鄂西贫困县耕地利用转型空间分异及其影响因素

耕地利用转型对推动乡村转型发展,促进乡村社会经济水平的提高具有重要意义。为准确分析鄂西贫困县耕地利用转型的空间分异特征及其影响因素,该文从空间形态和功能形态2方面测度了耕地利用转型状况,利用空间自相关模型分析了耕地利用转型的空间分异特征,并利用径向基神经网络模型从人口、经济和产业结构3方面分析了耕地利用转型空间分异的影响因素效用。结果表明:从全局空间自相关来看,鄂西16贫困县2002-2013年耕地空间转型具有显著正相关效应,其中在2002-2005年正相关效应最强;而耕地功能形态转型呈现出逐渐减弱的空间正相关效应。从局部空间自相关来看,鄂西16贫困县耕地空间形态转型的低-低区分布主要在鄂西北地区,高-高区和低-高区主要分布在鄂西南地区;耕地功能转型的局部空间自相关性较低,空间异质性不明显,仅来凤县处于高-高区。在影响因素效用方面,人均固定资产投资和城市化率对耕地空间形态转型的影响效用最大,人口密度和第一产业占比影响效用最低;人口密度和人均固定资产投资对耕地功能形态转型的影响效用最大,城市化率、人均GDP、第一产业占比等影响因素效用较低。在影响因素的调控过程中,因素的影响效用与耕地利用转型调控程度呈正相关,因素的影响效用越高,对耕地利用转型调控力度越大。     

基于静态与动态空间面板模型分析城镇化对雾霾的影响

该研究以中国30省区为研究对象,首先考察了雾霾污染的空间效应。全局Moran’s I指数为0.3875,中国雾霾污染存在着空间集聚。Moran’s I指数散点图显示中国雾霾污染存在着正的空间自相关,绝大部分省区位于高-高集聚和低-低集聚。然后,基于雾霾污染的空间效应,建立静态与动态空间面板计量经济学模型,实证考察了城镇化、能源强度、交通压力等对雾霾污染的影响。城镇化与雾霾污染之间存在环境库兹涅茨曲线;交通压力每上升一个百分点,将使雾霾污染上升0.2075个百分点。从效应的分解来看,该地区以及全局城镇化与雾霾污染之间存在环境库兹涅茨曲线。人均GDP的间接效应、总效应显著为负,该地区人均收入的上升可以使相邻地区的雾霾污染下降,并且会减少全局雾霾污染。能源强度下降会减轻本地区雾霾污染程度,但会导致相邻地区雾霾污染上升。能源消费结构直接效应为正,间接效应与总效应显著为正,煤炭消费比例的下降不但会减少本地区雾霾污染,也会显著抑制相邻地区的雾霾污染,进而减少全局雾霾污染。交通压力的直接效应显著为正,但间接效应显著为负,交通压力的上升会明显加重本地区雾霾污染程度,然而相邻地区交通压力上升会抑制本地区雾霾污染。动态空间杜宾面板计量模型中被解释变量滞后一期系数高达0.6114,且通过了1%水平下的显著性检验,中国雾霾污染存在时空依赖。动态空间面板计量模型比静态更为合适,估计结果更为准确,遗漏因素对雾霾污染的影响也很重要。     

1980—2020年福建省耕地非农化的时空演变特征

[目的] 以县域为单位对1980-2020年福建省耕地非农化时空演变特征进行系统研究,揭示福建省耕地非农化的空间分布、迁移规律和集聚特征,以期为福建省耕地资源保护与可持续利用提供依据。[方法] 基于福建省1980,1990,2000,2010,2020年5期土地利用数据,运用重心模型、空间自相关等方法分析福建省耕地非农化时空演变特征。[结果] ①福建省耕地资源主要呈带状分布于东南沿海,且耕地面积随时间推移逐年减少。②福建省耕地非农化空间分布地域差异性显著,耕地非农化程度不断加剧,由东南沿海地区逐步向全省范围扩散。耕地非农化高等级区域主要分布在东南沿海地区和西北地区,以耕地转为建设用地、林地和草地为主要类型。③福建省耕地非农化重心偏离于几何中心,其分布具有非均衡性。耕地非农化重心主要位于该省几何中心东南方向,沿先西南后东南再西北的路径转移。福建省东南部地区的耕地非农化程度仍高于西北部地区,耕地非农化空间格局的总体趋势由东南部地区向西北部地区迁移。④福建省耕地非农化呈空间正相关性,空间集聚程度加深。"高-高"集聚和"低-低"集聚的空间变化对福建省耕地非农化空间自相关关系的格局演变起主导作用,"高-高"集聚由东南部地区向西北部地区转移,"低-低"集聚数量减少。[结论] 福建省耕地非农化程度不断加深,空间聚集度加强及耕地非农化重心逐渐向西北地区移动。为确保粮食安全,兼顾经济发展,应采取合理措施保护耕地,实现耕地资源的可持续发展。     

