基于景观结构的黄河沿岸土地利用生态风险时空变化分析——以河南省为例

[目的] 探究黄河流域沿岸城市土地利用生态风险时空变化特征,为土地景观资源保护、生态系统优化与生态环境保护、管控措施制定等提供理论依据。[方法] 以河南省黄河沿岸7个城市为研究区,在GIS与Fragstats软件技术支持下,基于2005,2010,2015以及2018年4期土地利用数据,将研究区划分为1 737个6 km×6 km的生态评价单元,根据景观扰动指数与景观脆弱指数构建生态风险评价模型,借助土地转移矩阵与空间自相关分析方法,对研究区内土地利用变化、生态风险时空变化特征及空间关联格局进行评价。[结果] ①2005—2018年,研究区域内建设用地面积增加,且增长趋势较快;其他几类用地面积均有不同程度的减少;耕地是建设用地增加的主要来源,林地、草地和水域主要转化为耕地。②在研究时段内,研究区域土地利用生态风险在空间上呈现出显著的正相关性,存在空间集聚特征,且“高—高”、“低—低”是生态风险主要的空间聚集模式。③2005—2018年,生态风险最小值和最大值大致呈N形变化;4个时期内高风险区分布区域大致相同,呈条状和块状分布,条状高风险区大多分布在黄河沿岸,块状高风险区大多分布在农村居民点零散分布的平原区;低和较低风险区大多分布在研究区域四周以及西南大部分区域。[结论] 研究时段内,低风险区和中等风险区面积在逐年增加,较低风险区面积先减少后增加,高风险区和较高风险区面积在逐年减少。各风险区主要向相邻风险区转化,仅有少量地区出现跨区转移,说明研究区土地利用生态风险变化相对稳定,生态风险急剧变化的区域较小。     

基于CA-Markov模型的宁夏沿黄生态经济带土地利用变化及模拟研究

[目的]研究宁夏沿黄生态经济带2009—2017年土地利用变化特点,并模拟2025年土地利用空间格局,为宁夏沿黄生态经济带土地开发、利用与保护提供引导,为国土空间规划编制提供参考。[方法]基于时间尺度和空间尺度,对宁夏沿黄生态经济带2009—2017年各类用地变化情况进行了分析,计算得出了各类用地转移概率矩阵,并基于CA-Markov模型,对自然发展情景、土地规划情景、耕地和生态保护情景下宁夏沿黄生态经济带2025年土地利用格局进行了模拟研究。[结果] 2009—2017年,宁夏沿黄生态经济带土地利用整体呈现出耕地、其他农用地及各类建设用地不断增加,园地、林地、草地、水域及自然保留地均有所减少的特点;除水域、其他建设用地外,其他各类用地转为城乡建设用地概率普遍较高,特别是耕地转为城乡建设用地概率最高,达到10.65%。[结论]在自然发展、土地规划、耕地和环境保护3种情景下,宁夏沿黄生态经济带2025年土地利用结构仍然以牧草地、耕地、自然保留地为主,但随着城镇化进程加快和基础设施持续完善,城乡建设用地和交通水利用地增加幅度较大。     

黄河流域景观生态风险分析及预测

[目的] 探究黄河流域近20 a土地利用变化并对2030年土地利用进行预测,分析景观格局指数,揭示生态风险状况,助力黄河流域景观保护修复和规划治理。[方法] 使用FLUS模型,根据2000,2010,2020年土地利用数据,结合社会、经济、地形、气候等因子对该区2030年土地利用状况进行预测,通过景观指数构建景观生态风险指数,并进行深入分析探讨。[结果] ①2000—2020年耕地面积减少12 150 km²,林地面积增加2 514 km²,建设用地面积增加10 620 km²。②黄河流域优势景观为草地和耕地,但优势性逐渐降低,整体景观连通性增加、聚集性减弱,景观多样性呈增长趋势,但整体仍不均衡。③工作区景观生态风险以低、较低风险为主,中风险为辅,共占该区总面积88%以上,各生态风险区在空间上相对稳定,在时间上呈逐步恶化趋势。④预测2030年建设用地面积增速减缓,耕地、草地、未利用地面积继续减少,景观破碎度增加,低、较低生态风险区域增加1.12%,高风险区域增加0.26%,其余风险区域变化较小。[结论] 国家人口增长、城市逐步扩张对土地利用影响巨大,进而导致景观破碎,加之黄河流域环境脆弱,风沙强度大,荒漠化程度高,区域生态风险增高,需要国家更加关注该区域的生态保护和高质量发展。     

