长期定位施肥对土壤铜、锌形态转化及其空间分布的影响

采用改进的BCR连续提取法,对沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验地31年不同施肥处理土壤铜和锌含量变化及其空间变异规律进行研究。结果表明：与试验前相比,耕层（0-20cm）土壤各处理水溶态铜、弱酸溶态铜和残渣态铜含量都有不同程度的减少,可还原态铜和可氧化态铜含量在化肥区有所降低,在有机肥区有所增加;残渣态锌含量明显减少,其他形态锌含量有不同程度的增加。耕层各形态铜分布趋势因处理不同而不同,锌以残渣态为主。在空间分布上,2种元素弱酸溶态、可还原态和可氧化态含量都是随土层的加深而减少。可氧化态铜与有效态铜关系最密切;可还原态锌对有效态锌的贡献最大。     

施污土壤与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布

污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤和污泥中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了污水污泥和施污后的西红柿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。施用污泥堆肥10t hm-2后的土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的全量与各种形态含量无明显增加,Cu、Pb、Zn含量远低于国家土壤环境质量标准。土壤中Cu的各种形态分布关系是:残渣态>可还原态=可氧化态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态,Cu在土壤中的存在是以最稳定的残渣态为主。堆肥污泥与干化污泥相比,残渣态Cu的比例明显增加。土壤中Pb的各种形态分布关系是以残渣态和可还原态为主,但可氧化态的分布比例最小。土壤中Cd的可交换态、可还原态和残渣态各占据相等的含量,但可氧化态Cd的含量几乎为零。Zn在土壤中的各种形态分布关系是:可交换态和弱酸溶解态>可氧化态>可还原态>残渣态,Zn在土壤中的存在是以最易迁移的可交换态和弱酸溶解态为主。这些金属元素在土壤中的相对稳定性顺序为:Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。Zn在土壤中的移动性要远高于Cu。     

长期定位施肥对土壤铁、锰形态及剖面分布的影响

本文采用改进的BCR连续提取法,对沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验地31年不同施肥处理土壤铁和锰含量变化及其剖面变异规律进行研究。结果表明:与试验前相比,耕层土壤两种元素水溶态和弱酸溶态含量都有所增加,而可还原态和残渣态含量则有不同程度的减少;铁和锰都以残渣态和可还原态为主。在空间分布上,两种元素弱酸溶态和可氧化态含量随土层的加深而减少,残渣态则相反。研究表明,有机肥能在一定程度上改变铁和锰在各形态间的分配,并且有机肥能活化残渣态铁和锰。     

滇池沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征

本文利用BCR三步提取法对滇池沉积物中的重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)形态进行了详细研究.结果表明,表层沉积物中的Cd和Zn主要以可提取态(即弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态)存在,其中,Cd在弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态中的含量分别为35.0%、49.7%和12.9%;Zn在三者中的含量也分别达到了17.6%、16.6%和21.4%.而Cr、Cu和Pb主要以残渣态存在,其含量分别为88.5%、59.2%和81.8%.表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征为草海含量最高,其次为外海北部和南部,开阔湖中心区域含量最低.除Cr和Cu外,其他可提取态重金属的总含量随着采样深度的增加而减少.     

小兴安岭典型湿地土壤Fe化学形态空间分布及干扰对其影响

根据BCR连续提取法,分析了小兴安岭典型湿地土壤Fe形态特征,结果表明:(1)全Fe平均含量在12 423.81~15 755.18 mg/kg之间,乔、灌、草3种湿地类型全Fe含量差异不显著(p>0.05)。随着土层加深,乔木沼泽、灌木沼泽全Fe含量是降低的;草本沼泽全Fe含量先降低后增加。弱酸可提取态-Fe平均含量灌木沼泽(1.05%)>草本沼泽(0.85%)>乔木沼泽(0.25%)(p<0.01);3种湿地类型可还原态-Fe平均含量差异不显著(p>0.05),所占比例在21.71%~32.55%之间;可氧化态-Fe平均含量灌木沼泽(30.89%)>乔木沼泽(22.29%)>草本沼泽(12.57%)(p<0.05)。随着土层加深,乔木沼泽和灌木沼泽的弱酸可提取态-Fe、可还原态-Fe、可氧化态-Fe含量均呈降低趋势;草本沼泽的弱酸可提取态-Fe、可还原态-Fe、可氧化态-Fe含量均是先增加后降低。残渣态-Fe平均含量乔木沼泽(55.75%)>草本沼泽(55.82%)>灌木沼泽(35.51%)(p<0.01),随着土层加深,乔木沼泽、草本沼泽的残渣态-Fe含量先降低后增加;灌木沼泽的残渣态-Fe含量呈降低趋势。(2)采伐干扰后0-15 cm土层全Fe平均含量降低28.72%,30-50 cm土层全Fe平均含量增加25.44%;0-15 cm土层可还原态-Fe平均含量降低30.73%;0-50 cm土层可氧化态-Fe平均含量降低72.30%;5-50 cm土层残渣态-Fe平均含量增加47.03%。(3)放牧干扰后0-50 cm土层全Fe平均含量增加1.33倍;0-50 cm土层弱酸可提取态-Fe平均含量降低82.92%;0-50 cm土层可还原态-Fe平均含量降低49.03%;0-15 cm土层可氧化态-Fe平均含量增加5.65倍,15-50 cm土层可氧化态-Fe平均含量降低56.85%;0-50 cm土层残渣态-Fe平均含量增加2.66倍。     

