不同轮作制下长期施肥旱地土壤微生物多样性特征

为了探讨典型旱地区施肥制度对土壤微生物多样性的影响,本研究通过27年长期定位试验,采用454测序技术,分析了黄土旱地区小麦连作、苜蓿连作、粮豆轮作中不同化肥及有机肥施肥措施下土壤细菌、真菌多样性的变化情况。结果表明:除施氮肥和有机肥(NM)处理外,施肥后连作小麦土壤细菌Chao指数提高7.5%(施磷肥和有机肥,PM)~60.6%(单施有机肥,M),Shannon指数增加0.04(PM)~0.40(M),肥料单施优于配施;施肥后连作苜蓿土壤细菌Chao指数提高92.0%(单施磷肥,P)~102.4%(施氮肥、磷肥和有机肥,NPM),Shannon指数增加0.30(NPM)~0.32(P);施肥对粮豆轮作土壤细菌多样性影响较小。除小麦连作NP处理外,施肥后各种植系统土壤真菌Chao指数提高19.1%~55.0%,但真菌Shannon指数变化不大或明显下降。黄土旱地区作物连作时施与适当化肥或有机肥,可提高土壤细菌多样性。本研究对优化旱地作物施肥制度、发挥土壤潜力肥力、实现土壤资源可持续利用有着重要的意义。     

长期有机与无机肥配施的黄壤稻田土壤细菌群落结构特征

  【目的】  比较长期施用不同肥料黄壤稻田土壤细菌群落结构的差异,剖析不同肥料维持土壤细菌群落多样性的作用及其机理,为农田施肥管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  以农业农村部贵州耕地保育与农业环境科学观测试验站为依托,采用高通量测序技术,分析连续24年不施肥(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、1/4牛厩肥+3/4化肥(1/4M+3/4NP)、1/2牛厩肥+1/2化肥(1/2M+1/2NP)和全量牛厩肥(M)处理黄壤稻田土壤细菌群落组成及多样性,并揭示其主要环境影响因子。  【结果】  不同施肥处理土壤细菌α多样性指数分析结果显示,长期施用有机肥提高了土壤细菌多样性指数(Shannon)、优势度指数(Simpson)和均匀度指数(Pielou),对丰富度指数(Chao1)影响较小。与CK相比,长期施肥不同程度地提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度,化肥的作用更明显。与CK和NPK相比,施用有机肥处理降低了棒状杆菌门(Rokubacteria)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌门(Nitrospinae)相对丰度,提高了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度,其他菌门变化不明显(P<0.05)。土壤细菌群落结构主成分分析结果表明,施用有机肥1/4M+3/4NP和1/2M+1/2NP处理土壤环境较为相似,细菌群落组成相似度较高,而CK和NPK处理土壤环境相似,细菌群落组成相似度高。土壤细菌群落结构组成与土壤环境因子冗余分析显示,土壤理化性质对细菌群落结构的影响重要性由大到小依次为全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、pH、有效磷、全磷,其中全氮、碱解氮和速效钾是关键因素。  【结论】  长期施用有机肥能够提高黄壤稻田土壤肥力,改变细菌生长环境,进而改变细菌群落结构组成,提高细菌群落多样性,促进土壤生态系统稳定和健康。     

长期施肥对黄棕壤性水稻土氨氧化细菌多样性的影响

以湖北省农科院长期施肥试验站的黄棕壤性水稻土为研究对象,采用PCR-DGGE方法,研究了氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、氮磷钾（NPK）、有机肥（M）、有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK） 长期施用对土壤氨氧化细菌遗传多样性的影响。结果表明,与长期不施肥处理（CK）相比,长期施肥提高了黄棕壤性水稻土有机质、全氮、微生物量碳氮（SMB-C、SMB-N）含量,并改变了氨氧化细菌的群落结构。其中有机肥与化肥长期配施下氨氧化细菌的多样性高于化肥处理。氨氧化细菌聚类分析表明,稻麦收获后土壤氨氧化细菌DGGE图谱分别聚为一个族群;同一作物收获后,M和MNPK聚为一类,N、NP、NPK和CK聚为一类,后者内部分类在两季作物间有差别。DGGE指纹图谱条带序列分析表明,供试土壤的优势氨氧化细菌为-变形菌纲的亚硝化单胞菌和亚硝化螺旋菌。     

