不同施肥模式对作物-土壤系统养分收支的影响

以1 组20 年长期定位试验为基础, 针对不同施肥模式下作物-土壤系统养分收支状况进行研究。本试验共8 个处理, 分别由化肥氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和循环有机肥(M)组合而成。结果表明, 养分循环再利用有利于作物产量的提高, 对大豆和玉米籽实平均增产率分别为22.9%和16.4%; 但随化肥的均衡施用, 有机肥增产作用明显降低。仅施用循环有机肥可缓解土壤养分收支赤字, 但无法实现作物高产和土壤养分收支平衡; 施用氮肥加剧土壤磷收支赤字, 同时施用氮、磷肥加剧土壤钾赤字。本研究中同时施用氮、磷、钾肥和循环肥模式可满足作物高产的养分需求, 同时能够平衡土壤养分收支, 是较为理想的施肥模式。     

有机-无机肥料配施应用在蕹菜上的效果

试验结果表明,供试土壤缺钾是蕹菜生长的主要养分限制因子之一。单施有机肥无法满足蕹菜高产栽培的养分供给;在NP基础上施钾肥增产155 13%;有机-无机肥料配合施用,比单施化肥处理的增产8 57%,比单施有机肥处理的增产110 65%;蕹菜对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收率显著提高。     

有机-无机肥料配施应用在蕹菜上的效果

试验结果表明，供试土壤缺钾是蕹菜生长的主要养分限制因子之一。单施有机肥无法满足蕹菜高产栽培的养分供给；在NP基础上施钾肥增产155．13％；有机-无机肥料配合施用，比单施化肥处理的增产8．57％，比单施有机肥处理的增产110．65％；蕹菜对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收率显著提高。     

生物炭及炭基硝酸铵肥料对土壤化学性质及作物产量的影响

为了促进生物炭研究和农用,采用盆栽试验研究了两种生物炭基氮肥及相应生物炭对土壤部分化学性质、养分状况及作物产量的影响。试验结果表明：施用生物炭基氮肥可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,提高土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、土壤速效磷、速效钾和矿质态氮含量,增强土壤保肥能力,促进作物增产。生物炭对土壤化学性质和养分状况虽有一定改善作用,但作物增产效应不明显甚至减产。因此,将生物炭与肥料复合制成生物炭基肥料不但可以保持生物炭改良土壤的功能,还可促进作物生长和增产,有利于生物炭农用效益的提升。     

灌漠土长期有机配施土壤肥力特征和作物产量可持续性分析

为揭示长期施用有机肥对灌漠土土壤培肥效果,依托甘肃河西绿洲灌区灌漠土长期定位培肥试验(1988-至今),设计有机肥磷肥配施(MP)、有机无机配施(1/2MN+P)、氮磷配施(NP)和不施肥(CK)4个处理,测定其第31年和已有的土壤养分和作物产量数据,研究灌漠土长期有机培肥对土壤肥力特征和作物产量的影响。结果表明:有机无机配合施用第31年和历年平均值与试验初始值相比,土壤有机质增加72.5%和24.9%,土壤全氮增加72.3%和25.7%,土壤全钾增加16.1%和33.0%;与无肥对照(CK)相比,土壤有机质增加54.9%和19.1%;土壤全氮增加47.3%和14.9%,土壤全磷增加73.0%和15.3%。有机无机配合施用能有效降低土壤pH。有机无机配施处理第31年和逐年平均值与对照(CK)相比,小麦/玉米间作体系产量增加149.2%和139.2%,肥料贡献率(FCR)为0.58,变异系数(CV)为0.21,可持续性指数(SYI)为0.61,养分和产量各项指标均达到高优水平。灌漠土长期有机无机配施措施能持续增加灌漠土土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,降低土壤pH,提高土壤肥力和肥料贡献率,显著提高小麦/玉米间作体系产量及其稳定性和可持续性。研究结果可为甘肃河西绿洲灌区农田土壤科学培肥和农业可持续发展提供决策依据。     

长期定位施肥对作物产量及土壤养分的影响

根据24年肥料效应长期定位监测试验结果,研究了不同施肥处理对作物产量及土壤肥力、养分水平等指标的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理作物产量差异较大,有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥的配合施用对提高作物产量、增加土壤养分作用十分明显。     

