坡度和坡位对岩质边坡早期生态恢复土壤养分变异性的影响

通过对浙江省经过1a生态恢复的16个岩质边坡,在坡面没有植被和坡面环境形成交互发展的植被早期恢复进行研究,结果表明:(1)除45°～52°类型的边坡土壤有效磷含量为坡下>坡中>坡上外,其它3个坡度类型中全氮、全磷、全钾都呈现出较明显的坡中>坡下>坡上的分布规律。(2)在相似坡度及不同坡位条件下,全氮、全钾、有机质都没有表现出显著性差异。土壤养分多重比较出现较多差异的是有效态养分。(3)在相同坡位不同坡度条件下,对岩质边坡早期生态恢复的土壤养分进行多重比较,结果发现坡度在30°～52°的情况下,岩质边坡早期生态恢复演替中的土壤养分不会受到坡度的影响。     

坡度和坡向对低山茶园土壤有机质空间变异的影响

通过空间叠置分析,探讨了坡度、坡向对低山茶园土壤有机质空间变异的影响.结果表明:①蒙顶山茶园土壤有机质空间分布与坡度变化基本一致,在15°～35°的坡度区域,土壤有机质含量较高;②坡向对土壤有机质空间变异的影响不如坡度明显,但在110°～180°范围影响较大;③坡度、坡向对土壤有机质空间变异的影响几乎相对独立,但沟谷附近交互影响较显著.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地人工柠条林土壤养分特征及其空间变异

应用时空互代方法,以柠条林为例,对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同利用年限人工林土壤养分特征、空间变异及其演变进行了系统的研究。结果表明,该区人工林土壤肥力处于较低水平;人工林表层土壤养分中速效磷和速效钾的空间变异性较大;各环境因子对土壤养分有一定的影响,海拔、坡度和坡向等环境因子与人工林地土壤养分间呈负相关关系,坡位和地形与人工林地土壤养分间呈正相关关系。随着利用年限的增加,人工林土壤养分各指标含量均增加,与利用年限有显著的相关性。有机质、全氮、有效氮和速效磷的增加量不明显,全磷含量保持相对稳定的水平,速效钾经过多年积累有明显的增加。从土壤养分指数模型可以算出该区的人工林土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮约需35a能达到中上等养分水平,速效钾则约需27a才能达到中上等养分水平。     

扰动地表及不同坡位土壤养分特征分析

通过径流小区试验,研究了20m坡长条件下人为扰动地表后不同坡位的土壤养分含量特征。研究结果表明,上坡和下坡扰动地表小区土壤养分含量均低于同一坡位自然坡面小区。其中,上坡7个养分指标含量差异均达极显著水平;下坡除土壤有机质含量差异不显著外,其他养分指标含量差异也达极显著水平。中坡,除土壤全氮、有机质及全磷含量是扰动地表小区极显著高于自然坡面小区外,其他土壤养分指标含量也是扰动地表小区极显著低于自然坡面小区。但是从整个径流小区坡面看,自然坡面小区土壤养分含量明显高于扰动地表小区。不同坡位,对于扰动地表小区,土壤氮素、钾素及有机质含量高低依次为下坡中坡上坡;土壤磷素含量高低依次为中坡下坡上坡。对于自然坡面小区,土壤氮素、钾素及有机质含量是下坡上坡中坡;土壤磷素含量是下坡中坡上坡。     

黄土丘陵区刺槐人工林土壤养分特征及演变

为了探明黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林土壤养分状况及其演变规律,应用时空互代的方法,以刺槐林为代表,对该区不同利用年限的人工林土壤养分特征及其时空变化等进行了系统研究。结果表明,黄土丘陵区人工林土壤肥力处于低水平;人工林表层土壤养分中有机质和速效磷的空间变异性较大;坡度、坡向、坡位等环境因子对土壤养分有一定的影响。随利用年限的增加,人工林土壤全氮,有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量及土壤养分指数均增加,与利用年限有极显著的相关性,其变化趋势符合y=axb模型。全氮,有机质和碱解氮随利用年限的增加量不显著,而速效钾每经过10年就有显著增加,全磷和速效磷含量则保持相对衡定的水平。黄土丘陵区人工林地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾及养分指数年增长率分别约为0.20g.kg、0.01g.kg、0.69mg.kg、2.27mg.kg和0.04。该区人工林地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮及养分指数约需50年、速效钾约需30年可达到中上等养分水平。     