长期无机有机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物群落多样性及酶活性的影响

【目的】长期有机与无机肥配合施用是促进农田生产力和土壤有机碳固定的重要技术途径。本文以江西省红壤研究所长期不同施肥试验田的表土(0—15 cm)为对象,探讨不同施肥措施对土壤微生物群落多样性和酶活性的影响。【方法】在水稻收获后,采集表土壤样品,提取土壤总DNA。采用聚合酶链反应结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)的方法研究土壤微生物的群落结构多样性,并结合克隆测序研究土壤微生物的群落组成;用实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)的方法研究土壤微生物的丰度。土壤细菌定量和群落结构分析的分子标靶基因分别为16S rRNA基因V3区和V6区片段,土壤真菌定量和群落结构分析的标靶基因均为18S rRNA基因。DGGE分析采用8%的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离细菌和真菌,所用变性梯度分别为35%65%和20%40%。同时采用荧光微孔板检测技术测定土壤几丁质酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、酸性磷酸单脂酶和木聚糖酶活性;用紫外分光光度计法测定土壤过氧化物酶活性。【结果】PCR-DGGE分析表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,有机无机肥配施(NPKM),土壤细菌的香农指数和丰富度指数显著增大,而土壤真菌的香农指数和丰富度指数在不同施肥处理间无显著差异。DGGE图谱聚类分析显示,NPKM处理的土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构显著区别于其他3个处理。后续的切胶测序得出,土壤细菌分属于Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门),Proteobacteria(变形菌门)和Firmicutes(厚壁菌门);NPKM处理下隶属于Clostridum(梭菌属)和Anaerolineaceae(厌氧绳菌科)的两类细菌显著增加。土壤真菌主要分属于Basidiomycota(担子菌门)和Ascomycota(子囊菌门),这些真菌条带在DGGE图谱上的分布不同处理间均无明显的规律性,因而不同处理间真菌的群落分布未出现较清晰的变化。q PCR的结果显示,土壤细菌和真菌拷贝数在不同处理间无显著差异。土壤酶的检测结果表明,与CK相比,单施氮肥(N)处理的土壤几丁质酶活性显著提高,常规氮磷钾处理(NPK)处理的几丁质酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著增强,NPKM处理提高了土壤几丁质酶、纤维素酶和过氧化物酶活性;酸性磷酸单酯酶和木聚糖酶活性在各处理间无显著差异。归一化酶活性值,NPKM处理显著高于CK和其他施肥处理。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施可显著提高土壤细菌多样性,并改变土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构,提高土壤酶活性,因而提高了农田生态系统的生产力并对生态系统健康有改善作用。     

未干扰黑土土壤微生物群落垂直分布特征

采用稀释平板法和Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,以山杨天然次生林土壤为对象,研究了典型黑土区未经开垦干扰黑土0~150 cm土层范围内土壤微生物群落的垂直分布特征。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物总数、细菌和真菌数量随土壤深度增加呈减少趋势,以0~10 cm土层数量最高,分别为4.10×106cfu g-1干土、4.05×106cfu g-1干土和5.04×104cfu g-1干土;而放线菌数量随土壤深度的增加表现为先减后增的趋势,最高值出现在30~50 cm土层,可达0.94×104cfu g-1干土。(2)在培养168 h时,土壤微生物碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD)的变化范围为0.09~1.21,并表现出随土壤深度增加而逐渐减小的趋势。(3)土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数同样表现为随土壤深度增加而逐渐减小的趋势,且丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数的变化范围分别为0~27、0.46~3.17、0.33~0.95和0.09~8.19。(4)初步确定氨基酸类、羧酸类和多聚物类碳源是未经开垦干扰黑土土壤微生物利用率较高的碳源类型。研究结果为科学评价典型黑土区土壤生境质量退化与恢复过程中微生物特征的变化提供了本底值参考。     

