水中臭氧浓度的检测及三种液体中臭氧的稳定性

为了研究臭氧在水中的衰减行为,采用靛蓝二磺酸钠法和碘化钾法测定水中的臭氧浓度.其中靛蓝二磺酸钠法,在pH值2.0条件下,48 h内空白的吸光度降低了3%,含样品溶液的吸光度降低了40%;在pH值6.8条件下分别降低了1%和2%;在pH值11.9条件下分别降低了83%和52%.该法测定水中臭氧含量的应用条件仍需研究.用碘化钾法测定时发现,蒸馏水中臭氧浓度变化的总体趋势是衰减的,臭氧浓度在曝气停止后大约42 min前后衰减速度不同,在42 min以前衰减较快,之后一直到3h内基本稳定;自来水和营养液中60 min内臭氧浓度变化的总趋势是稳定的,与蒸馏水中表现不同;3种液体中的臭氧浓度的高低顺序是蒸馏水中(约15 mg/L)>自来水中(约10 mg/L)>营养液中(约3 mg/L).     

臭氧杀灭循环营养液中三种土传病原菌的试验

为给臭氧应用于循环营养液消毒提供指导，该文研究了营养液中臭氧浓度的上升、衰减，臭氧杀灭营养液中3种植物病原菌所需的残余臭氧浓度、接触时间和残留臭氧对黄瓜根系的伤害。结果表明：高浓度臭氧气体在营养液中形成的臭氧平衡浓度高，达到平衡浓度所需的时间短；低浓度臭氧气体形成的臭氧平衡浓度低，达到平衡浓度需要的时间长。当营养液中残余臭氧浓度为0.6 mg/L，接触时间5 min时，臭氧对10³ cfu/mL浓度黄瓜枯萎病、番茄枯萎病和10⁶ cfu/mL浓度十字花科软腐病3     

臭氧溶解特性及对耐热菌非热杀菌的研究

该文研究了臭氧在水中的溶解衰减特性及对苹果表面耐热菌的杀菌效果；分别采用通气悬液杀菌和不同浓度臭氧水悬液杀菌进行试验，并用苹果作为耐热菌的载体进行了模拟验证；研究结果表明：浓度为31.1 mg/L的臭氧水对耐热菌作用15 min，其杀菌率达99.96%，而且通气杀菌效果好于臭氧水杀菌。     

苹果汁中棒曲霉素臭氧脱毒设备的设计与应用

为了高效降解苹果汁中棒曲霉素,研制了一套利用臭氧技术降解棒曲霉素的设备。该设备利用臭氧的强氧化性,使其与苹果汁充分接触,从而使苹果汁中的棒曲霉素发生氧化分解。以人工污染的苹果汁为试验材料,研究了该设备的脱毒效果及对果汁主要品质指标的影响。研究结果表明:该臭氧脱毒设备能够有效降解苹果汁中的棒曲霉素,且臭氧浓度和臭氧处理时间均显著影响棒曲霉素的降解效果(P0.05)。在果汁棒曲霉素起始浓度约为201.60μg/L,pH值3.5和可溶性固形物质量分数为15%时,用12 mg/L的臭氧在3 L/min流速下处理15 min,可将棒曲霉素减少到约49.24μg/L,降解率达75.58%,达到世界卫生组织(WHO)和英国软饮料协会(British soft drinks association,BSDA)设定的最大允许限量50μg/L的要求。臭氧处理对果汁可溶性固形物含量、pH值和总酸度无显著影响(P0.05),但对果汁透光率、色值、苹果酸和总酚含量影响较大(P0.05)。该设备具有投资小、脱毒效率高、脱毒成本低、环保无污染、结构简单、易操作、适合各种规模的果汁企业等优势,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

臭氧降解花生中黄曲霉毒素的设备及应用

为了高效降解花生中黄曲霉毒素,研制了一套臭氧降解黄曲霉毒素的设备。以人为污染的花生为试验材料,利用此设备研究了臭氧处理时间及其相对湿度对花生脱毒效果的影响。研究结果表明:臭氧能有效降解花生中的黄曲霉毒素,且臭氧处理时间和相对湿度显著影响其降解效果(P<0.05)。在臭氧浓度89mg/L、流速1L/min、搅拌速度70r/min条件下,黄曲霉毒素的较佳降解工艺为:臭氧相对湿度50%,处理时间30min。在此条件下,花生中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2的含量分别从87.53、21.99、9.71和4.38μg/kg降低到15.23、8.31、2.81和2.11μg/kg,降解率分别为82.6%、62.2%、71.1%和51.8%。研究结果可为花生贮藏和加工企业降低花生中的黄曲霉毒素、确保花生食用安全性提供技术参考。     

