坡面径流剪切力分布及其与土壤剥蚀率关系的试验研究

 径流剪切力是建立土壤侵蚀过程模型重要的水动力学参数,研究径流剪切力和土壤侵蚀产沙相关关系具有重要理论和实践意义。以径流冲刷模拟试验为研究手段,研究不同流量和不同坡度组合条件下坡面侵蚀过程中径流剪切力的分布特征,并对应分析土壤剥蚀率与各阶段径流临界剪切力的相关关系。结果表明:不同试验条件下,坡面侵蚀发育各阶段径流剪切力和土壤剥蚀率随冲刷流量的增加而增加,随小区坡度的变化受临界坡度影响;土壤剥蚀率与放水流量、坡度和径流剪切力等多因子呈线性相关,与流量或坡度的大小呈正比,与径流剪切力的大小呈反比;土壤剥蚀率与各径流剪切力单因子呈幂函数或指数函数相关,随径流剪切力的增加呈增加趋势;坡面产生跌坎时的临界剪切力和坡面径流平均剪切力均可以作为土壤侵蚀预测参数。     

海涂围垦区排灌工程边坡土壤侵蚀过程的水动力学特征

利用人工模拟降雨试验研究降雨强度和坡度两因子对海涂围垦区排灌工程边坡侵蚀产沙过程及其对径流水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明,边坡输沙率随降雨历时增加呈S形曲线增长。随雨强和坡度增大,坡面细沟发育迅速,侵蚀量急剧增加,但在坡度25°附近存在一个侵蚀的临界坡度。高雨强和陡坡下,坡面平均流速显著增大,侵蚀输沙率与平均流速之间呈显著线性正相关关系。试验坡面径流雷诺数较小,变化于8.5~42.6之间,水流剪切力为分散边坡土颗粒的主要作用力;坡面输沙率和平均雷诺数之间呈抛物线正相关关系,且在雷诺数较小时坡面输沙率随雷诺数的增长较缓慢,随水流雷诺数的增大,水流紊乱程度越强,坡面产沙能力越强。坡面径流所受阻力系数均随雨强和坡度增大线性降低,输沙率与Manning糙率系数和Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数均呈线性负相关关系。     

含砾石锥状工程堆积体侵蚀水动力学特性和细沟形态特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,以陕西关中地区的重质土壤和工程中常见的破口石为试验材料,模拟散乱锥状工程堆积体的堆积过程和堆积形态,研究了不同砾石质量含量(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)散乱锥状工程堆积体在不同降雨强度下(1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)的侵蚀水动力学特性和细沟形态特征。结果表明:(1)流速和径流强度随雨强的增加而增大,随砾石含量的增加而减小,雨强和砾石对两者均有显著影响,其中雨强的影响较大,起控制性作用;(2)坡面径流处于层流、缓流的状态,雷诺数和弗劳德数随雨强的增加而增大,随砾石含量的增加而减小;(3)剥蚀率随雨强的增加呈指数型增大,相同降雨强度下,随砾石含量的增加线性减小,径流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率、过水断面单位能与剥蚀率显著相关且呈幂函数的关系,其中水流功率相关性最好,拟合优度最高,是描述侵蚀动力机制的最优因子;(4)随着降雨强度的增加,细沟出现的时间提前,沟宽、沟深、沟长和细沟密度逐渐增加,雨强相同时,随着砾石含量的增加,细沟出现的时间推迟,且逐渐变窄、变浅,细沟下切侵蚀减弱。     