两种施肥处理下不同有机质含量农田黑土微生物群落结构PLFA分析

土壤有机质含量和施肥是影响黑土微生物群落结构的重要因素,但是受气候影响,很难单独明确有机质含量或施肥对土壤微生物群落的影响。本研究利用黑土生产力长期定位试验,将有机质含量不同的5个黑土(SOM1.7、SOM3、SOM5、SOM6、SOM11)置于相同气候条件下,通过分析磷脂脂肪酸,系统地研究了施肥与有机质含量对农田黑土微生物群落结构的影响。研究结果表明,5个有机质含量农田黑土中,土壤磷脂脂肪酸总量为10.6~31.5 nmol·g^-1,细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量为6.23~18.4 nmol·g^-1,真菌磷脂脂肪酸总量为1.78~4.57 nmol·g^-1。土壤有机质含量升高和施肥会显著提高土壤中总微生物量、细菌生物量和真菌生物量,但施肥和有机质含量对真菌/细菌比值无显著影响。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)分析表明,有机质含量和施肥是导致微生物群落结构差异的重要因素,但施肥可能会遮蔽有机质含量对微生物群落的影响。     

不同施肥处理对太湖地区水稻土团聚体粒组细菌和真菌组成和多样性的影响

选择太湖地区水稻-油菜轮作的长期肥料试验的水稻田,采集原状土进行团聚体颗粒分离,提取土壤微生物DNA进行PCR-DGGE分析,通过对DGGE结果进行主成分分析和多样性指数的计算,比较秸秆还田和化肥配施与单施化肥两施肥处理对土壤团聚体中微生物群落组成和多样性的影响。结果表明：与单施化肥相比,秸秆还田显著改变了2 000 ~ 200 μm和200 ~ 20 μm两粒组中细菌和真菌的群落组成,说明较大颗粒组中微生物群落组成灵敏响应施肥措施的变化。不同团聚体粒组微生物群落多样性存在差异,细菌的多样性在2 000 ~ 200 μm与＜2 μm粒组中较高,真菌则在大粒组中表现出较高的多样性,而且由团聚体粒组本身带来的微生物多样性的变异大于施肥措施引起的变异。     

长期施肥与覆膜对土壤细菌、泉古菌和氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

施肥与覆膜等农田管理措施能够改变土壤的物理化学性质,这直接影响着驱动氨氧化过程的氨氧化微生物,而氨氧化过程是硝化作用的限速步骤。以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期施肥与覆膜试验站为平台,采用荧光定量PCR技术,研究了5种施肥制度下[不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷肥(NP)、有机肥(M)和有机无机配施(MNP)]土壤细菌、泉古菌和氨氧化微生物数量的变化。结果表明,不同施肥处理细菌、泉古菌、氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的基因拷贝数平均值分别为0.52×109～4.20×109、2.14×108～9.69×108、0.21×107～6.89×107和0.26×107～74.70×107copies g-1干土。与CK相比,有机肥处理(M、MNP)能显著增加土壤细菌的丰度,化肥处理(N、NP)则相反;施肥尤其是化肥处理(N、NP)均能降低泉古菌和氨氧化古菌的丰度;有机肥处理(M、MNP)显著增加了氨氧化细菌的丰度。细菌、泉古菌、氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌丰度均与pH值存在显著正相关关系(P0.05),细菌和氨氧化细菌丰度则主要受全碳含量的影响,而细菌、泉古菌和氨氧化细菌丰度与铵态氮、硝态氮含量存在极显著负相关关系(P0.01)。研究结果可为进一步探讨农田生态系统中氨氧化微生物对不同管理措施的响应机制及其在氮素转化中的作用提供科学依据。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤性水稻土微生物群落结构的变化

