农村能源综合建设效益评价及灰色系统方法应用

本文对农村能源综合建设亟需解决的效益评价问题进行了研究,并着重探讨了后效益评价方法。提出了用综合指数评价综合建设效益,同时把农村能源综合建设效益分为当前效益和未来效益,从而引出了效益现评价和预评价概念,并用灰色系统预测方法对广东某县农村能源综合建设建立了效益预评价模型,证明方法合理、可行。     

泥石流防治的流域自然地理环境优化效益指标体系研究

该文给出了泥石流防治的流域自然地理环境优化效益的定义，阐述了流域自然地理环境优化的过程，并分析了流域自然地理环境优化效益与其它有关泥石流防治效益之间的关系。流域自然地理环境优化效益包括减灾效益，减洪效益和减沙效益三大部分，每种效益由若干指标构成。文章约出了流域自然地理环境优化指标体第，并对１０种优化效益指标了初步探讨。     

区域水土保持效益评价指标体系及评价方法研究

水土保持效益评价是水土保持科学体系中的重要内容。本文讨论了指标体系的选取原则和方法,分析了"国标"的优劣,提出了区域水土保持效益评价指标体系,同时介绍了常用的效益计算和评价方法,最后对效益评价的未来趋势进行了展望。     

柴汶河流域水土保持规划经济效益分析

该文对流域综合治理规划中各项措施所获取的林木产品效益、农业生产效益、减沙保土效益、水源涵养方面的效益、渔业生产效益进行了综合分析计算, 得出规划治理的各项措施的综合效益。并用经济分析的理论进行了经济效益分析, 从静态、动态、灵敏度3个方面进行经济指标计算, 得出该治理规划经济效益高、风险小、规划可行的结论。从而对规划进行了验证, 提高了规划的科学性。     

生态农业综合效益评价方法探析

依据系统工程原理,采用层次分析法与统计法相结合方法,研究建立了生态农业综合效益评价体系,将生态农业综合效益分为生态环境效益、经济效益和社会效益3个子效益,每子效益又分为若干具体指标,获得其指数值。并用指标权重系数反映其指标贡献的大小,得出各指标加权指数值后再求和得出子效益和综合效益数值。     

生态清洁小流域综合效益评价研究进展

生态清洁小流域综合效益评价是检验与衡量生态清洁小流域建设成果的有效手段。在分析生态清洁小流域综合效益内涵的基础上,从综合效益评价方法、评价指标体系、确定指标权重的方法等方面介绍了我国生态清洁小流域综合效益评价研究与实践进展,指出了当前研究存在的问题,并从生态清洁小流域建设目标的分类、效益内涵、评价指标体系构建、指标权重确定方法几个方面,对未来生态清洁小流域的综合效益评价研究进行了展望,以期提高生态清洁小流域综合效益评价研究水平,促进生态清洁小流域建设健康发展。     

基于灰色关联TOPSIS的城市土地效益评价及障碍因子诊断

本研究从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益三个方面构建了基于灰色关联TOPSIS法的评价指标体系,采用障碍度模型,对常州市城市土地利用效益进行了评价。结果表明:（1）2001—2011年常州市城市土地利用效益总体水平不断提高,效益指数从0.347 4上升到了0.641 3,经历了中等效益—良好效益的过程;（2）长远来看,经济效益是影响城市土地利用效益的首要因素。经济效益的障碍度以年均7.67%的速度增加,而社会效益和生态效益障碍度以年均2.34%和6.96%的速度下降。（3）影响城市土地利用效益的主要障碍因子包括单位固定资产投资的GDP、城市居民平均恩格尔系数等。最后根据常州市城市土地利用现状提出提升效益水平的途径。     

川东丘陵区水土保持综合效益评价

水土保持综合效益评价指标众多,不同地区由于自然、社会和经济条件相差很大,评价指标的选取也不同。在对川东丘陵地区进行实地调查、走访、查阅当地资料、专家咨询的基础上确定了包括目标层、准则层和指标层的三级评价指标体系,包括20个评价指标,这些指标以量化为主,基本能够反映区域水土保持综合效益。在对不同效益评价方法进行分析的基础上,提出了利用层次分析法进行水土保持综合效益评价的方法,对丁家河小流域治理后水土保持综合效益进行了评价,结果表明,治理后小流域水土保持综合效益得分值为0.091 6,各准则层效益表现为社会效益调水保土效益生态效益经济效益,评价结果与当地实际相符合,表明本研究所建立的评价指标体系合理,评价方法可行,可应用于川东丘陵区水土保持综合效益评价,为川东丘陵区水土保持综合治理提供依据。     

水土保持效益评价中的问题讨论

至今,全国的水土保持工作已取得了明显的成效,但还停留在定性描述和理论探索阶段,关于治理效益评价的深层次问题还未涉及,如水土流失治理模式与治理效益的关系问题,水土保持效益评价的原则与指标问题,水土保持措施和治理效益与治理目标关系问题,治理效益点与面的关系问题等.进一步研究这些问题,将会极大地推进水土流失治理效益评价理论体系的形成,从而加强治理效益评价的适用性和科学性.     

生态文明视域下欠发达地区精准扶贫效益评价——以四川省南充市为例

[目的]以四川省南充市为例,研究欠发达地区精准扶贫效益,为区域脱贫攻坚决策和社会经济发展提供科学依据。[方法]采用层次分析法(AHP),以南充市精准扶贫项目为研究对象,从经济发展、社会进步、生态保护和自我发展4个维度构建精准扶贫评价指标体系,对2011—2016年南充市精准扶贫效益进行定量评估。[结果]①南充市经济发展效益经历了一个先降低,后升高的过程。其中,2011—2012年是下降期,降幅达20.8%;②南充市社会进步效益呈现下降、上升交替趋势。从2011年的0.585 1降低到2012年的0.404 0,2015—2016年逐渐增加;③南充市生态保护效益逐年上升,但2012—2013年波动下降,且均高于同期经济发展效益和社会进步效益的增加值;④南充市自我发展效益呈现增加、降低交替过程,且2011—2016年,综合效益逐年增加,2013年则波动下降。[结论]南充市自大力实施精准扶贫以来,取得了显著的经济发展效益、社会进步效益、生态保护效益和自我发展效益。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.