石漠化区桑树地埂的土壤水分特征研究

石漠化区生态环境脆弱,坡耕地生物埂作为一种独特的农林复合措施,其对石漠化区坡耕地土壤水分分布和有效利用的影响作用明显。本文选取该区4种不同管理方式的桑树埂为研究对象,采用野外调查、理化分析及相关分析法,研究了坡耕地桑树地埂土壤水分垂直分布特征。结果表明:(1)不同生物埂土壤容重及孔隙状况均以天然林地和桑埂农地较好,桑埂撂荒地和桑埂自然生草地较低,有机质含量也以天然林地最大,桑埂农地次之(41.231g/kg),说明桑埂农地埂坎较其它生物埂蓄水能力强;(2)土壤水分入渗特性以自然生草埂最好,而桑埂清草地、桑埂撂荒地、桑埂农地均存在影响土壤水分入渗的限制土层,其土层分别位于20—30,10—20,30—40cm;(3)土壤持水性能以桑埂自然生草地最差,其中土壤通透库容以桑埂农地最大(1 088.2t/hm2),桑埂自然生草地最小(594.04t/hm2),而有效水库容也以桑埂自然生草地最小(331.68t/hm2),说明其易冲刷侵蚀且抗旱能力弱;(4)土壤容重、孔隙度、粘粒(0.002mm)含量及有机质含量是影响土壤水分特性的主要因素,其与土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、总库容和最大有效库容呈显著或极显著的相关关系。研究结果可为石漠化区土壤水分合理利用与季节性干旱调控及土壤保持提供科学依据。     

上海城郊低吸力段土壤持水供水特性的研究

选择上海城郊地带,对不同农业用地类型和不同城市功能区土壤持水供水特征及其影响因素进行了分析,结果表明,由于土壤粉粒和沙粒含量较高,土壤持水供水能力弱。不同农业利用方式下土壤持水能力差异较小,土壤持水特征的变化主要集中在低吸力段(0～30 kPa),反映了土壤通气状况的改变。与农业土壤相比,受人为干扰强烈的城市不同功能区土壤持水能力差异明显。低吸力段土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有机质含量与各吸力段土壤含水量之间存在显著相关关系,影响土壤持水性的主要因素是容重、土壤孔隙组成和有机质含量。土壤压实和有机质含量增加是影响城市土壤水分性质的重要因素。幂函数模型能较好地模拟土壤含水量与土壤吸力之间的关系。     

添加^14C标记稻草对喀斯特典型土壤有机碳矿化的影响

为了研究有机物质对喀斯特地区典型土壤有机碳积累与转化的影响,采集两种喀斯特典型土壤（棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土）和一种对照土壤（红壤）的表层土壤（0～15cm）,设置不添加外源物质（CK）和添加14C标记的稻草（T1）的处理,进行为期100d的土壤培养试验及矿化试验。测定并分析了这3种典型土壤类型的微生物生物量碳（MBC）表观周转时间和田间周转时间、外源有机物质对土壤原有有机碳的激发效应以及CO2释放量。结果表明：MBC表观周转时间和田间周转时间依次分别为（71±2）d、（243±20）d、（254±45）d和0.29、1.0、1.04a。添加标记的14C有机物质后,土壤原有有机质的激发效应大小依次为红壤〉棕色石灰土〉黑色石灰土。在相同条件下,红壤不利于土壤有机质的累积,而棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土有利于土壤有机质的累积。     

基于RS与GIS的桂西北石漠化景观与土壤类型关系研究

运用景观生态学理论与RSGIS技术,研究桂西北河池地区不同土壤类型石漠化的景观格局和发生率,分析石漠化的发生、分布与土壤类型的关系。结果表明:研究区石漠化形势严重,石漠化斑块密度和面积大,相互连通聚集。石漠化景观以棕色石灰土和石质土发生的石漠化占主导地位。各土壤的石漠化分布各具特征。其中,棕色石灰土的石漠化破碎度最高。石质土石漠化斑块聚集度最低,且多集中分布于峰丛石山上。酸性粗骨土石漠化景观的平均斑块面积最大,破碎度最低,受人为干扰最少。黑色石灰土石漠化分布最分散。黄壤石漠化的形状指数最小,受人为干扰最多。石灰土、粗骨土和石质土由于本身的脆弱性,导致石漠化情况严重。发生率排序为酸性粗骨土黑色石灰土石质土棕色石灰土硅质岩粗骨土。黑色石灰土地区最容易发生极强度石漠化,其次为硅质岩粗骨土。研究表明石漠化的发生与分布在不同土壤中存在明显差异,土壤的发生特点是导致石漠化形成的重要自然因素之一。     

喀斯特石漠化小流域土壤渗滤水化学特征及影响因素研究

对贵州省清镇王家寨喀斯特小流域9个样地的土壤渗滤水进行了系统监测。结果表明,随着石漠化退化程度的加剧,黑色石灰土地区土壤渗滤水中的HCO3-,Ca2＋,方解石饱和指数（SIC）和黄壤地区土壤渗滤水中的Mg2＋离子浓度均呈升高趋势。初步认为,植被和土壤的双重退化是控制石漠化发育过程中渗滤水化学组成的主要原因,当植被系统的退化先于土壤系统时,水—土反应强度的影响更大,渗滤水化学组成表现为HCO3-和Ca2＋含量随石漠化的发育而减少;当土壤系统的退化先于植被系统时,水—土反应时间的影响更大,渗滤水的化学组成则表现为HCO3-和Ca2＋含量随石漠化的发育而增加。     