长江流域冬小麦氮磷钾肥增产效应及其影响因素

  【目的】  分析长江流域施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦产量的增产效应及主要影响因素的贡献率，旨在明确不同条件下施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦产量的影响，为优化长江流域的小麦养分管理提供科技支撑。  【方法】  数据来源于国际植物营养研究所在我国长江流域开展的小麦田间试验，以及在中国知网通过检索到的有关施肥增产效应的文献，检索关键词为“冬小麦”、“冬小麦 + 产量”、“冬小麦产量 + 肥料利用率”，符合Meta分析标准的氮、磷和钾数据分别有724、624和658组。以不施某种养分处理为对照，以反应比作为该养分的增产效应值，采用Meta分析方法，定量分析施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦产量变化的贡献，并分别分析施肥水平、基础地力水平、种植区域、土壤有机质、pH及土壤养分对产量效应的影响。  【结果】  与不施氮、磷或钾肥处理相比，长江流域冬小麦施用氮、磷和钾肥分别可显著增加小麦产量66.0%、17.9%和10.0%，以氮肥增产效应最高。基础地力对氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应均具有显著影响，氮、磷、钾肥均在低肥力土壤 (产量< 2.0 t/hm2) 上的增产率最高，分别为134.2%、30.0%和12.1%，氮、磷肥的增产效应与基础地力呈负相关关系。长江流域不同种植区域冬小麦氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应差异显著，以重庆市的氮效应最高，为136.1% [ln(R) = 0.859]，以浙江省的磷效应最高，为39.1% [ln(R) = 0.330]，贵州省的钾效应最高，为19.1% [ln(R) = 0.175]。氮、磷、钾肥均在酸性土壤的增产效果最好，增产效应随着土壤pH升高呈降低趋势，增产率分别为95.2%、29.4%和14.0%。土壤有机质含量对磷效应影响显著，对氮和钾效应影响不显著。当土壤全磷 > 1.0 g/kg、全钾 > 20.0 g/kg、碱解氮 < 80.0 mg/kg、速效磷 > 25.0 mg/kg及速效钾 < 90.0 mg/kg时，施氮增产效应最显著；在土壤全磷 < 0.7 g/kg和土壤速效磷 < 15.0 mg/kg时，施磷增产效应最显著；在土壤速效钾 < 90.0 mg/kg时，施钾增产效应最显著。  【结论】  长江流域冬小麦施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产率分别为66.0%、17.9%和10.0%，氮肥仍是影响长江流域冬小麦增产的最重要养分因子。基础地力决定着施肥效应，产量 < 2.0 t/hm2的土壤施肥的增产潜力最高。土壤肥力因素中，pH、有机质和矿质养分含量应作为肥料投入的依据。     

沿淮低洼地玉米施肥效应与土壤供肥能力研究

基于"3414"试验设计,研究了沿淮低洼地玉米施肥效应和土壤供肥能力。结果表明,玉米施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产率分别为78.0%、3.7%和16.7%,施用每kg氮、磷、钾肥增产量分别为11.9、2.9、5.3 kg。氮、磷、钾肥对玉米产量的影响表现为N>K>P。玉米全株分析表明,其籽粒和茎叶氮、磷、钾养分含量分别为12.692、.56、2.84 g kg-1和5.982、.40、18.46 g kg-1,玉米100 kg经济产量所需氮、磷、钾养分量分别为1.77、0.46、2.02 kg。通过数学模拟获得玉米肥料效应方程,并计算出氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥最佳经济施肥量分别为299.1、99.0、175.3 kg hm-2。在本次试验条件下,氮、磷、钾肥利用率平均分别为29.5%、14.8%、35.0%。试验结果还表明,本次玉米试验期间,土壤氮素供应能力较低,磷素供应能力较高,钾素供应能力中等。当季土壤氮、磷、钾养分供应量分别为55.51、1.1、65.4 kg hm-2,土壤氮、磷、钾养分校正系数分别为30.9%1、10%和44.8%。     

西北地区马铃薯施肥效应和经济效益分析

2002~2011年在内蒙、甘肃、宁夏、青海4省进行田间试验研究马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应和经济效益。试验设施氮(+N)、不施氮(-N)、施磷(+P)、不施磷(-P)、施钾(+K)、不施钾(-K)处理。结果表明,施用氮、磷、钾肥平均增产分别为5 657、3 967、5 341 kg/hm2,分别有95%、75%、81%的试验增产达显著水平(P0.05),说明氮是影响马铃薯产量的主要因素,其次是钾,然后是磷。氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥的农学效率分别为37.6、45.0和44.9 kg/kg。施用氮、磷、钾肥平均分别增加收入5 218、3 683、4 141元/hm2,平均产投比(VCR)分别为9.3、12.7和8.8元/元。通过分析不同肥料价格和马铃薯价格下的VCR表明,随着施肥增产效应的增加,即使施肥量增加,VCR也增加。无论现在还是将来,西北地区马铃薯合理施用氮、磷或钾肥获得收益的概率超过75%,收益多少随增产效应、施肥量、肥料和马铃薯价格而变化。     

