不同雨强条件下坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀的影响

坡度是红壤坡面侵蚀的重要因子,通过室内模拟降雨试验研究3个降雨强度(1.0,1.5,2.0 mm/min),3个坡度(10°,15°,20°)条件下坡度对红壤坡面产流、产沙过程影响。结果表明:(1)相同雨强下,坡面初始产流时间随坡度增加逐渐缩短,坡度与坡面径流量呈正相关关系;相同坡度下,随雨强增加初始产流时间及坡面径流量差异均减小。(2)坡度对红壤坡面含沙量的影响表现为平均产沙量随坡度增加而增大,其中15°坡度下坡面产沙过程波动较大。(3)坡度对坡面径流量的贡献率在60%以上,而坡度对坡面产沙量贡献率保持在30%左右。通过分析不同降雨条件下坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀过程影响,以期为红壤水土流失地区的水土保持预测与措施布没提供相应理论参考。     

淮北平原黄潮土多雨强变坡度产流产沙规律试验模拟

针对淮北平原黄潮土水土流失严重的问题,为揭示其产流产沙规律,利用五道沟水文实验站大型人工模拟降雨径流试验场,开展了40,60,80mm/h 3个雨强及5°,10°,15°3个坡度产流产沙规律试验模拟。结果表明:坡面初始产流时间随坡度、雨强的增大而缩短,雨强、坡度越大缩短越不明显;单位时间产流、产沙量随降雨时间变化的转折点在产流后6～15min,单位时间产流量随降雨时间变化表现为前期快速增加,中期缓慢增加,后期平稳,其中40,60mm/h雨强单位时间产流量随坡度增加而减小,80mm/h雨强随坡度的增加而增加;单位时间产沙量随雨强、坡度的增大而增大;不同坡度累计产沙量及产流量随降雨时间变化呈幂函数或线性函数关系(R20.99);坡度及雨强与坡面产流、产沙总量分别呈多元线性和多元幂函数关系。     

地面覆盖条件下雨强和坡度对红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响

为揭示地面覆盖条件下第四纪红黏土坡面在不同雨强和坡度时的侵蚀变化规律,选取3个降雨强度(1.0,1.5,2.0 mm/min)和3个坡度(10°,15°,20°),通过人工模拟降雨试验,分析坡面产流、产沙、入渗特征,并以15°为例计算覆盖坡面的减流减沙效益。结果表明:(1)坡面产流时间随雨强和坡度增加而提前,覆盖对产流时间有明显的滞后作用,雨强的增加会削弱覆盖延缓产流的作用;坡面径流率呈现前期增长,后期趋于稳定的变化特征;(2)当坡度一定,雨强从1.0 mm/min增加至2.0 mm/min,累积侵蚀量增加1.89～2.96倍;雨强一定,坡度从10°增加至20°,累积侵蚀量增加1.91～3.45倍;(3)坡面初始入渗率和入渗总量随坡度的增加而减小,而雨强的增大会增加坡面初始入渗率,减少入渗总量;(4)15°条件下覆盖坡面的径流量和泥沙量较裸坡平均减少50.26%和95.31%,松针覆盖的水土保持效益显著,且减沙效应大于减流效应;(5)坡度对覆盖坡面累积产流量和累积产沙量的影响程度大于雨强,不同雨强、坡度下累积径流量与累积产沙量呈现幂函数关系(R~20.97)。研究结果可为南方红壤丘陵区林下水土流失治理与生态恢复提供参考。     

不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响

[目的]研究不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响,为认识红壤侵蚀过程和水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨强度、不同坡度对华南红壤坡面降雨产流过程和侵蚀产沙过程的影响。[结果](1)相同坡度条件下,坡面径流量、侵蚀产沙量均随着雨强的增大而线性增大;相同雨强下,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,而产沙量随着坡度的变化比较复杂;(2)雨强和坡度共同影响着坡面产沙过程,当雨强小于等于180mm/h时,产沙量随坡度的增加而增大,在240mm/h出时呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在15°附近出现临界坡度。在降雨初期,径流率表现为波动增加过程,15min后趋于平稳,一直持续到降雨结束,其中雨强为240,180mm/h时波动较为剧烈,而产沙率呈现急剧而短暂的上升后迅速下降,在大雨强、陡斜坡条件下此现象尤为明显;(3)坡面径流平均流速与单宽流量、坡度比存在显著的幂函数关系,流速与径流量、侵蚀产沙量有着类似的变化规律。[结论]红壤侵蚀过程中雨强为主要影响因素,坡面流速可作为表征红壤坡面侵蚀特征的重要因子。     

不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨条件下地面坡度对红壤坡面产流过程和侵蚀过程的影响,结果表明,红壤坡面起始产流时间随坡度的增加有所提前,但不明显,坡面起始产流时间的早晚主要受降雨强度控制;坡面径流量随雨强的增大而增大,随坡度的变化比较复杂,在雨强为50mm/h时,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,在雨强为75mm/h时,径流量随坡度的增加先增大后减小;不同降雨强度下各坡度的侵蚀产沙率都是在降雨初期急剧上升,随后以指数下降,形成一个向左倾斜的曲线。坡度对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响随雨强的增大而增强;红壤坡面土壤侵蚀量随雨强的增大明显增大,随坡度的增加,在50mm/h小雨强时呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,在坡度20°附近存在临界坡度;在75mm/h雨强下,侵蚀量随坡度增大而增大。     