贵州毕节地区不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质特征

为揭示喀斯特地区不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质特征及其影响机制,以贵州毕节石漠化地区土壤为研究对象,在雨季前、中、后对潜在、轻度、中度、强度石漠化程度的土壤进行了为期4年的监测,分析了不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质及其各项指标之间的相关性特征。结果表明:同一石漠化程度下,土壤有机质、全磷、有效磷、全氮和水解氮含量表现为雨季中雨季后雨季前。随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤田间持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度升高,全磷、有效磷和有机质含量减少。与潜在石漠化程度相比,轻度、中度和强度石漠化程度的土壤全氮含量分别增加5.6%,20.9%,26.6%,水解氮含量分别增加3.5%,18.3%,36.2%,全钾含量分别增加15.8%,30%,46.3%,速效钾含量分别增加3.9%,11.3%,16.5%。相关性分析结果显示,土壤有机质、全磷、全氮含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管持水量之间相关性显著(p0.05),其中土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、容重、总孔隙度间相关性极显著(p0.01)。研究结果为石漠化综合治理工作提供理论与科学依据。     

喀斯特土壤与喀斯特区域土壤关系的探讨——以贵州省普定县后寨河小流域为例

当前喀斯特石漠化治理研究中出现了一个新词汇即喀斯特土壤。通过对喀斯特土壤已发表文献的研究并结合后寨河小流域内2 755个土壤剖面信息,探讨了喀斯特区域内土壤类型及其差异,对喀斯特土壤进行了定义并辨析了在纯碳酸盐岩地区喀斯特土壤与喀斯特区域土壤的区别。结果表明:后寨河流域共有石灰土、水稻土和黄壤3大土类,石灰土主要分布在海拔1 250 m以上的区域,且随着海拔的升高,分布相应增多,水稻土和黄壤主要分布于海拔1 350 m以下的区域;石灰土主要分布在流域东部峰丛洼地及中、西部山峦上,水稻土主要分布在流域东部洼地及中部河流西侧,黄壤分布无明显规律;不同土类剖面形态特征差异较大,石灰土平均土壤厚度(49.68 cm)低于水稻土(84.33 cm)和黄壤(85.54 cm),但石灰土平均石砾含量(7.94 g/kg)却远高于水稻土(4.28 g/kg)和黄壤(4.54 g/kg);石灰土、水稻土和黄壤的土壤厚度与坡度均呈负相关关系,平均坡度分别为18.92°、1.52°和3.23°。根据喀斯特的定义,喀斯特土壤应是喀斯特岩石发育形成的石灰土,而不应理解为分布在喀斯特区域的土壤,但大量文献中存在着对喀斯特土壤定义混淆的现象,辨别二者对石漠化治理具有重要意义。普定后寨河小流域土壤剖面信息也证明纯碳酸盐岩区域不仅仅有石灰土,还存在其他土壤类型,因此喀斯特区域土壤包含喀斯特土壤和非喀斯特土壤,而喀斯特土壤应特指由碳酸盐岩发育形成的石灰土。正确认知土壤的基本属性、土壤与植被的关系和土壤与母岩的关系,可以更好地辨别二者。     

桂西北喀斯特地区典型土壤在不同筛分强度下团聚体的稳定性

采用AS 200筛分仪分析了不同有机碳含量下3种喀斯特典型土壤(红壤、棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土)的团聚体颗粒在不同筛分强度(1.5,2和2.5mm振幅)的分级特征。结果显示,3种土壤平均重量直径(MWD)从大到小为:黑色石灰土棕色石灰土红壤(p0.05)。随筛分强度由小到大,棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土的团聚体颗粒分级变化较小,红壤团聚体颗粒分级由大颗粒(8,8~5,5~2mm)团聚体为主逐渐变为中间粒径颗粒(5~2,2~1mm)。红壤团聚体结构最易被筛分过程破坏,其次是棕色石灰土,最后是黑色石灰土。研究表明石灰土团聚体机械稳定性强于红壤,且筛分强度直接影响团聚体分级结果。从团聚体聚合角度来看,喀斯特石灰土土壤稳定性较强。     

喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤氮同位素组成及其空间分异特征

对喀斯特高原区贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地同一流域内不同类型石漠化、不同等级石漠化以及不同干扰方式石漠化表层土壤全氮的同位素组成及其空间分异特征进行了研究。结果表明：流域内黄壤区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋0.35‰～＋6.82‰之间,平均值为＋4.50‰;黑色石灰土区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋2.70...     

贵州喀斯特山区石漠化土壤理化性质及分形特征研究

研究了贵州喀斯特山区石漠化过程中土壤颗粒粗化和理化性质特征,土壤颗粒分形的变化特征,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系。结果表明:土壤细颗粒含量越少,土壤分形维数越低,表征石漠化程度越高;土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机质、容重、粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的线形关系(P<0.01)。分形维数能较好地表征喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤物理性质和养分状况以及石漠化的程度,可作为评价喀斯特地区土壤退化的定量指标之一,对区域生态环境的恢复与重建有着重要的指导意义。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。