坡面土壤侵蚀空间分异特征的磁性示踪法和侵蚀针法对比研究

利用磁性示踪法和侵蚀针法相结合的方法,在自然降雨条件下对比研究了不同坡度坡面土壤侵蚀的空间分异特征。结果表明:磁性示踪法和侵蚀针法均能够有效的指示出在降雨过程中坡面土壤发生剥蚀和沉积的空间分布规律。两种方法的试验结果一致表明,在距坡顶0-200cm的范围内为净侵蚀区,坡面坡度越大受到的侵蚀越严重。坡面中下部(距坡顶200-500cm)侵蚀沉积分布受坡度影响较大,随着坡度的增大,坡面中下部的沉积分布下移,并且净沉积量减少,净剥蚀量增加。5°坡面中下部以泥沙的沉积为主,且在中部沉积量达到最大值;10°和15°坡面的中部和坡脚处以侵蚀为主,沉积主要发生在距坡顶300-400cm的范围内。     

土壤侵蚀示踪方法研究综述

土壤侵蚀已成为极为严峻的环境问题之一,由于降雨、坡面层流引起的土壤侵蚀被认为是涉及到坡面土壤的分散、沉积和转移同时发生的过程。分别介绍了放射性核素¹³⁷Cs示踪,稳定性稀土元素示踪,磁性示踪剂在土壤侵蚀、沉积、分布和泥沙来源研究领域中的进展情况。旨在借鉴国内外研究方法上的经验。对于准确评价侵蚀泥沙在坡面空间、时间尺度上的分布、转运、沉积,了解土壤侵蚀过程和评价基于坡面、流域的土壤侵蚀模型有重要的指导意义。     

鲁中山区小流域坡面土壤侵蚀的磁性示踪法研究

在木质径流小区布设人工磁性示踪剂,利用模拟降雨和自然降雨研究了连续降雨条件下的鲁中山区小流域坡面侵蚀形态的演变以及径流小区侵蚀泥沙量与坡面磁化率变化值的相关性。结果表明,坡面侵蚀方式以溅蚀、面蚀和细沟侵蚀为主。坡面顶部以溅蚀为主,为净侵蚀区;细沟侵蚀在坡面中下部最先发育,试验结束时细沟侵蚀部位已上溯至坡面中上部;坡脚处为侵蚀、沉积的交汇处。坡面的侵蚀程度以细沟发生部位最严重,坡面顶部其次,坡脚处最轻。在模拟降雨和自然降雨条件下,侵蚀泥沙量与坡面磁化率降幅完全吻合,呈极显著性相关,R2分别为0.851 4和0.832 0。因此,磁性示踪法可以准确的监测坡面的侵蚀沉积状况。     

黄土高原坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙来源模拟试验

为了进一步明确黄土高原坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙主要来源及其动态变化过程,该文利用室内概化坡沟系统模型,结合稀土元素（REE）示踪技术,采用放水冲刷试验,对黄土高原的坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙来源问题进行了研究。结果表明,在该试验的坡沟系统中,侵蚀泥沙主要来自坡沟系统的坡面,距离坡面顶端2 m的侵蚀产沙量占到坡面总侵蚀量的57%～74%,沟坡部分的侵蚀产沙量较少;坡面部分的4种示踪元素侵蚀带,在流量为6、8、10和14 L/min时,各个侵蚀带的侵蚀量大小依次为La元素示踪带＞Ce元素示踪带＞Tb元素示踪带＞Sm元素示踪带,但在流量为12 L/min时,侵蚀量大小依次为La元素示踪带＞Ce元素示踪带＞Sm元素示踪带＞Tb元素示踪带;坡面侵蚀产沙泥沙百分比随着冲刷历时的增长,总体上呈现出波动式的递增趋势,25 min以后又开始减小,沟坡侵蚀产沙量的变化趋势与坡面相反。研究为黄土高原小流域坡沟的治理提供了科学依据。     

土壤侵蚀研究中核示踪技术的应用

核示踪技术是研究土壤侵蚀的一种新技术。本文简述了土壤侵蚀研究中核示踪技术的应用现状,并介绍了一种新方法———稳定性稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）示踪法。该方法可定量测定坡面不同地形部位的相对侵蚀量,揭示侵蚀过程中相对侵蚀量沿坡面的变化趋势,还可反映野外全坡长小区土壤侵蚀的分布模式。应用结果表明,稀土元素在土壤侵蚀时空分布、泥沙运移、沉积过程以及小流域泥沙来源等研究领域均有广阔的应用前景。     