模拟降雨条件下红壤坡面侵蚀产沙水动力学特征

[目的]对红壤坡面侵蚀过程中的产流、产沙以及坡面径流水动力学参数进行试验研究,为揭示红壤坡面侵蚀产沙机理提供科学依据。[方法]以我国南方侵蚀性红壤为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨法,通过不同坡度(6°,10°和15°),不同雨强(120,180和240 mm/h)条件下的模拟试验分析红壤坡面产流产沙过程及径流水动力学特征。[结果]在坡度一致时,坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量均随雨强的增大而增大,径流率表现为初期的波动增长,随降雨进行逐渐达到稳定状态,且径流率随坡度增大而增大;坡面产沙过程受坡度和雨强的双重影响;侵蚀产沙率呈降雨初期急剧上升,随后迅速下降并趋于平稳的趋势。试验坡面的径流水动力学特征表明,阻力系数f与雷诺数R_e无明显的相关关系,但与弗洛德数F_r存在显著的指数关系。[结论]径流水动力学参数与侵蚀产沙量之间存在明显相关关系,相比较而言,径流雷诺数R_e与坡面侵蚀产沙量间的关系最密切。     

模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程

通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析雨强和坡度对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,揭示南方红壤低山丘陵区第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀机理。根据研究区地形和降雨特点,设计坡度10°,15°,20°,雨强1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min,研究两者对坡面侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:(1)坡面初始产流时间随着坡度和雨强的增大而逐渐减小;同一雨强下,径流系数大小为20°15°10°。(2)不同试验处理条件下,坡度由10°增加到20°,坡面累积产沙量增加0.46~1.98倍;降雨强度由1.0mm/min增加到2.0mm/min,坡面累积产沙量增加1.37~3.85倍。(3)1.0,1.5mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙以0.25mm水稳性团聚体占优,2.0mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙0.25mm水稳性团聚体为主。(4)坡度与雨强对坡面径流系数、侵蚀率和累积产沙量影响极显著(P0.01),坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量构成幂函数模型。研究结果为揭示坡度与雨强对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的作用机理提供参考。     

地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响研究

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了地面坡度对红壤坡面产流过程和侵蚀过程的影响,结果表明:坡面总径流量随坡度的增大呈减小趋势,其中25°坡面比5°坡面的径流量减小22.3%;随坡度的增加,坡面产流达到稳定的历时减少.径流含沙量和坡面侵蚀产沙量随坡度的变化在5°～20°呈增大趋势,而当坡度由20°增加到25°时,径流含沙量和侵蚀产沙量随坡度的增加呈减少的趋势,即在红壤坡面,坡度对侵蚀产沙量影响存在着临界坡度,其值变化于20°～25°之间.     

鲁中山区小流域坡面土壤侵蚀产流、产沙及侵蚀方式变化过程的研究

采用模拟降雨的方法对鲁中山区坡面土壤降雨条件下产流、产沙和侵蚀方式的演变过程进行了研究,结果表明:产流量都是随时间递增最终达到稳定产流,但是各次降雨达到稳定产流的时间均随降雨强度和坡度的增大而递减。相同坡度条件下120mmh-1雨强产流较60mmh-1雨强先到稳态,而相同雨强条件下10°坡面则较5°坡面先达到稳态。产沙量呈递增趋势且逐渐达到稳定产沙,达到稳定产沙的时间随雨强和坡度的增大而递减。相同坡度条件下120mmh-1雨强处理较60mmh-1雨强处理先达到稳态,相同雨强条件下10°坡面比5°坡面产沙过程先达到稳定产沙状态;在降雨过程中坡面首先产生面蚀,后出现细沟侵蚀;面蚀率随降雨历时延长有减小趋势,但变幅较小,细沟侵蚀率随降雨时间先急剧增加后保持稳定。     

野外模拟降雨条件下径流小区产流产沙试验研究

降雨引起的侵蚀产沙,是全球性的严重环境问题之一,在我国黄土区表现尤为突出。降雨及其产生的径流是引起黄土高原土壤侵蚀的主要动力,开展黄土区降雨产流产沙过程研究可为土壤侵蚀过程模型研发奠定基础,为水土保持与生态建设提供科学依据。利用野外模拟降雨试验研究了不同坡度、土地利用类型和雨强下径流、侵蚀产沙规律及相关关系。结果表明:在降雨过程中,产流时间随坡度、雨强的增大而变短,裸耕地产流时间短于自然草地。径流量随产流历时增加而增大,且坡度、雨强越大其值越大。产流过程中侵蚀产沙量呈先陡增、再陡减、最后趋于稳定的现象;坡度、雨强越大产沙量的峰值越大,峰值出现时间也相应提前。自然草地侵蚀产沙量极少,草地起着重要的固沙作用。建立径流与产沙回归关系,产沙量与径流量呈二次多项式函数关系,揭示了降雨过程中产流产沙变化规律。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.