热结合Nisin处理对枯草杆菌芽孢的杀灭效果

芽孢是最难被杀灭的微生物，会造成食品腐败和食物中毒。食品工业上常采用100 ℃以上的高温来杀灭食品中的芽孢，但高温热处理会大大影响食品的营养和感官品质。为找到在较低温度下杀灭芽孢的方法，该研究采用5个不同处理的芽孢悬浮液（单独80 ℃热处理、100 mg/L Nisin处理、500 mg/L Nisin处理、80 ℃结合100 mg/L Nisin处理、80 ℃结合500 mg/L Nisin处理）对芽孢的杀灭效果，研究并探讨了杀菌机理。采用平板计数法、荧光偏振法、分光光度法和流式细胞术对Nisin协同较低温度的热处理后枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢的存活率、内膜流动性、吸光度值及内膜通透性进行了研究。研究发现：单独80 ℃热处理和单独使用Nisin均无法杀灭芽孢，但是80 ℃热处理与Nisin结合时能够对芽孢产生杀灭作用。80 ℃结合500 mg/L Nisin处理20 min后，芽孢存活浓度下降约1.4 Lg（CFU/mL）。80 ℃结合500 mg/L Nisin处理20 min后，芽孢悬浮液荧光偏振度显著降低（P< 0.05），表明芽孢内膜流动性大幅增加；在此处理条件下芽孢的内容物释放程度最大，直观表现为吸光度值显著降低（P< 0.05）。80 ℃结合Nisin处理后，芽孢内膜通透性显著增加（P< 0.05），并且Nisin浓度越高，芽孢内膜通透性越强。试验结果表明：80 ℃结合不同浓度Nisin处理能提高芽孢内膜流动性和通透性，能有效杀灭细菌芽孢。Nisin能降低细菌芽孢耐热性，有利于减少热杀菌处理对食品的负面影响。     

应用臭氧浓度精准控制熏蒸装置提高树莓贮藏品质

为了明确不同浓度臭氧气体处理对树莓低温贮藏品质的影响,促进臭氧精准控制装置在果蔬采后贮藏保鲜中的应用,采用国家农产品保鲜工程技术研究中心(天津)研制的精准浓度臭氧冷藏熏蒸装置对树莓(品种:海尔特兹Heritage)进行短时臭氧熏蒸处理(4℃,1 h,相对湿度95%),臭氧质量浓度为0.21、0.54、1.07 mg/L,熏蒸后树莓置于0℃冷库中贮藏,定期测试不同浓度臭氧熏蒸处理对树莓采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:臭氧精准控制装置能够在较短时间内达到设定浓度,0.21、0.54、1.07 mg/L的臭氧分别在96、168、240 s时达到,并且臭氧浓度控制精准,精度为0.05 mg/L。不同浓度臭氧熏蒸处理均可以显著抑制树莓微生物繁殖(P0.05),1.07 mg/L可使树莓微生物菌落总数降低1.62个数量级。0.21、0.54 mg/L熏蒸处理过的树莓感官品质显著好于对照组(P0.05),能够有效延缓树莓果实维生素C降解,维持可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量,抑制硬度下降,0.54 mg/L熏蒸处理对树莓的保鲜效果较佳,1.07 mg/L熏蒸处理对树莓表面造成轻微伤害,反而促进树莓贮藏中的腐烂,降低了营养品质,不利于树莓保鲜。精准控制臭氧浓度,对于明确臭氧处理保鲜效果、调控树莓采后贮藏品质方面具有应用潜力。     