以位于江西省红壤研究所内长期定位试验的水稻土(始于1981年)为研究对象,运用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)和BIOLOG分析技术研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)及有机肥与化肥混施(NPKM)三种施肥方式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:长期施化肥和有机肥与化肥混施处理的PLFA总量均高于未施肥处理,两者分别较未施肥处理高91%和309%;PLFA主成分分析(PCA)显示施肥促进了土壤微生物群落结构的变化,其中NPKM处理增加了革兰氏阴性细菌(G-细菌)、真菌、放线菌和原生动物的数量,NPK处理增加了革兰氏阳性细菌(G+细菌)的数量,不施肥处理较施肥处理提高了真菌/细菌比例,CK和NPK处理的微生物群落结构更为相似;各施肥处理间土壤的AWCD值(平均每孔颜色变化率,average well color development,AWCD)表明,NPKM处理能够促进土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用能力,进而增加土壤中微生物的整体活性,而NPK处理减弱了土壤微生物的活性。代谢功能多样性分析同时表明,NPKM处理增加了微生物群落的多样性,而NPK处理使土壤微生物的多样性降低;土壤PLFA与土壤养分的相关性分析显示,土壤总PLFA量与土壤有机质和全氮呈极显著相关(p0.01),与速效养分相关性不大。     

长期施用有机和无机肥对红壤微生物群落特征及功能的影响

以建于1990年的湖南祁阳长期有机无机定位试验为平台,选择不施肥、无机肥、有机肥及有机肥化肥配施4个处理,利用高通量测序和实时荧光定量技术,研究了长期施用有机肥和无机肥祁阳红壤细菌和真菌的群落特征;利用常规分析方法,研究了土壤微生物呼吸、酶活性和土壤基本理化性质,探索了长期施肥的土壤微生物群落结构与其功能以及土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明,长期施肥改变了土壤的pH值和养分循环;长期施用有机肥增加细菌与真菌种群丰度和多样性;单施化肥增加了真菌种群丰度与多样性,但是对细菌的种群丰度与多样性影响不大;施肥显著改变了土壤细菌与真菌的群落结构,细菌群落结构的改变显著影响土壤微生物呼吸、β-纤维素二糖水解酶以及酚氧化物酶的活性,而真菌群落的改变对微生物的功能影响不明显。本研究表明,施用有机肥不但可以缓解化肥引起的土壤酸化,还能支持更大、更丰富的微生物群体,从而维持更高的土壤活性,对维持或提高土壤肥力具有重要意义。     

Long-term fertilization regimes affect bacterial community structure and diversity of an agricultural soil in northern China

Background, Aims, and Scope  Knowledge about shifts of microbial community structure and diversity following different agricultural management practices could improve our understanding of soil processes and thus help us to develop sound management strategies. A long-term fertilization experiment was established in 1989 at Fengqiu (35°00′N, 114°24′E) in northern China. The soil (sandy loam) is classified as aquic inceptisols and has received continuous fertilization treatments since then. The fertilization treatments included control (CK, no fertilizer), chemical fertilizers nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) (NK), phosphorous (P) and K (PK), NP, NPK, organic manure (OM), and half chemical fertilizers NPK plus half organic manure (1/2NPKOM). The objective of this study was to examine if the microbial community structure and diversity were affected by the long-term fertilization regimes. Materials and Methods  Soil samples were collected from the long-term experimental plots with seven treatments and four replications in April 2006. Microbial DNAs were extracted from the soil samples and the 16S rRNA genes were PCR amplified. The PCR products were analyzed by DGGE, cloning and sequencing. The bacterial community structures and diversity were assessed using the DGGE profiles and the clone libraries constructed from the excised DGGE bands. Results  The bacterial community structure of the OM and PK treatments were significantly different from those of all other treatments. The bacterial community structures of the four Ncontaining treatments (NK, NP, NPK and 1/2NPKOM), as well as CK, were more similar to each other. The changes in bacterial community structures of the OM and PK treatments showed higher richness and diversity. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Proteobacteria (30.5%) was the dominant taxonomic group of the soil, followed by Acidobacteria (15.3%), Gemmatimonadetes (12.7%), etc. Discussion  Irrespective of the two fertilization treatments of OM and PK, the cluster analysis showed that bacterial communities of the remaining five treatments of CK, NK, NP, NPK and 1/2NPKOM seemed to be more similar to each other, which indicated the relatively weak effects of the four N-containing treatments on soil bacterial communities. N fertilizer may be considered as a key factor to counteract the effects of other fertilizers on microbial communities. Conclusions  Our results show that long-term fertilization regimes can affect bacterial community structure and diversity of the agricultural soil. The OM and PK treatments showed a trend towards distinct community structures, higher richness and diversity when compared to the other treatments. Contrasting to the positive effects of OM and PK treatments on the bacterial communities, N fertilizer could be considered as a key factor in the soil to counteract the effects of other fertilizers on soil microbial communities. Recommendations and Perspectives  Because of the extremely high abundance and diversity of microorganisms in soil and the high heterogeneity of the soil, it is necessary to further examine the effects of fertilization regimes on microbial community and diversity in different type soils for comprehensively understanding their effects through the appropriate combination of molecular approaches. ESS-Submission Editor: Chengrong Chen, PhD (c.chen@griffith.edu.au)     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