7Be示踪坡耕地次降雨细沟与细沟间侵蚀

对于坡面细沟与细沟间侵蚀过程的了解是建立侵蚀预报模型的基础,但传统方法难以对其进行深入研究。利用7Be示踪技术并结合人工模拟降雨,考虑坡脚沉积作用,研究了25°坡耕地径流小区次降雨过程中细沟与细沟间侵蚀动态。结果表明：根据流出径流小区泥沙7Be含量变化计算坡面明显细沟出现时间,由于坡脚沉积作用使得A、B两试验小区这一时间比实际细沟出现分别延迟了45 min和11 min;根据坡面-侵蚀泥沙中7Be总量守恒和泥沙质量平衡原理,坡面细沟间侵蚀及细沟侵蚀在坡面总侵蚀、坡脚沉积区泥沙及流出径流小区泥沙中的比例被定量区分开;总体上,细沟间侵蚀量在径流泥沙中的比例逐渐减少,而细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加。两试验小区中7Be示踪计算坡面细沟侵蚀量和坡脚沉积量与实测值相比相对误差均较小,因此7Be示踪技术可以对土壤侵蚀进行较为准确地定量研究。     

稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀产沙垂直分布研究中的应用

简要分析了核示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用现状，并以稀土元素(REE)示踪法为例，结合不同坡度、不同流量的室内放水冲刷模拟试验对坡面侵蚀产沙垂直分布特征进行了研究，研究结果表明：在坡度较小的情况下，坡面各不同部位的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势；在坡度较大而流量较小的情况下，坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似，当流量较大时，坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量呈现出随坡长的增大而减小的趋势。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而呈现出下降趋势，而其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。试验结果还表明REE示踪法可以比较满意地说明坡面侵蚀过程中的泥沙来源情况，是一种研究坡面侵蚀产沙特征的有效方法。     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀与稀土元素示踪研究

提出了一种研究土壤侵蚀的新方法－－稀土元素示踪法。该法通过多种稀土元素示踪，可以观测任一所给定坡段次暴雨的侵蚀量的沉积量，因而在土壤侵蚀垂直分布定量分析，特殊地形部位的土壤侵蚀及小流域泥沙来源等研究领域有广阔应用前景。     

近十年来核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

随着核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的深入,土壤侵蚀研究进入了一个快速发展阶段。本文阐述了近十年来137Cs2、10Pbex7、Be、复合示踪及REE-INAA示踪等几种主要核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙沉积速率、泥沙来源和坡面侵蚀过程等研究中的应用新进展,并对今后的研究方向和发展趋势进行了分析。     

坡面覆沙后侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特性

侵蚀泥沙颗粒大小的分布在一定程度上影响着侵蚀泥沙的搬运和沉积,了解侵蚀泥沙的分选作用将有助于解释泥沙的侵蚀和沉积过程。该文以覆沙坡面为研究对象,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,选取坡度12°、雨强1.5 mm/min的黄土坡面上分别覆盖0.5、1.0、1.5 cm的沙层进行试验。结果表明:坡面覆沙后,坡面粗颗粒物质大部分在产流开始0~10 min内便被冲刷带走;侵蚀泥沙颗粒主要以粉粒为主;坡面覆沙后,在细沟间侵蚀阶段,径流优先搬运大于0.054 mm的颗粒,在细沟侵蚀阶段和细沟侵蚀及细沟间侵蚀的组合阶段,径流搬运的泥沙颗粒以小于0.054 mm的颗粒为主;同时,在产流前期(0~10 min)侵蚀泥沙颗粒主要以大于0.054 mm的颗粒为主;而在产流后期(10 min以后)侵蚀泥沙则主要以小于0.054 mm的颗粒为主。坡面覆沙后,黏粒以团聚体的形式存在,粉粒以单粒的形式存在,而沙粒以细颗粒聚集体的形式存在。该文为进一步研究泥沙沉积后风蚀对水蚀的影响提供数据支撑。     

