镉胁迫下施硒对冬小麦幼苗镉吸收、抗氧化能力及植株超微结构的影响

【目的】硒(Se)在提高植物抗逆性方面起着重要作用。硒减轻植物重金属Cd毒害的直接和间接机制需要进一步研究。【方法】供试作物为小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)。水培试验设置5个处理：Hoagland基础营养液(CK),营养液中只添加Cd 5μmol/L (Cd5Se0),添加Cd 5μmol/L和Se 5μmol/L (Cd5Se5),只添加Cd 20μmol/L(Cd20Se0),同时添加Cd 20μmol/L和Se 5μmol/L (Cd20Se5)。通过测定小麦镉含量和抗氧化系统相关指标,研究硒对小麦镉吸收时间动力学的影响以及小麦抗氧化体系中的调控机制;并观察了叶片和根系细胞的超微结构。【结果】镉胁迫下,施硒使小麦地上部的镉含量降低了18.20%～38.16%,镉积累量显著降低了40.79%～43.05%(P<0.05)。小麦根系在0～24 h内对镉的吸收特征符合一元二次方程,24 h内,在Cd5和Cd20条件下,施硒后小麦对镉的吸收量分别降低了48.96%和11.47%。相较于CK,在Cd20条件下,根和叶片中超氧阴离子■的产生速率以及过氧化氢(H     

浸没式膜生物反应器协同活性炭处理海产养殖废水效果

该文结合海产养殖废水的盐度效应特点,开展了浸没式膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)协同粉末活性炭(powder activated carbon,PAC)处理含盐废水的试验。考察了投加PAC对于MBR污染物去除性能及膜污染的影响;盐度变化过程中(0~35 g/L)MBR对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(nitrite nitrogen,NO_2-N)处理效果;以及含盐废水长期作用下微生物性能、膜通量、絮体粒径的变化情况。重点分析0~5 g/L的盐度变化,本体溶液中的溶解性有机物(soluble microbile products,SMP)和污泥絮体中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)组成及含量的变化情况。结果表明:MBR-PAC对COD的去除效率比MBR高7.3%,对NH_4~+-N、NO_2-N去除的稳定性优于MBR;两工艺条件下膜通量随盐度变化呈现类似的趋势,即敏感期衰减,稳定期得到一定程度的恢复。养殖废水长期作用下,MBR-PAC膜通量是MBR的1.5倍,MBR-PAC的污泥粒径相对于MBR增加了52μm。盐度变化过程中,PAC由于其吸附性能及絮凝能力,能吸附本体溶液中的溶解性微生物代谢产物,相对于MBR,蛋白质的含量减少了34.0%。MBR-PAC适用于海产养殖废水的处理。     

两种基因型龙葵对镉胁迫的生理响应及镉吸收差异

采用盆栽试验,通过研究不同浓度镉（0、5、25、50、100μg·g-1）胁迫下红果龙葵和少花龙葵幼苗根、茎和叶的生物量变化、镉吸收量、镉转移率、镉富集系数和叶片抗氧化酶（SOD、POD）活性、叶片可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量等指标的变化,比较2种基因型龙葵富集镉的差异。结果表明,2种基因型龙葵富集重金属镉存在明显差异。与对照相比,在Cd胁迫浓度≥25μg·g-1时,2种龙葵的生物量显著下降（P〈0.05）,而少花龙葵的下降趋势较红果龙葵小;随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,2种龙葵根、茎和叶的Cd吸收量显著上升（P〈0.05）,且根部Cd含量高于茎和叶,而少花龙葵的根、茎和叶中的Cd含量均高于红果龙葵,2种龙葵的镉转移率和富集系数除5μg·g-1Cd胁迫外,均小于1,且少花龙葵对镉转移率和镉富集系数均大于红果龙葵。2种龙葵叶片可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶（SOD、POD）活性均表现为先上升后下降,均表现为少花龙葵上升幅度大而下降幅度较小。综合各项指标表明,2种龙葵均不是Cd的超积累植物,少花龙葵的耐Cd胁迫能力较红果龙葵强。     

淋洗过程预分离细颗粒悬液重金属去除的研究

研究了4种絮凝剂对在土壤淋洗过程中预分离出来的细颗粒悬液中的Cd、Pb、Zn的去除效果以筛选最佳絮凝剂及其用量。结果表明,随着硫酸铝添加量的增加,悬液中Cd、Pb、Zn浓度呈先逐渐降低后上升的趋势;3种元素浓度均随着聚合氯化铝(PAC)和CaO添加量的增加而迅速降低;随着硫酸亚铁添加量的增加,悬液中Pb、Zn浓度逐渐降低,而Cd浓度先迅速降低后逐渐回升。综合悬液中Cd、Pb、Zn的去除效果,选择硫酸铝、PAC、硫酸亚铁和CaO的最佳添加量分别为:0.25、0.04、1.0、0.3 g/L,此时3种元素浓度均达到农田灌溉水质标准。在最佳添加量下按每万吨悬液处理量换算,4种絮凝剂絮凝成本依次为:硫酸亚铁(4500元)>硫酸铝(1900元)>PAC(1000元)>CaO(900元)。因此,选择CaO作为最佳絮凝剂,相应最佳絮凝pH范围为10～11。     