近地层臭氧浓度增高对稻米品质的影响: FACE研究

利用稻田开放式空气中臭氧浓度增加(FACE,Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment)平台,以常规粳稻‘武粳15’和杂交粳稻‘陵风优18’为供试材料,设置大气背景臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient增高21%,模拟21世纪中叶臭氧浓度)两个水平,研究臭氧胁迫对大田生长水稻成熟期稻米加工、外观、蒸煮/食味和营养品质的影响及其种间差异。结果表明,近地层臭氧浓度增高使稻米糙米率、精米率和整精米率均不同程度下降,其中精米率降幅达显著水平。与Ambient相比,臭氧胁迫使两品种稻米垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度平均分别增加15.0%(P=0.10)、42.0%(P0.05)和60.5%(P0.05)。臭氧胁迫使稻米胶稠度平均降低7.1%(P0.05),但对两品种稻米直链淀粉和糊化温度均无显著影响。稻米RVA谱测定结果显示,臭氧胁迫对稻米最高黏度值、崩解值、冷胶黏度值、消减值和回复值均无显著影响。臭氧胁迫使两品种稻米蛋白质浓度呈增加趋势,但均未达显著水平。方差分析表明,多数情况下,两品种间稻米诸品质性状存在显著差异,但品种与臭氧的互作对所有测定指标均无显著影响,说明两品种稻米品质对臭氧胁迫的响应无明显差异。本试验在开放稻田条件下运行,适度臭氧胁迫使稻米垩白明显增加,胶稠度显著下降,但对其他米质指标影响较小,两品种趋势一致。     

工厂化循环水养殖中臭氧/紫外线反应系统的水处理性能

为增强臭氧在水产应用的安全性,满足工厂化循环水养殖对有机物去除和水体消毒的需要,该文开发O3/UV反应系统。通过试验方法研究该系统臭氧投加溶解区适宜的臭氧投加流量和处理量的关系、紫外辐射剂量配比等工艺参数,及对水质净化效果和水体消毒灭菌效果的影响等。试验结果表明:1)在满足所需水中溶解臭氧浓度的条件下,采用较低臭氧进气流量和较高进水流量有利于提高系统的臭氧溶解率和利用率。该系统在水流量为5 m3/h,臭氧投加量为(8.78±0.60)g/h时可得到水中臭氧溶解质量浓度为1.53 mg/L的臭氧水,臭氧溶解率为82.7%,臭氧利用率为97.7%。2)增加紫外灯的功率和数量均可提高对臭氧的去除率,但增加紫外灯的数量对其性能提升效果更明显。该系统在紫外剂量为1 996 MJ/cm2,对残留臭氧的去除率为83.82%。3)该系统对紫外消光度、总有机碳、水色等指标的去除率相比单独使用臭氧分别提升109.95%、89.77%和51.44%,杀菌率可达97%以上,实现工厂化循环水养殖低臭氧残留条件下的有机物有效去除和消毒杀菌。     

ASI法测定土壤有效磷、有效钾和铵态氮与我国常规分析方法的相关性

用ASI法测定了土壤有效磷、有效钾和铵态氮，并与我国常规分析方法进行了相关性研究。结果表明：（1）ASI—P与Olsen—P呈极显著正相关，其相关系数在水作条件下比旱作条件下高，在酸性条件下比中、碱性条件下高，随着土壤pH值升高，两者的相关系数迅速降低；（2）ASI—K与NH4OAc—K呈极显著正相关，其相关系数在旱作条件下比水作条件下高，在碱性条件下比中、酸性条件下高，且对pH值和水分条件的变化均较敏感；（3）ASI—N比碱解N低得多，且在水作条件的中、酸性pH范围相关性较好。     

Biomonitoring ozone phytotoxicity in eastern Spain

High ozone (O₃) levels have been recorded in eastern Spain. A project was developed to identify the areas of elevated O₃ and determine if these levels were above critical concentrations for plant damage. Thus, a network of bioindicators was established in two Autonomous Communities of Spain: Catalunya (31.930 km²) and Valencia (23.305 km²) to assess O₃ phytotoxicity. Three tobacco cultivars, (Bel-W3, Bel-C and Bel-B) were used during the 1994 growing season in both Regions. In Catalunya the highest O₃ phytotoxicity was recorded in coastal areas, while the phytotoxicity decreased as plants were grown further in-land. A lower O₃ phytotoxicity was observed in coastal sites of the Valencia Autonomous Community, compared to Catalunya, although the O₃ injury was observed downwind from Valencia city in the most resistant cultivar Bel-B. The results in the Valencian Community were difficult to interpret, since plant viruses were widely distributed, not only in indicator plants, but also in commercial crops grown in the area. The analysis of O₃ concentrations, meteorological parameters and visible injury at the Catalan sites showed that high relative humidity levels could favour O₃ phytotoxicity. Therefore, the interactions between O₃ exposure and environmental conditions on plant response should be further studied for the establishment of sound critical levels.     