海河流域作物水分敏感系数空间分布

作物水分敏感系数是指导有效灌溉和优化配水的关键参数,研究其空间分布格局对流域水资源优化配置具有重要作用。该文通过空间统计建模,利用探索性空间数据分析技术,分别基于Moran′I统计量、Moran散点图以及空间关联局域指标(local indicators of spatial association,LISA)对作物水分敏感系数(Ky)进行全局、局部空间自相关分析,探索Ky在流域内的空间分布格局。结果表明,Ky在流域空间上呈现出东部平原地区较大,西部及北部山地较小的趋势,其值在0.749～1.668变化。Ky总体上存在显著的空间正相关关系(Moran′I为0.6009～0.6077,且p<0.0001),而且呈现明显的空间集聚特征;高-高集聚区位于北京、天津等东部平原地区,低-低集聚区位于承德、秦皇岛和大同等北部和西部山地,高-高和低-低集聚类型区占据整个流域的80%,其中约有一半表现显著(p<0.05),而低-高和高-低集聚区仅有少数;Ky空间自相关程度随距离的增加而减弱,在距离为240～280km时自相关系数接近于0。总之,Ky形成以东部平原地区为"高敏感核心区",逐渐向西部及北部山地发散并降低的核心-边缘空间分布格局。研究结果可为该地区节水灌溉和水资源优化配置提供指导。     

2000—2020年中国城乡食物消费碳-水足迹及其驱动因素分析

随着经济发展与城镇化快速推进,中国居民膳食模式发生显著转变,并产生了严重的资源环境后果。为识别城乡居民食物消费碳-水足迹的关键驱动因素,缓解水资源消耗,助力双碳目标实现,该研究测算并对比分析了中国31（30）省市2000-2020年城乡居民人均食物消费碳-水足迹,通过对数平均迪式指数算法（logarithmic mean index method,LMDI）对碳-水足迹进行了驱动因素分解。结果显示：2000-2020年中国城镇人均食物消费碳足迹（水足迹）增加了29.63%（32.94%）,农村碳足迹（水足迹）增加了4.59%（7.91%）。从空间演变来看,城镇人均食物消费碳-水足迹较高的地区由沿海省份逐渐扩散至内陆,而农村呈南北高-中间低的分布格局。从驱动因素来看,经济水平是城乡居民食物消费碳-水足迹增加的主要动因,且消费水平表现为抑制作用;人口城镇化驱动城镇居民食物消费碳-水足迹增加,而在农村起到抑制作用。该研究从促进食物消费结构转型,多渠道拓宽食物来源等方面提出建议,旨在促进中国城乡居民食物可持续消费。     

山地村域耕地压力与农村贫困耦合协调性分析

探索耕地压力与农村贫困的内在关系，对于基于耕地资源视角下的农村贫困治理具有重要的意义。该研究在实地调研数据的基础上，以云南省镇沅县109个行政村为研究单元，运用加权求和法、耦合度模型等研究方法，对耕地压力与农村贫困的耦合关系进行研究。结果表明：1）镇沅县村域尺度耕地压力指数与农村贫困指数均较高，利用ArcGIS10.2平台对空间分布进行刻画，呈现"中部低、东西部高、南北部次高"的特点；2）耕地压力与农村贫困耦合水平较高，耦合度值C达到0.79，空间格局特征表现为：呈现区域整体高度耦合状态，耦合程度由中部地区向东西部逐渐降低，呈现"山脊"结构特征，即中部耦合程度高，两边耦合程度低。耦合水平空间关联格局显示，高-高集聚区主要分布于恩乐镇，低-低集聚区主要分布于振太镇；3）耦合协调度结果显示，镇沅县主要以勉强协调、轻度协调和中度协调3中类型为主，空间分布呈现出整体协调、局部失调的特征，空间关联格局呈现高-高集聚区集中于振太镇，低-低集聚区集中于恩乐镇的特点。4）耕地压力与农村贫困具有双向倒逼与胁迫关系，一方面耕地压力增大会加剧农村贫困程度，另一方面农村贫困又会提高耕地压力。     

