Soil and Groundwater Relationships with Pistachio Yield in the Rafsanjan Area,Iran

This study was conducted to examine the spatial variability of groundwater quality factors and to determine soil physicochemical properties in order to distinguish their relationships with pistachio yield in the Rafsanjan area, Iran. One hundred fifty-seven water samples from the wells of the studied area were evaluated for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sulfate (SO₄ ^2–), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^–), chloride (Cl^–), total hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Groundwater levels of the wells were also recorded. The EC and SAR values of groundwater for some of the wells separately compared with pistachio yield in the orchards irrigated with these wells. Six pistachio gardens with the same management but in different parts were selected, and each garden was divided in two (desired and undesired) parts. In each part of these orchards, soil samples were randomly taken in three replicates from depths of 0–40 and 40–80 cm to determine soil properties. One soil profile was also excavated for soil classification in each part of these gardens. Groundwater in most of the area had EC > 8 dS m^–1 and SAR ≥ 13 (meq L^–1)^0.5. The lowest qualities of groundwater were found in the eastern, southern, and the northern parts of the area, where water's negative effects on pistachio yield have been reported. Statistical results for selected gardens showed that pistachio yield was affected considerably by salinity and clay content of the soils. Modern irrigation techniques and mixing high-quality water with poor-quality water in the area is necessary to prevent the reduction of the water table in the area. Preparing continuous soil salinity and texture maps are recommended for proper pistachio management in the area.     

基于最优分割理论的土壤水分有效性评价

为解决应用土壤水分特征曲线评价土壤水分有效性研究中评价能力不足的问题,采用有序样本最优分割理论对土壤水分特征曲线进行最优分割,并引入最优分割聚类中心值作为土壤水分有效性的评价指标,构建土壤水分有效性投影寻踪评价模型。采用该方法对贵州省11个主要烟区33个土壤样本进行评价,并与以土壤物理性质为指标的常规评价方法进行比较。结果表明,所选取的评价指标能客观地反映植烟土壤水分状况,以该指标为依据做出的评价结果更加 全面。     

Effect of Organic Matter on the Release Behavior and Extractability of Copper and Cadmium in Soil

Land disposal of organic waste materials may alter the heavy-metal status of the soil by affecting metal solubility or dissociation kinetics. The aim of this investigation was to study the influences of poultry manure and pistachio compost (at the rate of 300 g kg^?1) on release behavior and extractability of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in two soils of Iran. For release studies, samples after incubation were extracted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. Results showed that during the reaction periods, Cu and Cd release rates were rapid at first and then became slower until equilibrium was achieved. In the two soils, extractability of Cu increased with poultry manure treatment and decreased with pistachio compost treatment as compared to the control soil, and extractability of Cd decreased with both pistachio compost and poultry manure treatments as compared to the control soil.     

不同土质下灌水盐度对滴灌棉花生理及产量品质的影响

在干旱、半干旱地区利用微咸水进行灌溉可以缓解淡水资源供需矛盾，但其灌溉效果与土壤质地是否相关有待研究。该研究旨在探讨灌水矿化度对不同土壤质地滴灌棉花生长发育和籽棉产量、纤维品质的影响。2022 年进行桶栽试验， 设置 2 种玛纳斯河流域常见的棉田土壤质地（砂壤土 T1、砂土 T2）和 4 个灌水矿化度（0.85（S0）、2.00（S1）、 5.00（S2）、8.00g/L（S3）），共 8 个试验处理，研究不同处理下棉花光合指标、株高、茎粗、产量及品质。结果表明： 随灌水矿化度增大，在砂土中棉花苗期后株高、茎粗、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、单铃质量、单株铃数、产量、灌溉水利 用效率和断裂比强度均呈现减小趋势，S3 处理的蒸腾速率在蕾期较 S0 降低 10.61%；而在砂壤土条件下，各指标呈先增 后减趋势，S1 处理净光合速率较 S0 增加 8.40%。随灌水矿化度升高，2 种土壤质地下棉花的最大荧光呈现减小趋势， 非光化学淬灭呈现增加趋势。通过回归分析可知，砂土棉田棉花产量与灌水矿化度呈负相关关系，而在砂壤土棉田中， 用小于 3.69 g/L 的灌溉水不会降低棉花产量。利用通径分析可知，在砂壤土条件下，棉花茎粗、蒸腾速率是影响产量的主要因素，株高是影响马克隆值的主要因素。在砂土条件下，非光化学淬灭系数、蒸腾速率是影响产量的 主要因素，株高、蒸腾速率是影响马克隆值的主要因素。该研究可为玛纳斯河流域不同土质棉田合理利用微咸水资源提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