Soil microbial biomass,crop yields,and bacterial community structure as affected by long-term fertilizer treatments under wheat-rice cropping

Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and nitrogen (SMBN), soil microbial community structure, and crop yields were studied in a long-term (1982–2004) fertilization experiment carried out in Suining, Sichuan province of PR China. Eight treatments included three chemical fertilizer (CF) treatments (N, NP, NPK), three CF + farmyard manure (M) treatments (NM, NPM, NPKM), M alone and no fertilizer (CK) as control. The results showed that the soil microbial biomass was higher in soil treated with CFM than in soil treated with CF alone, and that NPKM gave the highest rice and wheat yields. The SMBC and SMBN were higher after rice than those after wheat cropping. SMBC correlated closely with soil organic matter. Average yields of wheat and rice for 22 years were higher and more stable in the fertilized plots than in control plots. Bacterial community structure was analyzed by PCR-DGGE targeting eubacterial 16S rRNA genes. A higher diversity of the soil bacterial community was found in soil amended with CFM than in other fertilizer treatments. Some specific band emerged in the soil amended with M. The highest diversity of bacterial communities was found in the NPKM treated soil. The bacterial community structures differed in rice and wheat plots. Sequencing of PCR products separated in DGGE showed that some of the common and dominant bands were closely related to Aquicella lusitana and to Acidobacteria. This study demonstrated that mixed application of N, P, and K with additional M amendment increased soil microbial biomass, diversified the bacterial communities and maintained the crop production in the Calcareous Purplish Paddy soil.     

Bacterial communities are more dependent on soil type than fertilizer type, but the reverse is true for fungal communities

The soil microbial community is strongly influenced by a wide variety of factors, such as soil characteristics and field management systems. In order to use biological indicators based on microbial community structure, it is very important to know whether or not these factors can be controlled. The present study aimed to determine whether soil type or fertilization has a greater influence on the soil microbial community based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 12 experimental field plots containing four different soil types, Cumulic Andosol, Low-humic Andosol, Yellow Soil and Gray Lowland Soil, kept under three different fertilizer management systems since 2001 (the application of chemical fertilizer, the application of rice husk and cow manure, and the application of pig manure). Bacterial DGGE analysis using 16S rRNA genes and fungal DGGE analysis using 18S rRNA genes revealed that the bacterial community was related to the soil type more than the fertilization; however, the fungal community was related to the fertilization more than the soil type. These results might suggest that the fungal community is easier to control by fertilization than the bacterial community. Thus, we propose that indicators based on the fungal community might be more suitable as microbial indicators for soil quality.     

长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响

利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例.     

长期不同施肥对黄泥田土壤酶活性和微生物的影响

以农业部耕地保育福建观测实验站的长期肥料试验为平台,研究了长期不同施肥对黄泥田土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施NPK(NPK)、NPK配施牛粪(NPKM)及NPK配施秸秆(NPKS)的土壤酶活性均有不同程度的提高,其中NPKM可显著提高转化酶活性,NPKS可显著提高脲酶活性。施肥均不同程度地提高了土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌的数量,尤其是放线菌数量,提高幅度均达到显著性水平;NPKS可显著提高土壤细菌数量,NPKM可显著提高土壤真菌数量。施肥均会对真菌群落产生重要影响;单施化肥对土壤细菌群落的影响不大,增施有机物料会对细菌群落产生明显影响;施用牛粪会对放线菌优势群落产生影响。以上结果表明,有机无机配施更有利于提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,提升土壤生物肥力。     

