自动电位滴定法测定土壤有机质含量

采用丘林滴定法与自动电位滴定法测定土壤中有机质含量,并对自动电位滴定法做了精密度和加标回收率试验。同时进行了用自动电位滴定法与手工滴定法标定硫酸亚铁标准溶液试验。结果表明,两种方法标定硫酸亚铁标准溶液结果一致,并无显著差别;丘林滴定法和自动电位滴定法均能满足土壤中有机质含量的分析要求,测定结果无显著性差异。自动电位滴定法显示了很好的准确度和重现性,加标回收率在98.43%～101.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.693%～0.936%,可见自动电位滴定法是一种测定土壤有机质含量的好方法。     

自动电位滴定法测定肥料和土壤中氯离子含量

介绍了自动电位滴定法测定肥料和土壤中氯离子含量的方法，采用了简单的前处理步骤，与佛尔哈德法及莫尔法相比，具有快速、准确、精密度高的优点，且不受溶液颜色和浊度的干扰。     

甘薯不同氯离子测定方法的比较研究

采用加标回收率的方法,分析并比较了硝酸银滴定法、紫外分光光度法和自动电位滴定法测定甘薯(Ipomoea batatas L.)幼苗Cl-含量的结果,并初步探明不同甘薯品种地上部和根系C1-吸收和分布规律.结果表明:(1)硝酸银滴定法重复性差且难以判断滴定终点;紫外分光光度法测定Cl-回收率低(52.9％～81.4％),且受样品浸提液颜色影响;自动电位滴定法Cl-回收率为93.9％～105.5％,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.6％～ 6.0％,该方法操作简单、重复性好且精确度高,因此是测定甘薯氯含量的最佳方法;(2)利用自动电位滴定法测定不同甘薯品种Cl-积累和分布,结果显示:甘薯幼苗地上部Cl-含量为0.067～0.096 mmol g-1DW,根系Cl-含量为0.038～0.087 mmol g-1 DW,品种间甘薯幼苗地上部和根系Cl-含量皆存在显著差异.不同品种向地上部转运Cl-选择性比率均大于1.0,表明Cl-向地上部聚集,以菜用型福薯7-6比率最高,紫心型徐紫20-1和浙紫1号次之,淀粉型泉薯9号最低.     

硝酸汞滴定法测定复混肥料中氯离子的含量

采用GB/T 24890—2010中推荐的沸水提取样品前处理方法外,对比了超声提取的样品前处理方法,确定了硝酸汞滴定法测定复混肥料中氯离子含量的最佳试验条件,结果与硝酸银滴定法(摩尔法)的结果基本吻合,相比之下硝酸汞滴定法操作简单,终点稳定且容易判断,回收率为94. 5%～103. 3%,准确度高。此外,还首次采用艾斯卡-半熔法-硝酸汞滴定法测定了复混肥料中总氯,该方法和GB 18877—2009 《有机-无机复混肥料》中爱斯卡混合试剂(Na2CO3和MgO按1∶2研细混匀)-硝酸银滴定法测定氯含量的方法一致,特别适用于沸水提取和超声提取的提取液浑浊或带有深颜色的不易观察滴定终点的复混肥料和有机-无机复混肥料中氯的测定,具有可批量熔样、干扰少、结果准确的特点。     

电位滴定法测定土壤有机质

本文提出用电位滴定法测定土壤有机质。应用自动电位滴定装置,预置终点电位,可自动地滴定成批量的土样待测液。省时、省力、又方便,测定再现性好,准确度也不低于常用的И.В.丘林容量法。     

应用微分电位滴定仪测定盐渍土中氯离子的初步研究

在盐渍化土壤中,阴离子氯具有高度的迁移性,土壤水盐运动的状况常借氯离子动态变化来指示,此外,氯离子对植物的危害,也比其他阴离子显著.因此,氯离子的测定,不论在理论研究上或在生产实践中都有一定的意义.盐渍土中含氯量的测定,一般用容量滴定法(莫尔法),但因其终点显示是用目测指示剂的颜色变化来决定,待测标本如果混浊或有色,就会给测定带来一定困难.     

用自动热滴定法测定土壤中的硫酸盐

在测定土壤中的硫酸盐的各种方法中,重量法较为费时,使用指示剂的滴定法因难于找到合适的指示剂,不易看出滴定终点。有人用铅离子选择性电极做指示电极,用过氯酸铅进行电位滴定,可以得到较为满意的结果^[2],但因为硫酸铅的溶解度较大,必须加入大量的有机溶剂,这时如果溶液中的钙或氯离子过多,可以引起测定误差或使曲线的转折点不明显。近年来随着热敏电阻的发展,有人^[1,3]用热滴定法测定溶液中的硫酸盐。本文是将热滴定法应用于土壤中硫酸盐测定的初步结果。     

用氯离子选择电极测定土壤中的含氯量

土壤中含氯量的测定,长期以来采用硝酸汞或硝酸银的比色滴定法,由于土壤提取液比较浑浊或指示剂变色不灵敏,因而妨碍了滴定精度的提高,近年来氯离子选择电极的应用,得到了广泛的重视^[1,2],对于有色溶液与混浊液的测定,特别方便。     

典型热带土壤时间序列的电荷零点变化特征及其土壤发生意义

本研究选取海南岛北部玄武岩上不同发育时间的土壤进行研究,通过电位滴定法测定土壤的电荷零点,并结合XRD衍射测定土壤中的黏土矿物,探讨热带地区电荷零点随土壤发育程度的变化及其指示意义。结果表明:热带地区土壤电荷零点随土壤发育时间延长而升高,土壤中黏土矿物含量的变化和金属氧化物的增加是导致这一现象的主要原因,另外黏土矿物的种类和结晶程度也会影响到电荷零点的大小。电位滴定曲线的数据表明,随着土壤发育程度的加深,土壤永久负电荷减少,土壤的缓冲性能和保肥能力下降。对比其他指示土壤发育程度的指标,电荷零点大小能更好地表征热带地区土壤发育时间的长短,评估土壤发育程度强弱。     

一种改进的盐滴定法测定氧化锰矿物的电荷零点

以针铁矿为对照，采用电位滴定法（PT）、快速电位滴定法（RPT）、盐滴定法（ST）和改进的盐滴定法（IST）研究了几种氧化锰矿物的电荷零点（PZC）。结果表明：PT法测得酸性水钠锰矿、锰钾矿和钙锰矿的PZC分别为1．18、1．98和3．98，RPT法的结果分别为1．75、2．10和3．50。而ST法测得氧化锰矿物的△pH与横轴没有交点，但延长加入0．5ml 2mol L^-1 KCI溶液后的平衡时间至24h，获得上述样品的PZC分别为0．98、1．72和3．31。经典ST法通过改进，可以测定氧化锰矿物的PZC，其方法简单，结果与PT、RPT法有可比性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.