小兴安岭南坡3种林型林地水源涵养功能评价

运用层次分析法的原理和方法,通过选取影响林地枯落物层和土壤层水源涵养功能的11个指标,对小兴安岭南坡3种主要林型枯枝落叶层和土壤层的水源涵养功能进行定量评价。结果表明:天然杨桦混交林水源涵养综合能力评价值最大(0.427 1),落叶松人工林次之(0.368 7),天然红松林最小(0.204 1),说明天然杨桦混交林水源涵养功能最强,落叶松人工林中等,天然红松林最弱;3种林型的水源涵养功能的强弱与现实生产实际相吻合,表明层次分析法在不同林型水源涵养功能的定量评价上是可行的。     

中国东北农田土壤质量评价的最小数据集选择

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for agriculture managers and policy makers to gain a better understanding of how various agricultural systems afect soil resources.Soil quality of Hailun County,a typical soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) growing area located in Northeast China,was evaluated using soil quality index(SQI)methods.Each SQI was computed using a minimum data set(MDS) selected using principal components analysis(PCA)as a data reduction technique.Eight MDS indicators were selected from 20 physical and chemical soil measurements.The MDS accounted for 74.9% of the total variance in the total data set(TDS).The SQI values for 88 soil samples were evaluated with linear scoring techniques and various weight methods.The results showed that SQI values correlated well with soybean yield (r=0.658**) when indicators in MDS were weighted by the regression coefcient computed for each yield and index.Stepwise regression between yield and principal components (PCs) indicated that available boron(AvB),available phosphorus (AvP),available potassium (AvK),available iron (AvFe) and texture were the main factors limiting soybean yield.The method used to select an MDS could not only appropriately assess soil quality but also be used as a powerful tool for soil nutrient diagnosis at the regional level.     

黄土高原不同林龄苹果树根系吸水策略对降水的响应

在黄土高原陕西省长武塬区选取品种和管理手段均相同的3种林龄果园(尚未结果的5年幼龄果园、已结果的8年初果园和13年壮果园)苹果树,采用空间换时间的试验设计,分别于2015年7月12日和8月19日对0—500cm深度土壤及对应取样处的苹果树枝条取样,测定土样和枝条样中水分的稳定氢氧同位素,并利用贝叶斯模型量化降水前后不同土层对苹果林耗水的贡献。结果表明:(1)不同林龄苹果树降雨前后的主要水分来源深度不同。干旱时,13年壮龄果树的主要吸水深度比5年和8年果树深;而生长旺季,雨季降水只能补充未挂果的5年幼龄果园土壤水分消耗,即使降水量很大,也无法满足已经开始挂果的8年和13年果园土壤水分消耗。(2)在干旱期,5年和8年果树50%以上的水分来自表层0—100cm土壤,而13年果树50%的水分来自100—300cm土层。而降水后,5年和8年果树的主要水分来源变为100—300cm土层,贡献值在40%左右;13年果园的主要水分贡献层为0—100cm土层,贡献了近50%的水分。(3)3种林龄果树根系对300—500cm土层土壤水分的吸收对降雨的响应非常弱,降雨前后贡献率始终保持在30%。     

