不同水分和氮素形态对郑麦9023花后旗叶衰老及产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同水分和氮素形态对强筋小麦郑麦9023灌浆期旗叶衰老特性和产量的影响.结果表明,增加灌水,叶绿素含量、SOD活性、净光合速率增加,超氧阴离子产生速率降低,产量提高.施铵态氮肥提高了灌浆前期的叶绿素含量和整个灌浆期的净光合速率,降低了灌浆后期的超氧阴离子产生速率,有效延缓了 郑麦9023旗叶的衰老,从而使产量提高.从水分和氮素形态互作效应来看,W3N3处理叶绿素含量、SOD活性和净光合速率最高,超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率最低,产量最高.总的来看,不同水分和氮素形态对郑麦9023旗叶衰老和产量具有明显的调控效应,且水分的调控效应大于氮素形态.     

不同土壤水分条件下施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响

在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了水分胁迫(W1)和水分适宜(W2)条件下不同施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响.结果表明,小麦开花后,W1水平下,施磷150 kg/hm~2处理的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)下降幅度及丙二醛(MDA)上升幅度较其他处理小;W2水平下,随施磷量的增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性增加、MDA降低,可见水分胁迫下适宜的施磷量以及适宜的水分条件下增加施磷量均可以改善小麦体内的保护酶,增加小麦叶面积指数和旗叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,进而延缓衰老,提高产量.本试验条件下,虽然75%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合达到了最高产量,但与55%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合的产量差异不显著,综合观之,后者是最佳水肥处理组合.     

限水灌溉下春季追氮方式对小麦旗叶光合和衰老特性的影响

限水条件下,等量氮不同施用方式对小麦旗叶光合和衰老特性的调控效应不同;不同抗旱性品种对施氮方式的响应也有所差异。与拔节初期1次施氮处理（SF）相比,拔节初期、挑旗期2次施氮处理（DF）增加了供试品种旗叶中后期的叶绿素含量（Chl）、可溶蛋白含量（SP）、RuBPCase活性、气孔导度（Gs）和光合速率（Pn）,延长了叶绿素含量缓降期（RSP）、光合速率高值持续期（PAD）,提高了叶源量（LSC）;使旗叶生长中后期的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加,细胞的活性氧（O2-）含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量降低。与抗旱品种石麦12相比,DF处理对抗旱性中等的品种石新733的旗叶光合生理参数、光合功能高值持续期具有更大调控效应。DF处理使供试品种的千粒重、产量和水分利用效率增加,其中石麦12后两指标增幅达显著水平。表明在春季适宜施氮量范围内,在肥力中等偏下地力条件下,生育中后期（挑旗期）追施适量氮素,具有提高叶片的细胞保护酶活性、维持细胞的较强活性氧清除能力,改善限水条件下小麦旗叶光合碳同化能力、延缓旗叶衰老、促进子粒灌浆和提高水分利用效率的作用。     

氮硫互作对冬小麦旗叶衰老、产量和氮素利用效率的影响

试验采用裂裂区设计,小麦品种(烟农19和汶农6号)为主区,施氮(N)量为裂区,设0(N0)、120(N120)、240(N240)kg hm-2三个施N水平,施硫(S)量为裂裂区,设0(S0)、20(S20)、40(S40)、60(S60)kg hm-2四个施S水平。结果表明,汶农6号开花后旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、旗叶净光合速率、产量和氮素利用效率均高于烟农19。在一定施氮水平下适量施硫显著提高烟农19和汶农6号小麦开花后旗叶SOD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,提高旗叶净光合速率和开花后干物质积累量,增加植株地上部氮素积累量和籽粒产量;当施氮水平为120 kg hm-2施硫量超过40 kg hm-2和施氮240 kg hm-2施硫量超过20 kg hm-2时,汶农6号植株地上部氮素积累量仍继续增加,但旗叶抗氧化能力和光合同化能力均无明显提高,籽粒产量不再增加,烟农19号旗叶SOD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合速率均降低,植株地上部氮素积累量和籽粒产量均减少。在同一施氮水平下,两小麦品种氮素利用效率总体表现为随施硫量增加而降低的趋势。在土壤有效硫为38.9~42.1 mg kg-1的条件下,适量施用氮肥和硫肥有利于延缓小麦花后旗叶衰老,提高光合同化能力,增加籽粒产量,但不同品种小麦对氮肥和硫肥施用量的响应不同,氮素利用效率较高的品种在较高的氮硫供给水平下仍有较好的光合同化和产量表现,而氮素利用效率相对低的品种对高氮高硫的适应性较差,后期易早衰,影响产量和氮素利用效率。     

冬小麦根系对施肥深度的生物学响应研究

施肥深度对冬小麦根系分布及后期衰老影响的根管栽培试验结果表明,施肥深度可改变不同土体中小麦根重及根系活性,较深层次(50～100cm)施肥有利于小麦根长增加和下层土壤中根重及根系活性的提高,同时可增加旗叶叶面积和净光合率,并使小麦根系SOD和POD活性保持较高水平,抑制过氧化产物MDA的产生,延缓根系及旗叶衰老,明显提高小麦产量。施肥过深(150cm)虽能诱导根系下扎,但小麦总根重和产量却均有所下降。     