葛根素对小白菜镉损伤的保护作用研究

为探究葛根素(PUE)对小白菜镉(Cd)损伤的保护效果,采取外源添加不同葛根素处理,将小白菜植株随机分为7组,即对照组(CK)、PUE30组(葛根素30μmol·L^-1)、Cd4组(镉4 mg·L^-1)、Cd与PUE共处理组(4+15、4+30、4+45、4+60)。处理30 d后,观察小白菜植株生长状况、测定Cd富集量及抗胁迫生理活性物质,包括叶绿素、抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、CAT、POD)活性及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)Vc、可溶性蛋白含量,并用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测抗氧化酶基因(SOD、POD、APX及CAT)表达量。结果表明,与CK组相比,Cd4组小白菜根中Cd含量、H₂O₂和MDA含量显著升高,而地下部鲜重、地上部鲜重、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和APX)活性和叶绿素含量整体显著降低(P<0.05)。与Cd4组相比,Cd+PUE共处理组小白菜氧化损伤程度减轻,H₂O₂     

亚热带农业小流域水系N2O扩散通量及其影响因素

为研究亚热带丘陵地区农业小流域水系溶存N2O的扩散传输特性,利用双层扩散模型法,研究了一年周期内(2014年4月-2015年4月)脱甲河小流域4级河段N2O浓度和扩散通量的时空变化规律及其与环境变量的相关关系。结果显示:1)脱甲河水体氨态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)的年变化范围分别是0.004~8.32(均值1.29±1.49)mg/L、0.01~3.05(均值1.43±0.63)mg/L、0.92~6.72(均值2.99±1.25)mg/L和50.36~248.43(均值138.37±47.56)μS/cm,相应的河流N2O浓度和扩散通量的年变化范围分别是0.006~1.38(均值0.15±0.26)μmol/L和-0.88~337.94(均值32.50±56.41)μg/(m2·h);2)除在冬季河流源头区域观测到个别的负通量外,N2O扩散通量在一年时间内几乎持续处于正值,呈现明显的季节变化特征。其季节变化规律为:冬高(70.93±90.89)μg/(m2·h),夏低(12.04±9.02)μg/(m2·h);空间上呈随河流污染负荷梯度的增加通量逐步增加的模式;3)影响脱甲河水体溶存N2O浓度的显著性因子有EC(r=0.45,P0.05)、NH4+-N(r=0.44,P0.05)、NO3--N(r=0.52,P0.05)和DOC(r=0.49,P0.05);水体N2O扩散通量与NH4+-N(r=0.50,p0.05)、NO3--N(r=0.58,P0.05)、DOC(r=0.46,P0.05)和EC(r=0.50,P0.05)呈显著正相关,与水体温度T(r=-0.24,P0.05)呈显著负相关。研究表明,脱甲小流域内,农业面源污染、畜禽养殖以及居民生活废水和污水的排入造成的河流水体污染负荷增大是导致脱甲河水体溶存N2O扩散通量急剧增加的主要原因。该研究可为研究亚热带丘陵地区水系或类似河流N2O扩散特征及影响因素响应机制提供参考。     

