化剂用量和醇油摩尔比等因素对超声强化 KOH 催化酯交换反应过程的影响,并采用响应曲面分析方法（RSM）优化最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明：超声强化 KOH 催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油最佳工艺条件为：超声功率密度54.7 W/L、反应温度34℃、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的 1.3%、醇油摩尔比6︰1,此条件下酯交换反应甲酯质量分数为 99.68%,经验证试验得实测值为99.56%。RSM优化的试验结果适合于碱催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油工艺,并能够预测不同条件下碱催化酯交换反应中的甲酯质量分数。     

脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备生物柴油工艺优化

利用脂肪酶LVK在以正己烷为溶剂的体系中催化菜籽油与乙醇酯交换合成生物柴油。为提高酯交换率，采用响应面实验设计和分析方法对菜籽油的酯交换反应条件进行优化，得到最佳工艺条件：醇油摩尔比5．3：1，脂肪酶与油脂的质量比为15％，反应温度40℃，反应时间34．5h，溶剂（正已烷）量18．4％，乙醇一次加入，在此工艺条件下菜籽油的酯交换率达到93．48％。结果表明正己烷体系能很好解决乙醇与菜籽油的互溶性，消除乙醇对脂肪酶的毒害作用。     

固定化细胞磁稳定流化床反应器制备生物柴油

为了探索生物酶法制备生物柴油新工艺,克服现有工艺的不足,采用超顺磁性全细胞催化剂在自制的磁稳定流化床中对废油脂连续生产生物柴油进行了试验研究。考察了改变磁场强度、进料醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量及流量等因素对连续酯交换反应的影响,进而得到单级磁流化床酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件：磁稳态操作,醇油摩尔比为1∶1,催化剂用量为原料油质量的12%,进料流量为42.6?mL/min。四级磁流化床连续系统最终转酯化率达到85%以上,连续反应200 h后四级出口的甲酯产率仍在80%以上。这说明全细胞催化剂在磁稳定流化床中活性较高,使用寿命较长,该系统具有良好的操作稳定性。     

利用动物脂肪酯交换反应制备生物柴油的试验研究

该文以牛油为原料,在KOH的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油.采用正交试验与人工神经网络相结合的试验方法,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,得到了最优工艺条件,即反应温度 70°C,醇油摩尔比10.5:1,催化剂用量1.1%(占油脂质量的百分数),反应时间90 min.经试验验证,利用神经网络优化后的酯交换率达到94.16%,高于正交试验的结果93.17%.     

超声波辅助离子液体组合物直接制备微藻生物柴油

微藻生物柴油能够解决目前植物原料生物柴油面临的耕地不足、气候变化影响产量并引起农作物价格上涨等突出问题,但传统微藻生物柴油生产过程能源与化学品消耗大,将微藻油脂的提取-酯交换耦合成一个单元,具有较大应用潜力.该研究采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,离子液体组合物作为提取剂、催化剂,超声波辅助催化微藻直接提取-酯交换制备生物柴油.考察超声波频率、超声波功率、离子液体类型、离子液体用量、反应温度、反应时间、醇油摩尔比等因素对酯交换率的影响,并与传统水浴加热机械搅拌法比较,结果表明,超声波和离子液体对生物柴油的制备有协同促进作用,离子液体具有催化、提取与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇油界面接触,超声波的引入强化了传质传热过程,与传统加热方式水浴加热机械搅拌法相比,可以缩短酯交换反应的时间,降低反应温度,减少离子液体、甲醇的用量.离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]为提取剂,微藻油脂提取率最高;酸性离子液体催化效果明显高于碱性离子液体,离子液体[SO3H-BMIM][HSO4]为催化剂,微藻油脂转化率最高.当超声波功率240W,频率28kHz,甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为61:,离子液体组合物和藻粉质量比为51:,离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]与[SO3H-BMIM][HSO4]体积比为12:1,反应温度为50℃,超声反应时间50min条件下,生物柴油的转化率可达69.6%.该方法将离子液体溶解提取性能、催化性能及超声波的空化效应相结合,将油脂的提取与油脂的转酯化合二为一,不需先从微藻粉中提取油脂,缩短了工艺,能够实现含油微藻到生物柴油的一步转化.     

小桐子油超声波协同纳米催化剂制备生物柴油

以纳米Zn-Mg-Al高温煅烧物为催化剂,高酸值小桐子油为原料,超声波反应器中连续生产生物柴油,并系统研究超声波辐射协同纳米催化剂催化制备生物柴油的最优条件。研究结果表明,超声波协同纳米催化剂催化制备生物柴油的最优条件为：超声波功率210 W、醇油摩尔比4︰1、催化剂为油质量的1.2%、反应温度60℃时生物柴油收率94.3%。在此优化条件下完全可实现小桐子油连续工业化生产生物柴油的需求,精制后的生物柴油完全符合德国生物柴油标准DIN V 51606: 1997,且理化性质稳定,放置1 a后生物柴油的酸值、密度、黏度和化学组成基本不变。     

Ba(OH)2催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油

为简化酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺过程,实现生物柴油绿色生产.采用正交试验的方法研究了Ba(OH)2催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油过程中油醇摩尔比、Ba(OH)2用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对生物柴油转化率的影响,并将Ba(OH)2与KOH的催化效果进行了简单比较.实验结果显示:最佳的工艺条件为油醇摩尔比1:6、Ba(OH)2用量2%、反应温度60℃.在此条件下以大豆油为原料90 min生物柴油转化率达到94.27%,花生油、亚麻油、菜籽油等相应转化率均超过95%,同时对比实验证明Ba(OH)2与KOH具有同样高的催化活性,反应产物成分相同,且Ba(OH)2可通过BaSO4沉淀的形式简单、完全回收.Ba(OH)2可作为一种有潜力的生物柴油制备催化剂.     

乌桕油脂成分作为生物柴油原料的研究进展

生物柴油本质上是长链脂肪酸甲酯，工业上多通过酯交换反应进行生产。乌桕是广泛分布于中国的油料树种，其种子油脂含量高达40％左右，是生物柴油的优质原料。本文在介绍能源植物的种类及生物柴油生产概况的同时综述了乌桕皮油和梓油的提取工艺、用于催化乌桕油生产生物柴油的催化剂以及乌桕油及种子中脂肪酸组成等方面的研究进展。规范乌桕种质资源的标准化与分子标记辅助遗传育种、油脂代谢途径机理的揭示及转基因技术创制高含油新品种、新型纳米催化剂及新型高效固定化抗逆脂肪酶的研制对推动乌桕生物柴油的发展具有重要作用。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.