基于APSIM模型的2015-2100年气候变化对中国玉米生产力影响

全球气候变化直接影响作物生产。玉米是中国种植面积最大的粮食作物，系统探究未来气候变化对其生产力的影响对保障玉米高产稳产和粮食安全具有重要意义。为探究未来气候变化对中国玉米生产力影响，该研究基于SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5 共2种气候情景（shared socioeconomic pathways，SSP）1981-2100年逐日气象资料以及中国气象局农业气象观测站玉米生育期数据和土壤数据，使用调参验证后的农业生产系统模拟模型（agricultural production systems simulator，APSIM-Maize）解析了气候变化对中国玉米主产区高产性和稳产性的影响。结果表明：1）未来气候情景下，中国玉米主产区生育期内气温和≥10 ℃有效积温总体呈增加趋势，SSP5-8.5气候情景下升温幅度高于SSP1-2.6气候情景；降水量年际波动大，变化趋势不显著；太阳总辐射呈先增加后减少趋势。2）若不采取适应措施，未来气候变化使玉米全生育期、营养生长期和生殖生长期总体呈缩短趋势，且SSP5-8.5情景下缩短幅度大于SSP1-2.6情景，2080 s缩短幅度大于2030 s和2050 s。3）无适应措施条件下，未来气候变化下研究区域玉米光温潜在产量和雨养潜在产量总体呈下降趋势，SSP5-8.5情景下较SSP1-2.6情景下减产效应更大，2个情景光温潜在产量减产率平均值分别为13.8%和11.9%，雨养潜在产量减产率平均值分别为17.5%和14.0%。玉米潜在产量的稳定性略有提高，但区域间存在差异。因此，未来气候变化使中国玉米生产力总体下降，稳定性略有提高。研究为未来玉米高产稳产和中国玉米种植区划提供理论依据。     

气候变化对河南省夏玉米主栽品种发育期的影响模拟

为模拟气候变化对夏玉米发育期影响,本文将河南省划分为4个夏玉米主栽区,分区进行主栽品种遗传参数调试验证,确定各区域品种平均遗传参数。将未来气候变化情景(A2和B2)下,2020s、2050s和2080s各时段的温度和降水增量加上基准值,模拟未来气候变化对河南省夏玉米发育期的影响。模型调参验证结果表明：各区域品种遗传参数存在一定差异,豫西地区当前种植品种播种-开花所需积温高于其它地区,而豫北和豫东当前种植品种开花-成熟所需积温高于其它地区;各区开花期调参和验证误差RMSE为2～4d,相对误差NRMSE均小于10%;各区域成熟期调参误差RMSE均小于4d,验证误差RMSE为3～7d,除豫西区外,各区域调参及验证期间的成熟期相对误差NRMSE均小于10%。表明CERES-Maize模型对河南省各区域夏玉米发育期模拟精度均较高。未来气候变化影响模拟结果表明：A2和B2情景下,夏玉米营养生长期平均缩短4.7d和3.1d,全生育期平均缩短12.9d和8.6d。夏玉米生育期缩短日数与各时段增温幅度趋势一致,全省4个区域中豫西区生育期日数缩短最多。     

基于IPCC SRES A1B 情景下的福建省水稻生产模拟研究

选择福建省作为研究区域,根据地形特点划分了3个水稻种植区,选取17个样点及9个代表性品种,采用2006—2007年的逐日气象资料及同期区试产量资料对作物的遗传参数进行了调试;根据IPCC排放情景特别报告(SRES)中的A1B方案,利用区域气候模式PRECIS构建的气候变化情景文件与作物模型(CERES-Rice)耦合,采用雨养与灌溉两种方式,并综合考虑未来CO2浓度增加带来的直接增益效应,模拟了未来2020s及2040s气候变化对福建省水稻生产的影响。结果表明:无论是雨养方式还是灌溉方式,未来全省各稻区水稻生育期在两种情景下都将缩短,单季稻生育期天数减少幅度最大,2040s情景下达到20 d以上。未来双季稻种植区早稻与单季稻均表现为减产。2020s情景下闽东南稻区早稻减产率达到12.4%(雨养)和11.3%(灌溉);闽西北双季稻区早稻减产程度略小。单季稻区雨养水稻7.1%及灌溉水稻2.1%的减产主要来自中熟品种的负贡献。2040s减产幅度将进一步加大。与此相反,未来两种情景下双季稻区后季稻均表现为增产,但产量波动性较大。2020s情景下闽西北双季稻区灌溉后季稻产量增产达到21.0%,增产幅度大于闽东南地区的10.6%;雨养方式下后季稻增产幅度略小。2040s各稻区后季稻增产幅度将减小。未来水稻生长季的土壤水分条件将变得不如目前湿润,与之相关各稻区灌溉需要量均有所增加。总之,由于大气CO2肥效作用可在一定程度上提高未来气候变化下后季稻产量,全省水稻总产近期将有所增加,雨养与灌溉方式下分别增长0.4%及1.7%,但变化趋势是随着未来温度的增加总产将减少,负贡献主要来自于单季稻和早稻。     