臭氧发生器产量及冷库类型与臭氧积累量关系(简报)

冷藏配合臭氧处理进行果蔬保鲜是一项新型的保鲜方式。掌握不同产量的臭氧发生器在不同类型冷库中应用时臭氧浓度的变化规律,对果蔬贮藏具有重要意义。该文研究了臭氧产量分别为0.2、0.49 和0.94 g/h的3种臭氧发生器,分别放置在两种类型、容积均为100 m3、温度为（0±0.5）℃冷库中,臭氧浓度的积累规律。结果表明,臭氧发生器的产量对库内臭氧积累量有极显著影响,随发生器产量的增大积累浓度增加。装配式气调库在120～140 min、砖混结构冷库在60～90 min时臭氧浓度达到最高值,而后基本维持在最高值时的浓度水平上。产量为0.94、0.49 和0.2 g/h的3种臭氧发生器在装配式冷库中臭氧累积最高浓度分别为1.37、0.71和0.30 mg/m3,臭氧浓度与时间的回归曲线相关系数分别是0.9234、0.9252和0.9689;在砖混结构冷库中,臭氧累积最高浓度分别为1.25、0.62和0.23 mg/m3,臭氧浓度与时间的回归曲线相关系数分别是0.7293、0.8816和0.9105。装配式气调库内臭氧累积浓度显著高于砖混结构冷库内臭氧累积浓度。     

Towards unravelling the complex interactions between microclimate,ozone dose,and ozone injury in clover

This paper describes the results of a series of experiments designed to identify the relative importance of various factors which modify the responses of a sensitive species to ozone. The experiments were conducted in a closed chamber exposure system, enabling clover plants (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv Geraldton) to be exposed to ozone doses ranging from 0 to 1800 ppb.h, accumulated over 40 ppb (AOT40), for 7 h d^?1, over 1 to 3 days. Microclimatic conditions during exposure ranged from 80 to 460 μmol m^?2 s^?1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), 26 to 61 percent relative humidity (%RJH) and 16 to 36 °C temperature. No clear dose response relationships were established for 1, 2 or 3 day exposures due to the influence of microclimatic and other factors during exposure. Artificial Neural Networks were used as a tool to identify patterns within the dose response data set and to clarify the effects of various microclimatic and dose topography responses, during multiple day exposures. Analysis of the trained neural network revealed that AOT40 on individual exposure days was the most important influences PAR on the first and third days of exposure, the mean relative humidity and the mean temperature for all days also had strong influences. Leaf age also had an influence but this was weaker. This paper describes these results in relation to the influences acting upon the plant and how these affect ozone uptake and resulting ozone injury.     

Benzothiadiazole-induced resistance modulates ozone tolerance

The effects of ozone on bean plants pretreated with the SAR activator benzothiadiazole (BTH) have been investigated after fumigations with an acute dose of the pollutant (200 nL x L(-1) for 4 h), carried out at different times from BTH application. BTH pretreatment induced opposite effects on bean susceptibility to O(3), depending on the time elapsed before fumigation. When this time was only 1-2 days, bean plants were more susceptible to O(3) than untreated controls, showing rapid and extensive cell death in both palisade and spongy mesophyll. These damages appeared to be closely correlated with the amount and localization of H(2)O(2) in the leaf tissues. In BTH-pretreated, but not fumigated, plants, H(2)O(2) accumulation occurred in the cell walls and no dead cells were detected, whereas O(3) fumigation of untreated plants produced H(2)O(2) accumulation also inside some palisade mesophyll cells, causing their death. When BTH pretreatments were carried out 5-7 days before fumigation, plants appeared to be more tolerant to O(3) compared to untreated controls. Under these conditions, no visible symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed for at least 2 weeks after fumigation and no H(2)O(2) accumulation was detected. Biochemical assays showed a significant increase in the ascorbate (AA) level, taking place from the fifth to the seventh day after BTH treatment and unaffected by O(3) when given at these times. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity appeared to decrease during the first 2 days after BTH treatment, and the decrease was somewhat enhanced by fumigation. On the contrary, guaiacol peroxidase (GuPX) activity was found to steadily increase up to the fifth day after BTH treatment but showed a bimodal trend upon fumigation. These results suggest that, during the first 1-2 days after BTH application, the H(2)O(2) level is enhanced by O(3) over a critical threshold for cell viability. However, in the absence of the pollutant, H(2)O(2) decreases in the following days under the effect of AA accumulation and increased GuPX activity. As GuPX is known to promote cell wall lignification and protein cross-linking, these effects would protect plasmalemma from O(3) irreversible damage, provided the priming by BTH has been fully developed.     