污泥土地利用研究II. 连续化学提取法研究施污泥土壤重金属的有效性和环境风险

本文采用连续化学提取法研究了施用污泥土壤中重金属的形态分配及有效性。铜和锌在2种土壤上施用污泥前、后的形态分配都有所差异,铜在河湖相水稻土上以可氧化态为主;红壤性水稻土可氧化态和可还原态含量都较高。锌在河湖相水稻土以可还原态为主,在红壤性水稻土以醋酸溶解态为主。两种土壤上,铜和锌的3种不同形态含量与污泥施用量之间都有很好的相关性。连续提取对于研究重金属的形态分配比单独提取更有价值。     

聚天冬氨酸对土壤中锌存在形态的影响

采用室内试验方法,研究了向土壤中加入聚天冬氨酸后土壤中阳离子型微量元素锌各形态含量及其转化。结果表明,施入聚天冬氨酸后,土壤中锌的可利用率得到显著提高。土壤中水溶态锌、弱酸溶态锌、可还原态锌的含量显著增加,并且均随培养时间增加而增加,并于培养第50 d达到最大,最大值分别为0.90、1.85、6.65 mg.kg-1,与试验前相比分别增加了307.7%、81.9%、12.5%,而后趋于稳定;可氧化态锌、残渣态锌含量则逐渐减少,且于培养第50 d达到最少,而后趋于稳定。在聚天冬氨酸影响下,土壤中可氧化态锌、残渣态锌被活化,并向水溶态锌、弱酸溶态锌、可还原态锌转化。     

咸潮对重污染底泥中重金属释放的影响

为了评估成潮对重污染河涌底泥重金属释放的影响,研究了底泥中的重金属在不同稀释倍数的人工海水中的释放,比较了海水中的主要离子对重金属释放的作用,并用BCR连续提取法比较了人工海水处理前后重金属形态变化.结果表明,底泥中重金属释放量随人工海水盐度的增加而增加.由于盐度的增加,Cu、Zn和Ni的释放量分别可增加1.5倍、0.88倍和1.1倍.与Na+相比,Mg2+具有很强的促进底泥重金属释放的能力.SO42-比Cl-稍强.经人工海水处理,重金属的弱酸提取态大部分转化为可还原态和可氧化态.残渣态变化较少.     

小兴安岭典型湿地土壤Cu化学形态空间分布及干扰对其影响

根据BCR连续提取法,分析了小兴安岭友好国家自然保护区典型沼泽湿地土壤Cu形态特征,结果表明:(1)全Cu平均含量在10.16～18.70 mg/kg之间,表现为草本沼泽灌木沼泽乔木沼泽(p0.01)。0-15 cm全Cu含量较低,15-50 cm呈现先增加后降低的波动性变化。弱酸可提取态-Cu平均含量:草本沼泽(4.33%)灌木沼泽(3.92%)乔木沼泽(1.60%)(p0.05),随着土层加深,总的变化是降低的;可还原态-Cu平均含量:灌木沼泽(25.36%)草本沼泽(14.62%)乔木沼泽(10.35%)(p0.01),乔木沼泽可还原态-Cu随土层加深含量先增加后降低、灌木沼泽和草本沼泽可还原态-Cu随土层加深含量变化呈现降低趋势;3种湿地类型可氧化态-Cu和残渣态-Cu平均含量差异均不显著(p0.05),所占比例分别为29.90%～45.86%和37.39%～51.15%,随着土层加深均呈现增加的趋势。(2)采伐干扰后,0-25cm全Cu平均含量增加1.28倍;10-50 cm弱酸可提取态-Cu平均含量增加3.59倍;0-50 cm可还原态-Cu平均含量增加2.86倍;15-50 cm可氧化态-Cu平均含量降低48.85%;0-25 cm残渣态-Cu平均含量增加2.41倍。(3)放牧干扰后,0-15 cm全Cu平均含量增加87.84%,25-50 cm全Cu平均含量降低40.35%;0-15 cm弱酸可提取态-Cu平均含量降低74.51%;15-50 cm可还原态-Cu平均含量增加1.26倍;30-50 cm可氧化态-Cu平均含量降低66.21%;0-15 cm残渣态-Cu平均含量增加3.43倍,25-50cm残渣态-Cu平均含量降低65.80%。     

广东韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤铅、镉的形态分布及生物有效性研究

采用改进BCR法和DTPA提取法研究了韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤Pb、Cd的形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明,参照土壤环境质量标准二级标准,韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤Pb、Cd的超标率分别为14.1%和92.3%;参照食品中污染物限量标准,调查的5种蔬菜样品Pb、Cd的超标率分别为57.7%和48.7%。土壤Pb以可还原态为主,占到4种形态和的76.13%,Pb各形态的分布顺序为：可还原态〉残渣态〉可氧化态〉酸提取态;土壤Cd以酸提取态和可还原态为主,占到4种形态和近89%,Cd各形态的分布顺序为：酸提取态〉可还原态〉可氧化态〉残渣态。用DTPA提取得到的土壤Pb、Cd有效态均值分别为24.91、1.29 mg·kg-1。相关性分析表明,除了胡萝卜Cd,5种蔬菜Pb、Cd含量与土壤酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及土壤有效态含量显著相关,与土壤pH和有机质相关性不大。逐步回归分析表明,只有土壤残渣态含量对蔬菜Pb、Cd含量影响不显著。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.