氮磷钾平衡施用对油用向日葵产量及肥料效率的影响

为明确施用氮、 磷、 钾化肥对油用向日葵产量的影响,以及油用向日葵对氮、 磷、 钾养分的吸收规律和利用效率,于2008~2010年在内蒙古河套及土默川的向日葵典型种植区域进行了9 项次田间肥料试验,结果表明,油用向日葵施用氮、 磷、 钾肥均有增产效果,其中氮肥增产效果最好,钾肥其次,磷肥增产最少,增产幅度分别为20.5%、 14.4% 和 11.5%,每公斤 N、 P2O5 和 K2O分别增产油用向日葵籽粒3.5、 5.0 和 4.6 kg。施用氮、 磷、 钾化肥的养分当季利用率分别为34.3%、 14.8%和50.2%。生产100 kg油用向日葵籽粒分别需要N、 P2O5 和 K2O 4.99、 1.74 和 6.78 kg。以上重要参数的确定为向日葵的科学施肥提供了理论依据,是油用向日葵实现增产增效的基础。     

Bioenergy grass [Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv.] secretes two members of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores which involved in their tolerance to Fe deficiency

Ravenna grass, Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. (E. ravennae) is a potential high biomass-energy crop with low input requirements. Iron (Fe) deficiency in calcareous soils is a widespread agronomic problem which reduces crop yields. Fe is sparingly soluble under aerobic conditions at high soil pH, such as in calcareous soils; therefore, plants cannot take up enough Fe. Increasing crop productivity of giant grasses, such as Ravenna grass in calcareous soil, has a positive effect by alleviating environmental problems. However, the growth character in calcareous soil and Fe homeostatic trait of Ravenna grass are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed characteristics of Ravenna grass. The growth of E. ravennae plants were impaired in calcareous soil compared to those in the normal soil. In calcareous soil, the growth of E. ravennae plants differ among the water and fertilizer conditions; E. ravennae plants were grown better in the submerged condition adding micronutrient among conditions. These results suggested that impaired growth of E. ravennae in calcareous soil might be micronutrient shortage. We found that E. ravennae roots possess Fe reductase activities which were upregulated under Fe-deficient conditions. E. ravennae produced and secreted mugineic acid (MA) and deoxymugineic acid (DMA) to acquire Fe from the soil. The amount of MA was higher than that of DMA. Thus, E. ravennae might have both partial Strategy-I and Strategy-II Fe uptake systems. E. ravennae intercropped with transgenic rice plants producing and secreting MA through the introduction of the barley MA synthase gene showed improved growth compared to monocropped E. ravennae plants, suggesting that the increased amounts of MA enhanced their tolerance to Fe deficiency. Our results suggest that there is a considerable potential to improve the growth of E. ravennae plants in calcareous soils by enhancement of their Fe uptake systems through increase of MA production.     

Compositional nutrient diagnosis and main nutrient interactions in yellow pepper grown on desert calcareous soils

Mineral‐nutrient stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, especially in arid lands. The mineral requirement of a crop is difficult to determine, and the interpretation of foliar chemistry composition is not easy. This study was conducted to compute the minimum yield target for fresh fruit of yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the corresponding Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) as well as to identify significant nutrient interactions of this crop in desert calcareous soils. Preliminary CND norms were developed using a cumulative variance‐ratio function and the chi‐square distribution function. From a small database, we computed means and standard deviations of row‐centered log ratios, V_X, of five nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value, R, which comprises all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified them in 54 foliar samples of the popular yellow pepper cv. ‘Santa Fé’. This cultivar is widely grown in northwest Mexico under arid conditions. These norms are associated to fresh fruit yields higher than 15.04 t ha^–1. Principal‐component analyses, performed using estimated CND nutrient indexes, allowed us to identify four interactions: negative P‐Ca, P‐Mg, and N‐K, and positive Ca‐Mg. Pepper plants growing on calcareous soils tend to take up more Ca and Mg than considered as optimum in other soil conditions.     