黄土坡面细沟水流剪切力及其侵蚀效应研究

采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流剪切力及其侵蚀效应进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)细沟水流切应力随径流历时的变化,各雨强条件均表现出增大趋势,可用线性方程很好地描述,增大速率在产流6min之后略有减小。(2)细沟水流切应力随径流历时的变化,不同坡度下也不断增大,可用直线方程进行描述,产流过程中变化趋势较为一致,其中两个大坡度下增加速率较小坡度下稍大,产流12min以后更大。(3)坡面细沟水流平均切应力随雨强增大而增大,可用对数方程描述。随坡度增加而迅速增大,可用幂函数方程描述。随雨强及坡度的变化可用二元幂函数方程描述。(4)不同雨强及坡度下,细沟侵蚀率随细沟水流切应力的增大而增大,可用线性方程描述。研究表明,细沟水流剪切力具有显著的侵蚀效应,是产生细沟侵蚀的重要水力学参数和水动力学根源。     

模拟降雨条件下不同砾石含量工程边坡土壤侵蚀及水动力学特征

[目的]探究砾石含量对急陡工程边坡土壤侵蚀及流水力学特征的影响。[方法]采用室内模拟降雨试验和人工制备土壤等方法,研究了在3种降雨强度(40,60,80 mm/h),5种砾石含量(3%,15%,35%,55%,75%)条件下50°工程边坡土壤侵蚀率变化特征以及土壤侵蚀率与各水动力学参数的关系。[结果]①40,60,80 mm/h雨强下,各砾石含量坡面径流率较土质坡面分别减少了10.1%～55.9%,13.9%～41.9%,19.6%～47.7%;径流剪切力、径流功率、过水断面单位能分别与砾石含量呈显著递减的线性函数、指数函数、幂函数关系。②坡面侵蚀率随着砾石含量的增加而减小,不同试验雨强下侵蚀率大小及变化过程具有明显差异。当雨强为40 mm/h时,坡面整体产沙率较低,随降雨过程整体呈现出缓慢增加的趋势;当雨强为60 mm/h时,不同砾石含量下侵蚀率迅速增加后呈波浪式缓慢上升或平稳下降的趋势;当雨强为80 mm/h时,砾石含量为3%条件下,坡面侵蚀率迅速增长后增速降低,当砾石含量大于15%时,边坡侵蚀率达到峰值后均开始缓慢下降。③工程边坡土壤侵蚀率与径流率、径流剪切力、径流功率、过水断面单位能均呈显著线性函数、对数函数、幂函数关系。[结论]工程边坡土壤中的砾石具有抗侵蚀作用,随着砾石含量的增多,坡面土壤侵蚀量和各水动力学参数均明显降低。     

黄土高塬沟壑区沟坡道路侵蚀临界水动力学试验研究

道路侵蚀是黄土高塬重要的侵蚀方式,通过野外放水冲刷试验研究了黄土高塬沟壑区沟坡道路侵蚀水力学及产沙特性。结果表明,平均输沙率随坡度和流量的增加而增大,输沙率与坡度之间呈对数关系。水流剪切力在3°～12°的坡度变化中呈增大趋势,在9°～12°其增大趋势变缓。进一步的分析结果表明,道路侵蚀的发生具有一定临界条件。土壤剥蚀率与径流剪切力、水流功率和单宽能耗之间均呈线性关系,其中临界剪切力为2.443N/(m2.min),临界水流功率为0.369N/(m.s),临界单宽能耗为1.993J/(min.cm);对比分析知,土壤剥蚀率与水流功率相关系数最高。     

砾石覆盖条件下盐碱土边坡降雨侵蚀水动力学特征

为了探究砾石覆盖对盐碱土坡面侵蚀的减沙效应,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下降雨径流水动力学特征及产沙受砾石覆盖的影响。试验坡度选取15°和30°,雨强选取92,119mm/h,坡面砾石覆盖度分别为0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%,采用染色示踪法测定坡面径流流速。结果表明:不同坡度和雨强条件下,水流产沙率随坡面砾石覆盖度增大先增后减;雷诺数与弗劳德数均随砾石覆盖度增大呈先增后减的抛物线趋势,曼宁糙率、Dracy-Weisbach阻力系数、坡面径流剪切力和径流功率均与坡面砾石覆盖度呈线性正相关;径流功率预测产沙率效果较好,二者呈对数关系(R2=0.47)。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡度撂荒草地入渗特征影响因素试验研究