田块尺度下农田重金属污染特征及其源汇关系响应解析

农田土壤作为保证粮食安全及人类发展的重要资源,近年来其受到的重金属污染备受关注。文章选取长三角发达地区某田块作为研究对象来分析同源情形下重金属的污染特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:该田块Cd平均质量分数为3.74 mg/kg,超出二级标准值达12.5倍,高值区主要分布在入水口及出水口附近。其余重金属元素(Pb,Cr,As,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)均未超标。运用地累积指数、Hakanson潜在风险指数、内梅罗综合污染指数等多种污染评价方法均发现,Cd的严重超标导致该田块已达到重金属污染的最高等级。采用相关分析及通径分析方法,揭示了Cd污染的主要影响因素,Cd与土壤理化性质在0.01水平上均不存在显著相关,表明与持续的Cd外源输入相比,土壤对Cd的吸附能力极其有限。距入水口出水口的距离是影响Cd空间差异的最直接因素和决定性因素。减少外源Cd的持续输入及改良灌溉排水设施是解决田块Cd重污染的有效途径。     

模拟降雨下前期含水量对黄绵土坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为探究不同前期土壤含水量条件下坡面产流产沙特征及产流产沙关系，以安塞黄绵土为研究对象，通过设置6个前期土壤含水量处理(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%),采用室内人工模拟降雨试验来系统研究前期土壤含水量对坡面产流产沙过程的影响。每个含水量处理设置2个重复，坡面坡度为15°,设计雨强为90 mm/h,降雨历时为1 h。结果表明：(1)随着前期土壤含水量的升高，坡面初始产流时间幂函数减小，产流量线性增大。(2)坡面土壤流失量随前期土壤含水量增大呈幂函数增加，高含水量组(29.3%)土壤流失量分别是低含水量组(5.8%和10.6%)和中含水量组(15.3%,20.4%,25.1%)的86.1,8.9倍。当前期含水量接近饱和时，坡面侵蚀加剧，土壤流失量迅速增加。(3)不同前期土壤含水量条件下坡面产流量与产沙量呈幂函数关系，当产流速率超过1.4 L/min,产沙量迅速增加甚至翻倍，呈“水大沙多”的特点。前期土壤含水量通过影响入渗产流和改变径流泥沙关系双重作用来影响坡面产沙。因此，对黄绵土坡面而言，应注意防范连绵持久降雨后暴雨或特大暴雨所造成的水土流失问题，可采取耕作、植被覆盖等措施维...     

Soil Organic Matter Content and Quality in Polyfactorial Field Experiments

The polyfactorial long-term field experiments founded in 1979 exist in four different sites till the present time. The experimental design and selected variants have been described in our previous paper (Lipavsky et al. 2002). Besides of the organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soil, dry matter of the main and second products, nitrogen uptake by the main and second products presented in our previous paper (Lipavsky et al, 2002), hot water soluble carbon (C hwl ), humic substances, e.g. humic and fulvic acids have been determined in soil samples taken in autumn each year from six selected variants of organic and mineral fertilisation. The results of the hot water soluble carbon content and humic and fulvic acids contents in the air dried soil samples have been evaluated in this paper. It was shown that humic substances are rather conservative and site specific soil properties that are not much affected by the cropping and fertilisation systems. Hot water soluble carbon, on the other hand, seems to be a dynamic part of the soil organic matter.     

Viscoelastic Properties of Soil with Different Ammonium Nitrate Addition

Four different soils samples were taken from not cultivated recreational places. Particle-size distribution and pH (in water and in 1 M KCl) of the soil samples were measured. Soil samples were saturated with deionized water and solution of ammonium nitrate with the concentration of 5, 50 or 500 mM for 3 days. The samples were analyzed using dynamic oscillatory rheometer by frequency and strain sweeps. Soil samples were similar to physical gels, as they presented rheological properties between those of a concentrated biopolymer and a true gel. 50 mM concentration of the salt was enough to make changes in the elasticity of the soils. Small concentration of the fertilizer caused weakening of the soil samples structure. Higher concentration of ammonium nitrate caused the increase in the moduli crossover strain value. For the loam sample taken from a playground, with the highest content of the particles <0.002 mm (clay aluminosilicates), the lowest value of strain was observed at the moduli intersection. Lower strain value was necessary for the sliding shear effect of soil A sample effecting transgression to the “flowing” state. Strain sweep moduli crossover point can be used as a determinant of the rheological properties of soil.     