Sulfuric acid effects on iron and phosphorus availability in two calcareous soils

An attempt was made to study the effects of sulfuric acid additions to iron (Fe)‐ and phosphorus (P)‐deficient calcareous soils. Several greenhouse experiments were conducted with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) grown in two calcareous soils. Addition of sulfuric acid to soils increased soil acidity, salinity, DTPA‐extractable Fe, available P (NaHCO₃‐extractable), and crop yield. The change in soil pH is the primary cause of increased nutrient availability and thus crop yield. Leaching after acid application is highly beneficial in decreasing salinity during germination and seedling stages and therefore has a direct impact on the yield. The beneficial effects of acid carried over for at least two greenhouse cropping seasons (approximately 4.5 months).     

Soil quality attributes of conservation management regimes in a semi-arid region of south western Spain

Soil quality is essential for plant growth and terrestrial ecosystem maintenance. Although soil properties can be influenced by the agricultural production system, this influence has seldom been studied under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. We analyzed the effect of the management system on soil physical and chemical parameters and soil microbial communities over three consecutive years under different conventional and conservation management regimes: conventional tillage (CT), direct seeding (DS), direct seeding with a winter crop cover (DSC), and long-term conservation management after nine consecutive years of direct seeding with winter cover (DSC^LT). The study was conducted on a maize (Zea mays L.) crop under irrigation in south western Spain. An improvement of the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the DS and DSC soils with respect to the CT soil was observed after two years management. Soil water content increased around 30% during the three years in the DS and DSC soils; organic C, nitrogen, and aggregate stability increased after the second year; total culturable microorganisms were twice as numerous in DSC^LT as in the CT soil; and soil penetration resistance was 50% less in all soils under any of the conservation management regimes. Hence, there was a major improvement in soil quality related to a potential increase of crop yields, and a reduced environmental impact, after short-term as well as after long-term conservation management.     

Fall and Spring Phosphorus Fertilization of Potato Using a Dicarboxylic Acid Polymer (AVAIL®)

A dicarboxylic acid polymer (AVAIL) modifies the soil immediately around fertilizer—potentially improving crop phosphorus (P) uptake efficiency and yield. Study objectives were to evaluate potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) response to seasonal applications of liquid and dry AVAIL blended P fertilizer on calcareous soils with low to moderate soil test P. Field experiments conducted 2005–2008 included comparisons of monoammonium phosphate (MAP; 11-52-0) broadcast and/or ammonium polyphosphate (APP; 10-34-0) liquid band applications with or without AVAIL in various fall or spring applications. AVAIL increased US No. 1 yields for selected P rate/source/timing combinations in each of the four years; increased United States No. 1 yields overall in 2006 and 2008; and increased total yield and yield of large (>284g) tubers in 2006. The greatest responses to AVAIL occurred on soils with high lime concentrations. No seasonal advantage was observed in any case.     

小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养的效应研究

采用砂-土联合培养根箱试验装置,模拟田间试验研究石灰性土壤小麦与花生间作改善花生Fe营养的效应结果表明,石灰性土壤高pH和高CaCO3是导致花生缺Fe黄化的主要原因。叶片已发生黄化的花生与小麦间作可明显改善花生缺Fe症状,间作16d后花生根际土壤有效铁含量、花生新叶叶绿素和活性Fe含量均显著提高。小麦与花生间作对改善花生Fe营养的效应可能与缺Fe小麦根分泌的Fe载体对土壤中Fe活化有关。     

Effects of aliphatic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in soil

Abstract

It is commonly assumed that the adverse effect of plant residues on crop yields is largely, or partly, due to phytotoxic compounds leached from these residues or produced by their decomposition, and it has been suggested that the phytotoxic compounds responsible for reduced crop yields are aliphatic acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid. To test the validity of this hypothesis, we studied the effects of different amounts of acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid on seed germination and seedling growth of corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in soils. The data obtained showed that the aliphatic acids tested had adverse effects on seed germination and seedling growth only when the amounts applied were much greater than the amounts reported to occur in soils treated with plant residues. We conclude that the adverse effect of plant residues on crop yields is not due to aliphatic acids derived from these residues.     