降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗过程的重要因素,在植被恢复过程中,其对土壤入渗特征的影响可能会有所不同。选取黄土丘陵区6个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°和30°)的撂荒草地(2年)径流小区(5 m×20 m),观测自然降雨条件下(共计34场降雨,产流11场)植被生长旺期(7—9月)土壤入渗特征,研究降雨过程参数(降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和I_(30))、坡度和植被盖度对坡面入渗特征的影响。结果表明:(1)11场产流降雨不同坡度土壤入渗量总体变化范围为6.58～70.91 mm,入渗补给系数为0.83～1.00,入渗率为0.22～19.35 mm/h;(2)土壤入渗量随降雨量呈线性增加(R~2=0.99,p0.01),入渗补给系数随I_(30)呈指数降低(R~2=0.91,p0.01),平均入渗率随降雨强度呈线性增加(R~2=0.71,p0.01),随降雨历时呈幂函数降低(R~2=0.99,p0.05);(3)坡度增大使得径流位移增长,导致入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率整体随坡度增大而呈幂函数增加,但当坡度25°时,因径流势能沿坡面方向分量增加,径流流速加快,上述入渗特征参数略有降低;(4)由于降雨量在植被生长周期内呈下降趋势,很大程度上导致植被对入渗特征的影响受控于降雨量,土壤入渗量表现出随着植被盖度的增加呈幂函数显著下降的趋势。总体而言,降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗的主要因素,且土壤入渗特征参数可表示为降雨过程参数和坡度的综合幂函数方程;在入渗补给系数较高的情况下,植被覆盖对土壤入渗特征的影响减弱。研究结果对于坡面尺度降雨径流调控机制和生态水文过程研究具有重要意义。     

东北黑土区野外模拟降雨条件下产流产沙研究

对不同坡度(3°,5°,7°,9°,12°,15°)的径流小区,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同降雨强度(1.24,1.87,2.17 mm/min)黑土坡地产流和产沙随雨强和时间的变化特性进行模拟试验.通过对模拟降雨试验数据分析,得出结论:①同一坡度下,产流时间随雨强的变化具有明显的规律性,雨强越大,产流所需的时间越短.②累计产沙量随累计径流量的增加呈幂函数增加,满足y=AxB函数形式(定义A为产沙基数系数,B为产沙速率系数).③侵蚀产沙量随含沙量的增加呈线性增加,其表达式满足y=ax+b形式,系数a体现了产沙能力.④随着雨强的增大坡面径流量也增大;随着坡度的增大坡面径流量呈现先减小后增加,最后减小的趋势.⑤随着雨强的增大,坡面侵蚀产沙量基本呈现增加的趋势;而随着坡度的增加,坡面侵蚀产沙量变化复杂,12°～l5°之间存在试验条件下的临界坡度.     

不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响

[目的]研究不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响,为认识红壤侵蚀过程和水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨强度、不同坡度对华南红壤坡面降雨产流过程和侵蚀产沙过程的影响。[结果](1)相同坡度条件下,坡面径流量、侵蚀产沙量均随着雨强的增大而线性增大;相同雨强下,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,而产沙量随着坡度的变化比较复杂;(2)雨强和坡度共同影响着坡面产沙过程,当雨强小于等于180mm/h时,产沙量随坡度的增加而增大,在240mm/h出时呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在15°附近出现临界坡度。在降雨初期,径流率表现为波动增加过程,15min后趋于平稳,一直持续到降雨结束,其中雨强为240,180mm/h时波动较为剧烈,而产沙率呈现急剧而短暂的上升后迅速下降,在大雨强、陡斜坡条件下此现象尤为明显;(3)坡面径流平均流速与单宽流量、坡度比存在显著的幂函数关系,流速与径流量、侵蚀产沙量有着类似的变化规律。[结论]红壤侵蚀过程中雨强为主要影响因素,坡面流速可作为表征红壤坡面侵蚀特征的重要因子。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.