密云水库周边板栗林下不同水土保持措施效益评价

为探究密云水库周边板栗林下的土壤侵蚀规律以及适合于当地板栗林下的水土保持措施,选取发生于2021年8月的10次降雨事件作为研究样本,通过对比不同水土保持措施配置下产流产沙对降雨因子的响应,采用径流小区法对不同水保措施配置模式的水土保持效益进行了评价,进而筛选出水土保持效果更好的水土保持措施。结果表明:(1)在仅布设植被措施的条件下,减轻地表径流及泥沙运移作用最大的植被类型为卷柏,其次为自然坡面。(2)在同时布设植被措施与工程措施的条件下,工程措施相同、植被措施不同时,自然坡面减流减沙效果最好。工程措施不同、植被措施相同时,减流效果最好的为鱼鳞坑。(3)马齿苋+鱼鳞坑、自然坡面+鱼鳞坑的水土保持效益最佳。(4)对产流产沙量影响最大的因子为降雨量,其与径流量、泥沙量的相关系数分别为0.533,0.557(p<0.01)。由此可知,进行密云水库板栗林水土保持工作时,可优先种植卷柏、布设鱼鳞坑,或布设马齿苋+鱼鳞坑、自然坡面+鱼鳞坑等水土保持措施。     

黄土高原小流域土壤阳离子交换量分布特征及影响因子

通过对黄土高原陕北地区3个小流域(朱家沟、纸坊沟和泥河沟)27个采样点的54个土壤样品分析,应用统计方法讨论土壤阳离子交换量的分布特征和影响因子。结果表明:(1)在3个所选定的典型小流域中,土壤CEC呈现明显的地带性,从北到南,CEC值显著升高。(2)在同一流域,CEC垂直地带变化基本表现为随高度降低而增大;而在同一剖面中,表层土壤CEC值总是高于下层。通过相关性分析和逐步回归检验,得出在粘土矿物类型基本相同的前提条件下,影响CEC值变化的主要因素有pH值、土壤黏粒含量和有机质含量,粉粒含量的影响较小,而砂粒含量则与CEC表现出显著负相关。     

中国西南水梯田土壤水分特性研究——以哈尼梯田为例

为了研究中国西南水梯田的土壤水分特性,以云南哈尼梯田为例,选取哈尼梯田核心区全福庄小流域内林地、荒草地、旱地和水田4种土地利用类型,分层取0—10,10—20,20—40,40—60,60—80,80—100 cm深度土样测其主要土壤理化指标和土壤水分特征曲线,分析其土壤的持水性和水分有效性。结果表明:(1)哈尼梯田4种不同土地利用类型土壤容重变化范围为0.61~1.41 g/cm³,且0—40 cm与40—100 cm差异性显著,土壤有机质含量为1.17%~9.65%;土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度变化与容重一致,土壤毛管孔隙度总体呈现林地>旱地和水田>荒草地;(2)土壤质地以粉砂壤土为主,粉粒含量最高(52.74%~82.55%),砂粒含量次之(14.44%~45.31%),黏粒含量极少(0~3.68%);(3)相同土壤水吸力下,林地各土层土壤水分特征曲线相对较高,土壤持水性最强,旱地和水田次之,荒草地最低;土壤有效水含量则表现为水田>林地>旱地>荒草地;(4)影响哈尼梯田土壤水分特性的关键因素是土壤颗粒组成和毛管孔隙度,其中土壤持水性与颗粒组成呈显著正相关,土壤有效水含量与土壤毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关。总体而言,哈尼梯田生态系统中林地具有良好的蓄排能力,而梯田在保蓄水分的同时进行水分再分配,二者在维持生态系统可持续发展上具有十分显著的作用。研究结果为进一步研究西南水梯田土壤水分和梯田灌溉管理提供了科学依据。     