Distribution of zinc forms in highly calcareous soils as influenced by soil physical and chemical properties and application of zinc sulfate

Abstract

Water‐soluble zinc (Zn) fertilizers are rapidly converted to insoluble forms in calcareous soils resulting in lower efficiency of such fertilizers. A knowledge of distribution of native and applied Zn in such soils is necessary for understanding the fate of applied Zn fertilizers and finding ways to increase their efficiency. This experiment was conducted to obtain such information in selected highly calcareous soils of Iran. A sequential extraction method was used to fractionate the Zn forms of surface horizons (0–20 cm) of 20 highly calcareous soils [16 to 58% calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) equivalent; pH 7.9 to 8.5] which had previously received 0, 10, or 20 mg Zn/kg as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) and had been under one corn (Zea mays L.) crop in the greenhouse. The forms determined were exchangeable (EXZN), sorbed (SRZN), organic (ORZN), carbonate (CRZN), residual (RSZN), and sum of forms (SMZN). The native SMZN ranged from 32.4 to 66.7 mg/kg with a mean of 49.9 mg/kg. Application of 10 and 20 mg Zn/kg as ZnSO₄ increased the mean to 57.7 and 62.7 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of different forms of Zn in the soils was determined to be in the following order: RSZN >>> CRZN > SRZN > EXZN > ORZN. The concentration of native EXZN+SRZN+ORZN forms constituted less than 5% of SMZN, while concentration of CRZN alone ranged from 4.37 to 16.05% with a mean of 8.36%. Application of ZnSO₄, while significantly increased the concentration of all forms of Zn, had a pronounced effect on CRZN. Averaged over all soils, 58 and 60% of the applied ZnSO₄ was converted to CRZN for the 10 and 20 mg Zn/kg, respectively. Regression equations relating different Zn forms to soil physical and chemical properties indicated that the Zn forms are significantly influenced by soil properties.

It was concluded that conversion of applied ZnSO₄ to CRZN was mainly responsible for retention of this fertilizer in highly calcareous soils, making it temporarily unavailable to plants, and therefore decreasing its apparent recovery by the first crop.     

Prediction of residual effects of zinc sulfate on growth and zinc uptake of corn plants using three zinc soil tests

Abstract

A significant portion of chemical zinc (Zn) fertilizers applied to calcareous soils is not absorbed by the first crop and may, therefore, affect the growth and chemical composition of the subsequent crops. This is called the residual effect of Zn. Soil tests may be used to predict such effects. The present experiment was conducted to study the residual effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the second crop of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on selected highly calcareous soils of Iran and to compare the suitability of three soil tests for prediction of the effects. Twenty highly calcareous soils of southern Iran (16–58% calcium carbonate equivalent; pH 7.9–8.5), previously treated with three levels of Zn (0, 10, and 20 mg Zn/kg as ZnSO₄) and under one crop of corn, was used in greenhouse to grow a second crop of corn without additional Zn fertilizer but with uniform application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe). Soils were sampled before the second crop and extracted with three Zn extradants, DTPA, EDTA‐(NH₄)₂CO₃, and EDTA. Dry weight of plant tops and Zn concentration and uptake after eight weeks under the greenhouse conditions were used as the plant responses to residual Zn. Statistical analyses including F‐test and multiple regression equations showed that the overall effect of previously‐applied Zn on dry matter was nonsignificant, but Zn concentration and uptake were significantly increased. The three soil tests predicted the Zn concentration and uptake equally well. Moreover, DTPA and EDTA soil tests could predict the dry matter of plants at the highest level of previuosly‐applied Zn (20 mg Zn/kg), especially when selected chemical properties of soil, namely, calcium carbonate equivalent or organic matter content, were considered in the regression equations.     

Effect of Pyrite Application on Wheat-Maize Growth and Nutrient Uptake Under Diverse Soil Conditions

Zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) deficiency is a common nutritional problem for the production of many crops in semi-arid Mediterranean region of Turkey. This problem results in the application of increasing amounts of fertilizers. Minerals (such as pyrite) including iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) can decrease soil pH may be a critical factor in crop production under low supply of Zn and P in calcareous and clay soils. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of pyrite application on wheat-maize-wheat growth, P and Zn concentration with three successive pot experiments. Bread (Seri-82) (Triticum durum L.) durum (Kunduru) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) RX 788 hybrid was grown in Zn and P-deficient calcareous soils from Central Anatolian Sultanönü and Çukurova Karaburun. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions at five rates of pyrite (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g pyrite kg^?1 soil) in three consecutive experiments. Pyrite application increased shoot dry matter production of wheat and maize. With time effect of pyrite on plant growth and nutrient uptake was more. In accordance with growth data, pyrite application enhanced P and Zn concentration of plants, especially under Zn deficient Sultanönü soil then Karaburun soil. Plants grown in Karaburun soil had more P and Zn concentration than grown in Sultanönü soil. The results obtained indicate that pyrite can be used as a zinc fertilizer sources for gramine plants such as wheat and maize.