适时一次灌溉对8个冬小麦品种产量和生理特性的影响

为了探讨适时一次灌溉的灌溉效果和增产机制,以黄淮海麦区主推的8个小麦品种为材料,在大田和池栽条件下,设置适时一次灌溉和无灌溉（自然降雨）2种处理,测定抽穗期、灌浆前期、灌浆中期、灌浆后期旗叶生理指标和成熟期籽粒产量,研究适时一次灌溉对冬小麦产量和旗叶生理特性的影响。结果表明,适时一次灌溉改善了4个生育时期的旗叶生理特性。大田、池栽条件下适时一次灌溉处理旗叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别较无灌溉处理增加23.63%～39.07%、27.82%～54.53%,过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加16.39%～53.76%、16.93%～38.62%,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增加33.74%～51.59%、26.13%～45.06%,可溶性糖含量增加27.73%～46.34%、24.75%～37.31%,脯氨酸含量增加26.29%～37.84%、21.41%～41.33%,可溶性蛋白含量增加16.56%～42.06%、14.85%～31.69%,净光合速率增加11.51%～47.25%、24.36%～43.33%,丙二醛（MDA）含量下降12.32%～18.64%、14.85%～22.79%,小麦...     

钾对春小麦生理特性、产量及品质的影响

采用盆栽和田间试验方法研究钾对春小麦生理特性、产量和品质的影响。盆栽试验设5个处理,于三叶期和拔节期采植株倒二叶,于开花期、灌浆期和蜡熟期采植株旗叶测定叶绿素含量、光合作用速率和硝酸还原酶活性。结果表明,适量的钾肥能提高小麦叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用速率,增加硝酸还原酶活性,延缓叶片衰老。田间试验在黑龙江省小麦主产区黑土和白浆土上进行。试验设5个处理,于收获期测产,并取子粒样品进行品质分析。试验结果表明,黑龙江省春小麦钾的适宜用量为(K2O)37.5～52.5kg/hm2,施钾平均增产9.9%;适量的钾肥能提高小麦品质,尤其是对加工品质效果显著。     

氮素对菠菜衰老生理指标的影响

田间小区试验研究了氮素与菠菜衰老的关系。结果表明,菠菜生长前期,植株根系活力增强,叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率及SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性升高,但生长后期均持续降低;而叶片电解质渗漏及丙二醛(MDA)含量在全生育期内则持续增加。在施氮量低于600.kg/hm2条件下,增施氮素可显著降低菠菜叶片的电解质渗透率及MDA含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶活性及根系活力,提高叶绿素含量及光合速率,延缓菠菜衰老,进而提高菠菜产量。菠菜收获时,氮素用量600.kg/hm2处理的叶片电解质渗透率和MDA含量分别比对照(不施氮)降低50.9%、67.2%,SOD、POD和CAT活性及根系活力分别高59.2%、478.4%、290.9%和131.3%;叶绿素含量及光合速率分别高59.6%、131.3%,增产率达88.0%。施氮量达900.kg/hm2时则发生负效应,虽然产量比对照增产75.3%,但比600.kg/hm2施氮量减产6.7%。     

植物多糖类复合制剂对冬小麦光合特性及籽粒灌浆进程的影响

为探明有效成分不同的植物多糖类复合制剂的增产作用和机理,在冬小麦始花期叶面喷施以植物多糖、5-氨基乙酰丙酸和缩节胺为有效成分复配的3种复合制剂P1、P2和P3(由中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所自主研发),以清水为对照,比较研究不同制剂对冬小麦叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合蒸腾特性、籽粒灌浆进程及产量等的影响。结果表明,喷施3种制剂20 d内,小麦旗叶和倒二叶的叶绿素SPAD值均较对照有不同程度增加,且随生育进程下降的趋势较对照有所延缓。旗叶净光合速率较对照增加了8.7%~17.4%,且P1和P2对SPAD值和光合速率增加的效应大于P3。此外,P1和P2还促使小麦硝酸还原酶活性增强,单叶水分利用效率增加10%以上。3种植物多糖类复合制剂均促使小麦达到最大灌浆速率的时间提前1.3~4.2 d,且P1和P2使籽粒平均灌浆速率提高6%以上。P3虽未引起籽粒灌浆速率的明显变化,但灌浆时间延长1.0 d。喷施3种复合制剂未引起小麦穗数的明显变化,但穗粒数和千粒重增加,并促使小麦增产8%以上。分析认为,3种植物多糖类复合制剂可促进小麦叶绿素合成、延缓叶片衰老、改善旗叶光合潜能和籽粒灌浆进程,进而实现增产。     

施肥深度对春小麦根系分布及后期衰老的影响

施肥深度对春小麦根系分布及后期衰老影响的盆栽试验结果表明,施肥深度可以改变小麦根重及根长密度在不同土体中的分布,较深层次(20~30cm)的施肥,有利于下层土壤中根重、根长密度及根系活性的提高,同时增加旗叶叶面积和净光合速率,并使小麦根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性保持较高的水平,抑制过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的产生,延缓根系衰老,最终使小麦产量明显提高。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.