Investigation of Nitrate–Nitrogen (NO3–N) Mass Balance Between Effluent and Soil Under the Effect of Raw Pistachio Residues and its Biochar Application

Disruption in the nitrogen (N) cycle balance has a negative impact on the overall trend of sustainable development, and using soil amendments is necessary to reduce these hazards. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of three levels of amendments (0, 7.5 g/kg of pistachio residues, and 7.5 g/kg of biochar) and four levels of irrigation water salinity including 0.5 (urban water), 5.5, 8, and 10.5 dS/m and in three replications. Two pistachio seedlings were transferred to all columns and then in three steps, and in each step, 25 mg N/kg of potassium nitrate was added. The results indicated that pistachio residuals and its biochar increased nitrate outflow from effluent by 9% and 52%, respectively. The effects of amendment treatment and irrigation water salinity on all three characteristics of output nitrate, soil nitrate, and absorbed plant nitrate were significant at 1% level.     

Influence of manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of pistachio

Economically valuable pistachio nut trees are extensively grown in the Southeastern part of Turkey. A great percentage of the total annual pistachio nut yield in Turkey is obtained from this region. However, fertility aspects of these pistachio trees have not been studied in detail. Thus, there is a need to determine the optimum fertilizer rates to increase the yield and quality of pistachio nuts. Fertilizer trials were conducted on an established 37 year‐old‐pistachio orchard. Inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied in three and two rates, respectively. Potassium (K) was added to all trees as a basal rate. In addition, selected trees received air‐dried sheep manure, and additional inorganic macro‐ and micro‐nutrients as a foliar application at three different times during the course of experiment. Fertilizer treatments influenced the fruit yield, productivity, fruit size, percentages of dehisced fruit shell, and nutmeat. Positive effects of these treatments on leaf element content, N, P, and K, were also obtained. Fruit protein and oil contents were not influenced by addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers.     

Evaluation of Agro Services International Soil Test Method for Phosphorus and Potassium

Soil testing is widely adopted as an essential diagnostic tool for identifying soil nutrient factors that limit sustained crop production. A systematic approach for rapid soil testing and fertilizer recommendation has been introduced and widely used in China by Agro Services International (ASI), USA. To verify the usefulness and reliability of the ASI method in soil testing and fertilizer recommendation in comparison with other commonly used traditional soil testing methods, 294 soil samples from major agricultural regions and soil types in China with a wide range of soil pH, from 5.1 to 8.9, were taken and analyzed for available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by the ASI multielement extraction solution and selected traditional methods, Olsen extractant for P, ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) extractant for K, and multielement extractant Mehlich 3 for P and K. Also, 46 soils were selected from northern China regions for a greenhouse trial with sorghum seedlings to determine if the soil testing values correlate well with plant response. Results indicated that the amount of soil P extracted by the ASI method (ASI P) was correlated to both soil extractable P tested by the Olsen extractant (Olsen P) and Mehlich 3 extractant (Mehlich 3 P). The correlation coefficient of ASI P with Mehlich 3 P (R² = 0.86) was greater than that of ASI P with Olsen P (R² = 0.74) across all selected soils. A good correlation was also found between the exchangeable K from the ASI method with the traditional ammonium acetate method (R² = 0.81) and the Mehlich 3 method (R² = 0.85). The results from the greenhouse trial showed that the extractable P and exchangeable K by the ASI multielement extraction solution could be used to represent the fertility status of soil P and K for the selected soils. Regression analysis indicated that the relative dry-matter yield of the sorghum plants can be predicted with either ASI P and ASI K values with the correlation coefficients (R²) values of 0.78 and 0.72 respectively and could be a good measure for soil testing and fertilizer recommendation in the selected soils and regions in China.     