宁南黄土高原土壤137Cs分布与相关影响因子研究

利用137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域纵断面土壤137Cs分布及相关影响因子进行了初步研究。结果表明:流域纵断面137Cs面积活度随坡面海拔和水平距离的变化,表现为一种不规则的波动振荡趋势。随海拔降低,纵断面上、中部137Cs面积活度逐步下降,有明显的土壤侵蚀发生;坡面下部137Cs面积活度最高,泥沙沉积的再分布现象明显。流域内林草地剖面土壤137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地、梯田137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布,其分布模式与各土地类型土壤有机质的分布状态完全一致。相关分析表明,两者在P<0.01水平达到极显著相关(r2=0.336,n=417)。土壤137Cs的损失和土壤有机质的移动具有相同的物理路径和运移机制;农耕坡地土壤137Cs面积活度随坡度增加有逐步降低的趋势;土地利用方式、坡度、耕作活动是影响纵断面土壤137Cs空间异质性的主要因素。137Cs示踪方法是研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的一种有效工具。     

REE示踪条带施放法研究坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布规律

通过室内模拟和野外小区试验,采用中子活化分析手段,进行了运用ＲＥＥ 示踪条带施放法研究坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布的可行性分析。结果表明：示踪元素条带施放法研究土壤侵蚀,可定量分析黄土坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量,具有满意的试验精度,并揭示了产沙强度随坡长存在３ 种变化模式。     

基于热传递过程的薄层水流流速测量方法及装置

基于薄层水流中的热传递过程，提出测量水流流速的示踪方法，并设计对应的测量系统。在室内试验坡面上，设计不同试验工况(坡度为5°,10°,20°,流量为2,5,8 L/min),以盐示踪法为对照，研究热示踪测量薄层水流流速的可行性及其影响因素。结果表明，测量系统能准确地测得热示踪剂的运移过程；热与盐2种示踪剂测得流速范围为0.408～1.522 m/s,线性拟合斜率为1.006,R²为0.993,表明两者具有显著的线性关系，热示踪法具有较高的可靠性；由于物理属性差异，部分水力工况下示踪剂的释放方式对盐和热的测量结果影响显著，表明此时2种示踪剂测量流速的代表性不同；可采用盐与热联合示踪的方法，取二者测量结果的均值作为薄层水流的平均流速，以提高测量结果的代表性。研究结果可为复杂下垫面、盐渍化和禁用化学成分等特殊坡面上薄层水流流速的准确测量提供新方法和理论参考。薄层水流流速的准确测量对地表水文和土壤侵蚀领域的研究具有重要意义。     

用Cs-137示踪法研究浙江天台县典型坡面的土壤侵蚀规律

Cs-137示踪法具有简单、快速、准确的优点,已广泛应用于土壤侵蚀研究.本文在非耕地土壤侵蚀模型的基础上,在浙江省天台县典型区域内,得出Cs-137基准值为2382.02 Bq/m2,土壤Cs-137剖面分布函数为 Cs = 243.73e-0.113z,同时分析了非耕地典型坡面上不同部位的侵蚀与沉积规律.结果表明:土壤侵蚀主要发生在土壤表层20 cm以内的范围,坡地土壤净流失上部大于中下部,在距坡脚附近有土壤沉积现象.坡面不同部位的土壤侵蚀速率并不随着坡长的增加而简单地增大,而是随地表植被结构和覆盖度的不同而变化.     

香根草植物篱对三峡库区坡耕地侵蚀分布的影响

为探究植物篱对坡耕地侵蚀分布的影响,设置1个坡度(15°)、3个降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)和3种坡面条件(裸坡对照CK、植物篱P和仅有植物篱根系R),采用稀土元素氧化物将坡面分成5段(自上而下),开展室内人工模拟降雨试验。结果表明:随着降雨强度的增加,各坡面条件示踪坡段的侵蚀速率和侵蚀量均有所增加,整体上均表现为CK>R>P的趋势,植物篱可以显著降低坡面各部位的侵蚀速率及其侵蚀量,且使得侵蚀产沙主要集中在坡中部的Ce、La和Yb 3个示踪区。与CK坡面条件相比,R与P坡面条件下Sm和Ce示踪坡段对总侵蚀量的平均贡献率分别减少77.15%,90.38%和30.01%,28.35%,而Yb、La和Eu示踪坡段对总侵蚀量的平均贡献率分别增加54.34%,35.39%和12.39%,40.58%以及101.45%,91.31%。研究结果表明,植物篱造成坡面下部侵蚀贡献减小而中上部侵蚀贡献增加,坡面侵蚀部位整体上移,对坡地侵蚀的空间分布有显著影响。     