基于DSSAT模型的宁夏马铃薯生产的适应对策

将DSSAT作物模型与PRECIS区域气候模式相嵌套,在25km×25km网格尺度上,模拟未来气候情景下宁夏马铃薯的生产.结果表明在B2排放情景下,假定作物品种和播期不变,考虑未来大气中CO2的肥效作用,在2020S和2050S,宁夏马铃薯的生育期可能缩短5%和3%,产量则可能增加11.3%和13.3%;如果品种不变、播期提前,马铃薯的生育期将延长,产量将会增加,但播期提前超过10d后,增产幅度将减小;如果改种温度敏感系数低的品种,马铃薯的生育期将延长、产量提高.因此,在宁夏地区,应采取播期提前或培育温度敏感系数低的马铃薯新品种以适应当地未来的气候变化.     

多模式集合模拟气候变化对玉米产量的影响

气候模式驱动作物模型是气候变化影响评估的主要手段。但是,单一气候模式输出和作物模型的结构差异使得研究结果存在不确定性。多模式集合的概率预估可以有效减少研究结果的不确定性。为此,本文利用1981—2009年东北地区海伦、长岭、本溪3地区农业气象站的历史气象资料和玉米作物数据,分别建立了作物统计模型并验证了APSIM机理模型在研究区域的适用性。在此基础上,与CMIP5在RCP4.5情景下的8个全球模式结合,尝试基于多模式集合评估了未来2010—2039年时段和2040—2069年时段气候变化对玉米产量的可能影响(相对于1976—2005年基准时段)。研究结果表明,APSIM模型对玉米生长发育和产量形成有很好的模拟能力。玉米生育期的模拟误差(RMSE)为3~4 d,产量的RMSE为0.6~0.8 t?hm~(-2)。建立的产量统计模型表明,玉米出苗阶段(5月中旬)的温度增加对产量增加有积极作用,而开花到成熟阶段(7月中旬到9月上旬)的温度和降水的增加、光照的不足均不利于产量增加。与1976—2005年基准时段相比,气候因素影响下2010—2039年玉米产量减少3.8%(海伦)~7.4%(本溪),减产的概率为64%(长岭)~73%(本溪);2040—2069年时段减产6.4%(海伦)~10.5%(本溪),减产的概率为74%(海伦)~83%(本溪)。未来2010—2039年时段和2040—2069年时段基于机理模型模拟的产量降低分别为6.6%(海伦)~8.9%(本溪)和9.7%(海伦)~13.7%(本溪),均高于相应时段基于统计模型得到的0.9%(海伦)~6.0%(本溪)和2.0%(长岭)~7.3%(本溪)减产结果。     

气候变化情景下我国水稻产量变化模拟

利用中国随机天气模型将IPCC最新推荐的气候模式HadCM2和ECHAM4与作物模式CERESRICE3．5相连接，模拟了未来4种气候情景下我国主要水稻产区产量的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）未来气候情景下，水稻产量大多表现为不同程度的减产趋势，其中早稻减产幅度最大；地区上以东北地区减产幅度最大。（2）若不取温室气体减排措施，2056年我国水稻产量较2030年减产程度更加明显；即使采取温室气体减排措施，水稻产量下降的趋势也没有大的改变；（3）高海拔地区在未来气候情景下表现出一定的增产趋势。     

未来气候变化对中国东北三省玉米需水量的影响预测

为了预测未来气候变化对中国东北三省玉米需水量的影响,该文在对中国东北三省近26 a来玉米生育期内参考作物蒸散量变化及玉米需水量分析的基础上,结合《排放情景特别报告》（Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, SRES）的两种排放情景A2（强调经济发展）和B2（强调可持续发展）预估的未来气候情景,研究探讨了未来气候情景下中国东北三省玉米需水量的变化趋势。结果表明,未来气候变化情景下,东北三省玉米需水量距平百分率大多表现为增加的趋势,最高可增加77.8%,而且不同地理环境及气候差异下,各地空间分布上也不尽相同。A2情景下,到2040年玉米需水量距平百分率平均增加27.2%,到2070年玉米需水量距平百分率平均增加34.5%,到2100年玉米需水量距平百分率平均增加42.9%;B2情景下,到2040年玉米需水量距平百分率平均增加28.6%,到2070年玉米需水量距平百分率平均增加33.3%,到2100年玉米需水量距平百分率平均增加37.3%。可见,未来中国东北三省水资源可能更趋于短缺状况。     