Impact of ozone on grain sorghum yield

Grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) is an important animal feed crop, and it is sometimes planted as a substitute for field corn. Although sorghum is grown in areas of the central and southern U.S. where potentially damaging concentrations of O₃ exist, no data are available regarding the sensitivity of grain sorghum to O₃. Plants of grain sorghum (DeKalb A28+ ) were field-grown in open-top chambers and exposed to O₃(7-hr day^?1 seasonal mean concentrations of 0.016, 0.040, 0.059, 0.078, 0.102, and 0.129 ppm) for 85 days to determine the impact of O₃ on grain yield. A randomized complete block design incorporated three replicates of all treatments. Foliar injury was noted at the two highest 03 treatments. Analysis of variance of the data indicated highly significant O₃ effects on overall grain yield. There was a general decrease in yield as O₃ increased, and the overall grain yield reductions were caused primarily by reductions in individual seed weight. Quadratic, Weibull, and plateau-linear models all adequately described the response of grain sorghum to O₃. Yields were not markedly affected at O₃ concentrations below the 0.10 ppm treatment, and the predicted yield loss of 15% at a seasonal 7-hr mean O₃ concentration of 0.13 ppm indicates that grain sorghum exhibits considerable tolerance to O₃.     

Simulations of ozone formation from different emission sources in sweden

An emission inventory concerning volatile organic compounds (VOC) and their emission profile linked to their sources in Sweden has been undertaken. The inventory has been used in model simulations to predict the ozone formation from different emission source categories in Sweden. The studies have been carried out using the IVL photochemical trajectory model for two types of air masses which describes clean and polluted air. In Sweden mobile sources contribute to 45 % by mass of the total national VOC emissions, 58 % of the NOx emissions and to at least 43 % of the ozone formation from national sources. In general, the ozone formation in Sweden is more dependent and sensitive to emissions of NOx rather than VOC.     

对臭氧在温室蔬菜生产上应用的质疑

该文综合分析国内外有关近地面臭氧伤害作物,臭氧污染呈上升趋势的资料,以及对温室臭氧状况做尝试性监测后认为,因光化学反应,温室环境会存在臭氧污染,其浓度有可能达到伤害作物的程度.温室臭氧规律有待深入调查.温室中使用臭氧气体防治病虫害是个错误.     

对臭氧在温室蔬菜生产上应用的质疑

该文综合分析国内外有关近地面臭氧伤害作物，臭氧污染呈上升趋势的资料，以及对温室臭氧状况做尝试性监测后认为，因光化学反应，温室环境会存在臭氧污染，其浓度有可能达到伤害作物的程度。温室臭氧规律有待深入调查。温室中使用臭氧气体防治病虫害是个错误。     

Effects of ozone on calcareous grassland communities

A system of 16 open-top chambers was used to investigate the effects of a range of ozone concentrations typical of those found in southern Britain on the species composition of calcareous grassland communities. Two experimental approaches were adopted: the first involved the use of artificial communities of species typical of calcareous grasslands, whilst the second involved semi-natural chalk grassland swards transplanted from the field. Elevated ozone had little effect on total biomass of the artificial communities, but did significantly alter the species composition. The proportion of forbs decreased linearly with increased ozone exposure above 40ppb. Species composition was stable in the transplanted swards receiving filtered air, whilst there was a shift towards what appeared to be a more calcareous grassland community in the swards treated with higher ozone exposures. Thus, both experiments provide evidence that ambient levels of ozone in southern Britain can cause changes in species composition of semi-natural calcareous grassland communities.