施氮对镉胁迫下杂交相思树生长及镉吸收分配的影响

【目的】研究不同水平氮的供应对木本固氮植物杂交相思树适应镉环境胁迫及其生物修复能力的影响,可为有目的地进行相思树栽培提供施肥依据。【方法】以杂交相思树 (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) 为试材进行了盆栽试验。Cd2+ 设3个水平(0、30、60 mg/kg),在Cd2+ 30 mg/kg的基础上设施尿素2个水平(0.4、0.8 g/kg) ,共5个处理。研究了杂交相思幼苗的干物质、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、镉(Cd)的积累和分配规律。【结果】Cd2+ 胁迫显著抑制了杂交相思幼苗根、茎、叶和总干物质的积累,限制了N、P、K等元素的吸收和积累;杂交相思Cd转移系数为0.044～0.224,根Cd含量明显高于茎和叶,并且根部Cd累积能力要大于地上部;但Cd2+ 60 mg/kg胁迫下,杂交相思通过向地上部分转移Cd以更好地适应强胁迫环境。Cd2+ 30 mg/kg胁迫下,高氮 (0.8 g/kg) 较低氮 (0.4 g/kg) 更显著地促进了茎、叶和植株总的P、K积累,而低氮更有效地增加了根的N、P、K积累量;高氮较低氮更显著地提高了茎、叶干重以及干物质在茎叶中的分配比例,低氮则提高了根干重以及干物质在根中的分配比例和根冠比;Cd2+ 胁迫下施氮显著促进了杂交相思对Cd的吸收和积累,提高了Cd转移系数;低氮更显著地促进了根、叶和总Cd的积累,高氮更显著地促进了茎Cd的积累及Cd在茎、叶中的分配比例。【结论】Cd2+ 胁迫下杂交相思通过改变干物质及N、P、K、Cd积累和分配规律以及提高N、P和K利用率的方式,保证根系生长,以更好地适应胁迫环境。低Cd2+ 胁迫下 (30 mg/kg),施氮可缓解杂交相思由镉胁迫所引起的对N、K吸收的抑制,促进杂交相思各器官干物质以及N、P、K、Cd的积累。低施氮量 (尿素 0.4 g/kg) 促进相思树生长的效果更佳,高施氮量 (尿素 0.8 g/kg) 促进Cd向地上部的运转,提高其对Cd生物修复能力。     

苏南某区污染耕地农产品镉汞状况调查及健康风险评价

于2019年和2020年在苏南某区污染耕地采集了302份水稻和97份蔬菜样本,评估了农作物可食部分镉(Cd)和汞(Hg)的健康风险.结果表明:水稻籽粒中Cd和Hg含量均高于蔬菜,水稻籽粒和蔬菜Cd含量分别为59.5和50.7μg/kg,超标率为4.6％ 和4.1％;水稻和蔬菜Hg含量分别为4.7和0.7μg/kg,其中...     

硒对镉胁迫下植物壶瓶碎米荠镉含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置单独Cd处理与Cd+Se复合处理(土壤镉浓度为0~200 mg kg~(-1)),研究不同处理下,壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)植株的镉含量特征。结果表明:两种处理方式下,壶瓶碎米荠植株地上部和地下部镉含量随土壤中镉浓度升高而增加,呈线性相关。单独Cd处理,壶瓶碎米荠植株地上部镉含量变化范围为0.02~808.51 mg kg~(-1),地上部与地下部镉含量的平均比值为1.10,变化范围为1.05~1.23;富集系数的平均值为5.65,变化范围为4.04~7.85。Cd+Se复合处理,相同镉浓度处理下,壶瓶碎米荠地上部和地下部的镉含量均低于单独Cd处理组,最高浓度达到617.74 mg kg~(-1)和531.48 mg kg~(-1)。表明,壶瓶碎米荠是一种富集镉能力强的超积累植物,而添加硒可以降低其对Cd的富集,且不会影响其对Cd的吸收和向地上部转运的能力,在Cd污染场地的修复中前景较好。     

喹禾灵对映体对斑马鱼毒性的手性选择性研究

为了研究喹禾灵对映体对水生生物的手性选择性毒性,对喹禾灵对映体进行了斑马鱼急性毒性试验,并研究了亚致死水平上对斑马鱼体内ATP酶活性的影响。研究发现,精喹禾灵和喹禾灵对斑马鱼的急性毒性分别为高毒和低毒;二者在诱导时间和诱导强度上对斑马鱼体内Na+,K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶活性均表现出不同的作用方式。喹禾灵对斑马鱼Ca2+-ATP酶活性的影响在72 h时,250μg.L 1、1 000μg.L 12个处理组表现出明显诱导效应(P<0.05),在96 h各处理组均表现出诱导作用。精喹禾灵除在24 h时,5μg.L 1、10μg.L 1处理组外,其他各处理组对斑马鱼体内Ca2+-ATP酶表现出较强的诱导作用;72 h后,25μg.L 1、100μg.L 1处理组酶活性有下降趋势,其他2个处理组酶活性则继续增加。喹禾灵对斑马鱼Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响在48 h时,250μg.L 1、1 000μg.L 12个处理组有明显诱导效应(P<0.05),72 h时只有1 000μg.L 1处理组有明显诱导作用。精喹禾灵25μg.L 1、100μg.L 1处理组在24 h时对Na+,K+-ATP酶活性即表现出很强的诱导效果,48 h后各处理组酶活性都开始明显增加;72 h时各浓度处理组酶活性有下降趋势,96 h后基本与对照组无显著性差异。试验结果表明喹禾灵对映体对斑马鱼毒性有显著的手性选择性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.