坡度对坡面土壤矿质氮素水蚀流失负荷的影响

坡度是影响坡面水土流失和土壤养分流失过程的重要因素。室内模拟降雨试验表明,当坡长一定时,不仅土壤侵蚀量存在一个“侵蚀临界坡度”,土壤矿质氮流失量随坡度变化也存在一个“养分流失临界坡度”。试验测定这2个临界坡度均在15°～20°之间。土壤矿质氮地表流失以随地表径流流失为主,约占总流失量的99%。坡面矿质氮总流失量的96%为硝态氮,硝态氮对径流中矿质氮总量的贡献率明显高于在侵蚀泥沙中的贡献率。采取一定的截流措施是控制坡面矿质氮流失的关键。     

林地开垦对黄土区坡面土壤养分空间分布的影响

研究黄土高原侵蚀环境下林地开垦后坡面土壤养分空间分布状况,确立林地开垦后侵蚀驱动的坡地土壤养分空间变异特征。以黄土高原丘陵区子午岭林地和开垦28年的侵蚀坡面为研究对象,分析土壤主要性质和养分含量的变化情况,运用经典统计学和地统计法分析坡面土壤基本性质和养分空间分布规律。林地开垦后坡面土壤pH增加了0.24个单位,有机质、全氮、全磷和铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾分别降低了13.77,1.14,0.10 g/kg和6.05,1.63,4.99,58.44 mg/kg。林地的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的变异系数大于开垦地,而pH和各速效养分的变异系数小于开垦地。开垦后中坡位和下坡位养分含量减少幅度较大,上坡位减少幅度较小。林地和开垦地的土壤各指标都呈中等或强烈的空间自相关。林地开垦增强了有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性,但减小了pH的空间异质性,地形等结构性因子主导了土壤养分空间异质性的形成。林地开垦后,pH、有机质、全氮和全磷变程增大,铵态氮、硝态氮和速效钾变程减小,速效磷在2个坡面上的变化趋势不一致。研究结果表明林地开垦极大地减少了坡面土壤养分含量,但减少幅度与坡位和坡面形态有关。同时,开垦增大了坡面土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的空间依赖性,减小了速效养分的空间依赖性。     

不同坡位植被生长状况与土壤养分空间分布特征

地形和土壤是影响植被群落的重要因素,植被生长状况与土壤养分含量随地形而变化。以吴起县枣庄沟小流域为研究区,采用样方法对不同坡位草地植被群落进行了植被调查,采集0—20cm的表层土壤测定土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量,研究不同坡位上植被群落与土壤养分变化关系,以期了解黄土高原丘陵沟壑区地形对植被恢复的影响机制,为当地生态恢复提供科学依据与指导。结果表明:不同坡位上草地植被群落物种多样性、丰富度及地上生物量虽无显著差异,但各项指标均表现出坡下>坡中>坡上的趋势,这与土壤养分含量变化趋势相同。其中坡下位置各项土壤养分含量均为最大,植被生长状况最好;而沟坡位置土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、物种丰富度指数与地上生物量均为最低。植被生长状况与土壤养分在不同地形上变化趋势基本一致,具有一定相关性。     

不同利用方式与坡位土壤物理性质及养分特征分析

以四川盆地西缘山地的典型坡面为材料，研究了不同土地利用方式和地形部位条件下土壤物理性质和养分的分异特征，结果表明，3个坡面地形部位(上坡位，中坡位，下坡位)，下坡位土壤物理结构性能较好，而人工林与坡耕地、荒草地相比较，人工林更能增强土壤的结构性。土壤养分分异特征表明，在不同利用类型条件下。土壤有机质、氮素和阳离子交换量CEC在人工林中含量最高，且与其他两种利用类型中的含量差异显著，有机质、碱解氮和CEC三者含量差异达到极显著水平。相关分析表明，土壤表层有机质、全氮、碱解氮呈极显著正相关。而坡面位置中，与上坡位，中坡位相比，下坡位土壤养分含量普遍要高，其中CEC含量差异达到极显著水平，相关分析表明，CEC与土壤粘粒呈极显著正相关。结果说明土壤物理性质与养分特征在坡面上的分异特征是山地坡面利用类型与地形部位共同作用的结果。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同坡位退耕还林还草地土壤养分的变异规律

在宁南山区黄土丘陵区开展了退耕还林还草工程效益监测研究,测定了不同坡位退耕还林还草地的土壤养分。对土壤养分单因子分析结果表明:在同一坡面上,随着坡位的降低,退耕还林还草地0—100 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷平均含量增加;从不同坡位退耕还林还草地各层土壤养分含量来看,随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量在降低。说明半干旱黄土丘陵区林带间种植的苜蓿经营粗放,加剧了土壤养分的失调。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.