海坛岛土地利用变化模拟与景观生态风险评价

[目的]对海坛岛土地利用变化进行模拟与景观生态风险评价,为该岛的土地利用规划和政策制定提供理论依据。[方法]在福建省平潭县综合试验区规划建设的背景下,将Markov模型和CLUE-S模型相结合,模拟海坛岛2021年自然发展模式和城市规划发展模式下的土地利用空间分布格局,并用景观指数和景观生态风险指数对不同模式的景观格局进行分析。[结果](1)2021年的预测结果与2013年土地利用状况相比,在自然发展模式下森林、灌丛、湿地、农田分别减少了9.58%,5.53%,2.33%和8.82%。城市规划模式下分别减少了12.86%,6.16%,2.40%和11.67%;建筑用地面积自然发展模式下增加了24.56%;城市规划模式下增加了31.79%。(2)海坛岛的景观斑块破碎化程度日趋严重,森林、灌丛、湿地、农田、建设用地和未利用地的斑块数目均有不同程度的增加,景观面积百分比和景观形状指数上,森林、灌丛、湿地、农田均呈下降趋势,建设用地呈上升状态,未利用地变化不大。(3)海坛岛2013和2021年两种不同发展模式下的景观生态风险指数分别为0.334,0.337和0.351。[结论]海坛岛整体景观趋于破碎化和离散化,景观生态风险指数呈上升趋势,景观生态问题日渐严重。     

基于景观格局的土地整理风险与固碳功能评价

通过生态风险指数构建和碳储量服务模拟,评价土地整理对生态风险和固碳功能的影响,由于生态系统服务在生态风险研究中的缺乏,利用土地整理前后生态风险变化和碳储量服务变化之间的相关关系分析,探讨利用生态系统服务变化评价生态风险的可能。以吉林省西部重大土地整理区为研究对象,基于景观格局变化构建生态风险指数,利用InVEST模型分析碳储量服务变化,结果表明:土地整理使整理区的景观结构发生较大变化,优势景观类型由盐碱地和草地转变为耕地,耕地破碎度和分离度降低,盐碱地和草地的分离度和破碎度增加。土地整理后,耕地、建设用地和其他用地的景观损失度指数降低,其他景观类型的景观损失度指数增加。土地整理前后整理区生态风险等级以较低风险区和中等风险区为主,整理后低和较低风险区面积变化明显,其他等级风险区的面积变化不大。InVEST模拟结果表明,土地整理前后整理区总碳储量分别为990.82、1 145.22万t,总碳储量增加154.40万t,土地整理导致固碳功能的增加。相关分析结果表明整理区碳储量服务变化与生态风险变化呈显著负相关关系,表明生态系统服务变化在生态风险评价中应用的可能。     

生态红线约束下万州区土地利用情景模拟及生态价值评估

为研究在生态红线划定之后对区域生态环境价值的影响,以重庆市万州区为例,通过FLUS模型模拟2025年自然发展情景和生态保护情景下土地利用的变化情况,通过改进的万州区生态价值系数并结合土地利用变化情况计算出生态系统服务总价值,最后分析了不同地类价值系数和面积变化对总价值的影响。结果表明:(1)选取3个方面的8个驱动因子适合对于研究区的土地利用模拟且FLUS模型Kappa值大于0.8表明利用FLUS模型对研究区的模拟适应性较好;(2)通过计算万州区2017年现状、2025年自然发展情景和生态保护情境下的生态系统服务总价值分别为41.06亿元、40.83亿元和41.00亿元,在设定的情境下只有林地的生态系统服务总价值都表现为增长的现象;(3)由万州各土地类型的敏感性都小于1表明万州区的生态系统服务价值对于生态价值系数变化缺乏弹性,结果可信;在生态变化度分析中,林地的变化度指数最大说明林地的面积变化对生态系统服务总价值的影响最大;(4)在2025年设定的两种情景模拟中,生态保护情景与自然发展情景林地的生态系统服务价值相比有一定程度的增加,建设用地的生态系统服务价值则下降,表明生态红线的划定对于新增建设用地的蔓延扩张有一定的限制作用。     