未来升温1.5℃与2.0℃背景下中国玉米产量变化趋势评估

基于ISI-MIP推荐的5个气候模式在4个RCP情景下的模拟结果,筛选21世纪末全球升温最接近1.5℃和2.0℃的气候数据,运用作物模型DSSAT,模拟升温1.5℃和2.0℃背景下中国玉米产量相对于基准时段1985-2006年的变化,揭示了1.5℃与2.0℃升温背景下中国玉米产量变化的空间分布。结果表明：升温2.0℃背景下玉米减产风险明显高于升温1.5℃,未来升温2.0℃背景下中国玉米减产面积比升温1.5℃背景下多6.2%,升温1.5℃和2.0℃背景下中国玉米平均减产幅度分别为3.7%和11.5%;从空间分布来看,升温1.5℃与2.0℃背景下未来中国玉米产量变化在区域分布上大致相似,但未来玉米增产和减产的面积和幅度不尽相同,在北方与西南玉米种植区都有一定的增产区域,其它区域大多以减产为主,其中西北部玉米种植区减幅最大;1.5℃升温背景下北方大部分地区气候条件对玉米生长有利,2.0℃升温背景下北方地区玉米减产也不明显,说明从近期到未来一段时间内,将全球升温控制在1.5℃以内,北方地区玉米仍具有一定增产潜力。     

基于CERES模型的临沂小麦生产的适应措施研究

采用英国Had ley中心的区域气候模式PREC IS结合CERES-W heat模型,对2071-2100年（2080 s）SRES A2、B2两种排放情景下山东临沂地区小麦生产进行模拟。结果表明：在PREC IS预测的2080 s气候变化情景下,不考虑CO2的肥效作用,临沂地区小麦的生育期明显缩短,产量有所下降,且A2情景下产量下降更明显;考虑CO2肥效作用时,能够补偿温度升高带来的负面影响,两种情景下的小麦产量均显著增加。未来如果保持品种和管理措施不变,A2、B2情景下分别将小麦的播期推迟15d、10d后,小麦的生育期将延长,产量将增加;通过品种参数对产量的影响分析,得出未来气候变化情景下应尽量培育穗粒数较多的品种以提高产量;根据现有品种的表现,未来气候变化情景下,临沂地区适当引进偏春性的冬小麦品种,将可能提高产量。总之,将播期推迟,培育穗粒数较大的小麦新品种或引进偏春性的小麦品种可以减小未来气候变化对临沂小麦生产的不利影响。     

播期和品种变化对马铃薯产量的耦合效应

马铃薯作为北方农牧交错带的主栽作物,随着气候向暖干化发展,其产量的稳定对保证该地区粮食安全有重要意义。为探究播期和品种耦合对农牧交错带马铃薯产量的影响,基于分期播种和品种比较试验的生育期和产量数据对APSIM-Potato模型进行调参和验证,利用验证后的模型设置连续模拟情景,比较不同耦合方式的产量及保证率,分析农牧交错带雨养马铃薯的最佳播期和品种耦合方式。结果表明：APSIM-Potato模型可以较好地模拟不同熟性马铃薯品种的生育期和产量,不同品种生育期实测值和模拟值的均方根误差（RMSE）均小于6.3 d,不同品种产量实测值和模拟值的归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）均小于7.6%。雨养条件下,农牧交错带不同播期和品种耦合下马铃薯的多年平均鲜重产量为10 494 kg·hm^-2;中熟品种‘克新一号’晚播（6月1日播种）的平均产量最高,为12 153 kg·hm^-2,且可以保证在66.7%的年份产量高于不同耦合方式的平均值,较早播（4月26日播种）和中播（5月15日播种）的平均鲜重产量分别高16.3%和7.0%,较同一时期播种的早熟品种‘费乌瑞它’和晚熟品种‘底西芮’分别高18.7%和17.2%。本研究揭示了农牧交错带马铃薯播期、品种和环境存在显著的交互作用,播期推迟和选种中熟马铃薯品种是应对气候暖干化的重要方式,为该地区马铃薯适应气候变化和保证稳产高产提供了科学依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.