土壤崩解速率的一种修正方法

为了获得更为准确的土壤崩解速率测定及计算方法,以便客观评价土壤侵蚀程度,借助子洲县坡耕地原状土壤样品,通过土块在水中受力分析,对比了拉力计方法和修正拉力计方法计算的土壤崩解速率结果。结果表明,拉力计方法测定土壤崩解速率中土壤自身含水量对崩解过程有重要的影响。修正拉力计算法所得的土壤崩解速率与已有报道更为吻合,其变异性较未修正前有所减小。因此,建议在土壤崩解速率测定和计算应按以下步骤:（1）利用方形环刀在野外取原状土样并用塑料薄膜密封;（2）将土样带回实验室称重,垫上滤纸,用浅层水盘自下而上浸润土壤,直至土壤饱和;（3）将饱和的土样放置在一铁架台上去除重力水后再次称重;（4）轻轻移开方形环刀,将土样放置在拉力计的吊盘网板上测定;（5）计算需乘以校正系数k。     

不同类型耕地紫色土中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇迁移试验与模拟

3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)的化学结构稳定、水溶性高、运移能力强,对水体具有潜在的污染风险。在有机质含量低、大孔隙度高、导水性好的紫色土地区,风险更加显著。为研究TCP在紫色中的迁移规律,该研究依据紫色土的典型耕作类型,在中国科学院盐亭国家紫色土农业生态试验站采集3组土样(小麦-玉米轮作的坡地、水稻-油菜轮作的水旱农田和萝卜-白菜套种的菜地),通过批量平衡法研究紫色土对TCP的吸附特征,并采用稳定流场饱和均质土柱的易混合置换试验研究TCP的动态迁移过程,最后对其迁移动态进行模拟。结果表明:紫色土对TCP的吸附特征呈线性,在坡地、水旱农田和菜地中的吸附系数分别为1.94、1.22和1.02 L/kg,且黏土含量和矿物组成是主要影响因子;TCP的出流平衡浓度分别为初始浓度的77%(坡地)、84%(水旱农田)和92%(菜地),相应的平衡时刻分别为2.88PV、4PV和6.5PV,表明TCP对环境的污染风险较高;用非平衡两点对流弥散模型模拟TCP在3种耕作条件下迁移,表明TCP以瞬时吸附为主,其水动力弥散系数和分形系数在坡地、水旱农田和菜地中依次减小,但一阶动力学常数依次增大。研究结果为探索TCP在紫色土壤中的迁移机制和预测防止TCP对环境的污染提供了参考依据。     

畦灌液施方式对夏玉米灌溉质量和水分利用率的影响

通过田间夏玉米畦灌试验,分析畦灌液施方式对作物生长和土壤水氮的影响,评价不同处理下的灌溉施肥质量和水分利用效率,探究适宜的畦灌液施方式。在畦田试验中选择不同畦宽、施肥时机和改水成数,采用正交设计选取最优的液施组合。结果表明,不同畦灌处理对土壤水氮存储效率影响不显著,但对水氮均匀度产生显著影响,土壤水分存储效率(59%～63%)略低于氮素存储效率(61%～64%),而均匀度(95%～99%)略高于氮素均匀度(85%～94%)。畦宽、施肥时机和改水成数显著影响夏玉米产量和水分利用效率。综合各项指标考虑,畦宽为1.5m、改水成数为95%和灌溉到畦长1/2时施肥的畦灌灌水施肥方式下具有较高的土壤水氮储存效率(63.36%和64.01%)和均匀度(98.71%和94.42%),为作物高效吸收利用提供较为均匀的土壤状态,从而获得较高产量(9 886.1kg/hm2)和水分利用效率(2.62kg/(hm2·mm))。