Impact of soil redistribution in a sloping landscape on carbon sequestration in Northeast China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in eroded soil can be redistributed from upper slope positions and deposited and sequestered in depressional areas. However, the SOC lost from soil erosion is normally not considered when soil carbon budgets are derived and this could result in an overestimation of SOC loss from the agricultural areas. The impact of soil redistribution on the SOC budget of a sloping landscape in the Black soil region in Northeast China was studied using the presence of the ¹³⁷Cs tracer which has been deposited since 1954 and the fly‐ash tracer, which was deposited in 1903. Five landscape positions (summit, shoulder‐, back‐, foot‐ and toe‐slope) were selected and included in this study. The depths of ¹³⁷Cs and fly ash and the SOC content of the deposition layers were used to calculate the change in C content of the soil in the various landscape positions over the last century. We found that the most severe soil erosion occurred in soils in the shoulder‐slope position followed by the back‐slope and the summit positions. Soil deposition occurred in the toe‐slope position followed by the foot‐slope position. A total of 683 kg C was eroded from the summit, shoulder‐ and back‐slopes (in a 1 m wide strip) over the past 100 years and 418 kg C (about 61·2 per cent) was deposited in the low‐lying areas (foot‐ and toe‐slopes). Over half (61·5 per cent) of the deposition (257 kg SOC) occurred over the past 50 years. Most of the previously reported loss of C from the upper slope positions in the Black soils was in fact sequestered in the deposition areas in the landscape. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rare earth element oxides for tracing sediment movement

The development of soil conservation plans and evaluation of spatially distributed erosion models require knowledge of rates of soil loss and sedimentation on different landscape elements and slope positions. Characterization of soil erosion rates and patterns within watersheds is important for the understanding of erosion processes and landscape evolution. Experimental data that show spatial translocation of soil on slopes are limited. A method for obtaining spatially distributed information on sediment movement employing rare earth element (REE) oxides is proposed. Five REE oxides in powder form were uniformly mixed with the soil on different parts of a 10% slope in a 4×4 m soil bed. Particle translocation was measured during eight simulated rainfalls at 60 mm h⁻¹ intensity. A laser scanner was utilized to obtain digital elevation models (DEMs) of the soil surface that were used as the reference data to compare with the tracer method. REE concentration in soil and runoff samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Erosion rates for different slope positions estimated from REE concentrations correlated with those calculated from the DEMs with relative differences for different slope sections of 4–40%. The enrichment ratio for this type of tracer was 1.7. The amount of sediment produced on different parts of the slope varied, with the greatest erosion occurring on the upper-middle part of the slope. The experiment showed that the multi-element tracer method provided a satisfactory way to study soil erosion distribution on a uniform slope.     

A Europium Tracer Method for Investigating Vertical Distribution of Loess Slopleland Soil Erosion

Abstract

Soil erosion is a worldwide problem. Although there are a lot of investigations dealing with the problem, quantifying erosion through erosion plots is costly and labor intensive. Furthermore, the models used so far for quantifying the erosion are not satisfied. The specific objectives of this study were to set up a new erosion measure method by quantifying short‐term erosion and sedimentation and to develop spatial erosion distribution models. Europium (Eu) was chosen as a tracer atom. Positioning of soil‐core Eu tracer (PSCET) was established. Thirty total cores were put at six slope sections. Six cores were taken with the soil sampler in 3‐month intervals. Multiple linear regressions and multiple linear stepwise regressions were applied to models relationships between erosion and its factors. The PSCET was used on an acacia field. The field had natural and complex landforms with a length of 48 m and a width of 13 m. Erosion modulus increased with gradient and ranged from 85.7 to ?9.8 t/hm² for different slope sections. Temporal distribution of erosion was consistent with rainfall. Three months of July, August, and September accounted for 61.4% of the annual rainfall (518 mm) and for 90.1% of the annual soil loss on the acacia field in 2001. The correlations of erosion modulus to rainfall agent of erosion, slope length, and slope degree index were positive and to plant cover, organic matter, and clay particle contents were negative. The PSCET makes it possible to study spatial erosion and deposition distributions and to establish forecasting models.