长江经济带农业绿色增长的时空格局及影响因素研究

加快发展方式转变,促进农业绿色增长是缓解农业污染、提高农业效率的重要举措。长江经济带是我国重要的农业生产区域和产粮基地,为科学分析长江经济带农业绿色经济增长水平及其影响因素,本文采用能值方法定量研究了2003—2017年长江经济带农业绿色生产总值。在此基础上,利用空间计量经济模型分析其时空格局与影响因素。结果表明:1) 2003—2017年长江经济带农业绿色生产总值总体稳定上升,且增幅小于农业传统生产总值,农业绿色生产总值占农业传统生产总值的比重呈下降趋势。2)长江经济带农业绿色生产总值的区域差异明显,其空间格局仍未改变传统经济增长东部高、西部低的空间分布特征。3)长江经济带农业绿色增长在全局上具有显著的空间集聚特征,但这种集聚效应呈逐步减弱趋势。4)经济发展水平、科技创新能力、基础设施投资、劳动力素质和农业政策五大因素对本地区农业绿色增长产生正向影响;科技创新能力、基础设施投资对周边地区农业绿色增长产生积极作用。总体上看,长江经济带农业绿色生产总值稳定上升,且呈现"东部高、西部低"的空间分布特征;经济发展水平、科技创新能力等5大因素综合驱动该时期农业绿色增长的时空变化。     

中国土地集约利用与区域生态效率耦合协调度时空格局

土地集约利用与区域生态效率的耦合协调发展对城市可持续发展和生态文明建设意义重大。该文采用熵权法和非期望产出的超效率SBM模型分别评价了2004—2016年中国284个地级市土地集约利用程度和区域生态效率;在此基础上,分别运用耦合协调度模型和空间自相关分析方法研究了两者耦合协调度及空间关联格局的时空演变特征。研究结果表明:当前中国城市土地集约利用与区域生态效率协调性整体处于轻度失调阶段,但耦合协调度随时间呈逐步增强态势。协调度空间分布整体呈现“东部和中部高,西部低”的格局,且随时间推移发生较小改变。全局空间自相关结果表明:耦合协调度存在显著空间正相关性,且随时间推移关联程度先增强后减弱。局部空间自相关结果显示:正相关类型高高集聚(HH)与负相关类型低高集聚(LH)主要分布在东部地区,而正相关类型低低集聚(LL)和负相关类型高低集聚(HL)主要分布在西部地区,其中,HH、LH和LL型主要以“组团”形式出现,聚集性强,HL型则散乱分布。随时间推移,除HL型外,其余类型空间分布的整体格局较为稳定。应制定科学的环境经济和环境技术政策,加强对城市的差异化监控与管理,合理进行分区管控并推进市域之间的技术与创新合作等来增强土地集约利用与区域生态效率的协调性,促进城市可持续发展。     

宁夏回族自治区生态系统服务价值时空演变及其驱动力

为了研究干旱半干旱地区土地利用变化及其ESV时空演变特征与驱动机制,基于2009-2017年研究区土地利用变更数据,采用土地利用动态度、ESV评估模型、SPSS以及空间自相关模型,定量分析了研究区ESV时空演化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)草地和耕地是研究区主要的土地利用类型,研究期间城镇村及工矿用地、交通运输用地面积动态度变化较大,其余各土地利用类型动态度变化度较小;(2)ESV总价值逐年下降,由2009年的902.58亿元下降至2017年的890.6亿元,空间上呈现出中部高、南北低的分布格局,各单项服务价值均呈下降的变化趋势,而林地和水域面积的减少,是导致调节服务和支持服务减少的主要原因;(3)ESV时空差异主要驱动因素为人口密度、城市化率以及人均GDP和境内外旅游收入;(4)空间相关性结果表明,ESV变化率与城镇化率、人均GDP以及人口密度呈负相关关系,且高-高和低-高集聚主要集中在南部地区,而高-低集聚主要集中在北部地区。生态用地面积的减少是ESV下降的主要原因,因此,增加和维护生态用地,控制城镇用地扩张是提升研究区ESV的关键。     

黄河流域下游城市群生境质量时空演变及其驱动因素

[目的] 对黄河流域下游城市群生境质量及其影响因素开展研究,为该地区生态环境保护和高质量发展提供参考。[方法] 基于2005—2020年土地利用数据并使用InVEST模型分析区域生境质量的演变特征,通过空间分析探索生境质量的集聚效应,采用地理探测器探索生境质量的影响因素。[结果] ①2005—2020年,黄河流域下游城市群生境质量水平整体较低,平均生境质量指数为0.402 2,呈先下降后上升的趋势。②空间自相关分析显示,生境质量在空间上高度相关且呈现出两极集聚特征,生境质量在中原城市群西部、北部及山东半岛城市群中部高—高集聚;在郑州市、青岛市等在城市群中经济发展突出的城市低—低集聚。③地理探测器探测结果显示,土地利用是影响黄河流域下游城市群生境质量的主要因子,不同因子间交互作用强于单个因子对生境质量的影响。[结论] 黄河流域下游城市群生境质量高值区要继续加强对生态环境保护的力度,生境质量低值区要严格控制土地开发强度,杜绝建设用地无序扩张,提高土地的利用效率。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.