基于景观格局的阿哈湖国家湿地公园景观生态风险评价

为揭示喀斯特地区城市湿地公园生态风险变化规律及为科学管理阿哈湖国家湿地公园提供理论依据,利用阿哈湖国家湿地公园2009年、2013年、2017年遥感影像,基于景观格局指数构建生态风险评价模型,采用空间自相关方法,分析了2009—2017年阿哈湖国家湿地公园景观生态风险时空变化特征和空间相关性。结果表明:2009—2017年,研究区内主要景观类型为林地和水域,不同景观类型的面积均发生明显变化,林地面积增加22.55 hm~2,建设用地面积增加17.63 hm~2,增幅较大,草地面积减少54.02 hm~2;研究区总体景观生态风险呈现上升趋势,高风险区和较高风险区面积分别增加61.12 hm~2,112.11 hm~2,主要集中在研究区北部和南部,较低风险区、低风险区和中风险区域面积减少,低风险区和较低风险区面积分别减少100.73 hm~2,108.80 hm~2,主要集中在研究区西北部和西南部;各时期景观生态风险度的Moran′s I值分别为0.352 9,0.498 0,0.480 1,表现出正空间相关性,空间上趋于聚集。人类活动干扰是导致该区域景观生态风险升高的主要原因。     

马来西亚吉隆坡市土地利用变化特征分析与预测

[目的] 揭示快速城市化过程中港口城市土地利用景观格局变化规律，为当地编制土地利用规划提供科学依据。[方法] 以马来西亚吉隆坡市2000，2005，2010，2015，2020年5期遥感影像为基础数据，基于交互式数据语言（IDL），采用指数分类法提取土地利用信息，并应用RS，GIS技术和景观生态学方法对吉隆坡市2000—2020年土地利用景观格局变化进行研究，最后采用灰色预测模型预测2025年吉隆坡市土地利用数据。[结果] 2000—2020年吉隆坡市种植园和林地大幅减少，建设用地迅速增加，港口与城市圈中部区域种植园主要转化为建设用地；土地利用景观形状趋于复杂化、不规则化，景观类型空间连通性降低，景观异质性增强；2025年吉隆坡市建设用地和种植园面积分别为1 624.12 km²和2 216.99 km²，与往年相比，建设用地增加，种植园减少。[结论] 2025年吉隆坡市土地利用类型仍主要以种植园为主。宏观来看，随着城市的快速发展，种植园的数量持续减少。未来发展规划需进一步合理规划土地利用方式，提高土地利用效率，加大对种植园的保护力度。     

江苏沿海地区景观格局的生态风险研究

以江苏省沿海地区为研究区,利用1989年、1995年和2009年3个时期的TM遥感影像为数据源,计算各风险小区的景观生态风险指数。利用GIS和地统计学方法,对研究区景观风险指数进行采样和空间插值,得到基于景观格局的生态风险分布图。运用相对指标法对景观生态风险指数进行分级,将研究区域划分为低生态风险区、较低生态风险区、中等生态风险区、较高生态风险区和高生态风险区5个等级。叠加不同时期的生态风险区划图层,利用土地覆被重心转移模型以分析景观生态风险的时空变化。结果表明:近20 a来研究区生态风险主要以较高程度为主,处于低、较低生态风险程度的区域面积变化不大,空间分布也一直位于盐城市,高风险区区域面积增加较为显著,主要位于盐城市的滩涂。低生态风险区和高生态风险区偏移量较大,分别为116.6 km和4.9 km。     

基于土地利用的三峡库区生态屏障带生态风险评价

[目的]揭示三峡库区生态屏障带生态风险,为库区生态风险评估及土地利用优化提供理论依据。[方法]基于遥感影像数据,运用RS与GIS技术,计算土地利用相对合理性指数,同时构建生态风险评价模型,划分高程/坡度带定量评价三峡库区生态屏障带的生态风险情况,划分生态风险等级,并对生态风险进行空间自相关分析。[结果]较低生态风险区占比例最大,为36.77%,高生态风险区及较高生态风险区主要分布在沿长江两岸建设用地及耕地较为集中的区域,土地利用相对合理性指数随高程增高逐渐变大,随坡度增大逐渐减小,研究区生态风险空间自相关分析呈现出十分显著的局部自相关性。[结论]研究区内生态风险总体呈现较低值,沿江高值区需对土地利用进行重点优化。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.