小麦-玉米轮作体系下氮肥对长期不同施肥处理土壤氮含量及作物吸收的影响

以长期不同施肥处理土壤为对象,研究了不同施肥土壤中施用氮肥后土壤氮素含量、微生物固持及释放和作物吸收及利用特性。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加长期不施肥土壤(NF)矿质氮含量,对长期施用化肥土壤(NPK)和有机无机配施土壤(MNPK)矿质态氮含量无显著影响;施用氮肥对NF中土壤微生物生物量氮(SMBN)含量无显著影响,使拔节期NPK和MNPK中SMBN含量分别增加了4.3倍和0.8倍。从小麦拔节期到开花期,NPK和MNPK中土壤微生物生物量氮含量分别显著降低51%和56%。小麦收获时NPK和MNPK土壤氮肥的利用率分别为36%和45%;而NF土壤所施入的氮素几乎未被小麦吸收利用,但在玉米季有34%被吸收。小麦收获时,NF土壤施入的氮肥有50%以上淋溶至土壤30 cm以下土层,施氮也显著提高了NPK土壤30～50 cm土层硝态氮含量,但施用氮肥对MNPK土壤0～100 cm剖面硝态氮含量无显著影响。说明长期有机无机配施增强了土壤氮素的缓冲能力,协调了土壤氮素固持与作物吸氮间的关系,为提高氮素利用率,减少氮素对环境影响的有效手段。     

长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

长期施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响,以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站的冬小麦—夏玉米定位试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)和化学氮磷钾+有机肥配施(NPKM)4个处理,于试验开展25年(2015年)小麦收获后采集各处理0~20 cm的土壤样品,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落进行测定,并深入揭示影响旱地红壤细菌群落的关键因素。结果表明:(1)长期不同施肥显著改变了旱地红壤的化学性质,N和NPK处理的土壤pH显著降低至4.02和4.15,而NPKM处理的土壤pH显著上升至5.99。NPK和NPKM处理均显著改善土壤肥力,但后者效果明显优于前者,而N处理对土壤肥力的提升效果微弱。(2)长期不同施肥改变了旱地红壤优势菌的相对丰度,非度量多维度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明不同处理的土壤细菌群落发生显著变化。(3)与CK相比,N处理的4种多样性指数(物种丰富度、Chao1指数、系统发育多样性和香农指数)显著降低了21.4%~49.4%,而NPKM处理显著增加了7.0%~66.9%,NPK处理也会使系统发育多样性和香农指数显著降低10.3%和13.0%。(4)逐步回归分析表明土壤pH是决定优势菌相对丰度及4种多样性指数的首要因素,多元回归树分析(MRT)探明土壤pH共解释了83.1%的细菌群落变异,不同处理间细菌群落转变均由土壤pH驱动。(5)STAMP分析发现,N、NPK和NPKM处理与CK分别有11、14和8个显著差异细菌属。综上所述,长期施肥后旱地红壤细菌群落主要受土壤pH的影响,而土壤肥力的作用相对较弱,长期施用化学氮肥造成的红壤酸化的负面效应已远超肥力改善的正面效应。因此,旱地红壤施肥应以防治土壤酸化为前提,长期化肥有机肥配施是一项适宜的施肥措施。     

黄土高原旱地不同施肥对土壤肥力与产量的影响

Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design: 1) CK (no fertilizer); 2) N (N 120 kg ha-1); 3) P (P 26.2 kg ha-1); 4) NP (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1-2); 5) M (manure 75 t ha-1); 6) NM (N 120 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 7) PM (P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 8) NPM (N 120 , P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); and 9) fallow (no fertilizer, no crop). N fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and P was applied as calcium super phosphate. The results showed that precipitation had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Manure (M), NP, PM, NM, and NPM treatments significantly increased (P < 0.05) average yield. In the NP, PM, NM and NPM treatments, the percentage increases in yield due to fertilization were highest in normal years, and lowest in the drought years. Long-term P application enhanced soil available P markedly, and manure applications contributed more to soil fertility than chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizers applied together with manure distinctly improved soil fertility. The results also showed that the soil nutrient concentration changed mainly in the 0--60 cm layers and fertilization and planting only slightly affected soil nutrients below the 100 cm layers.