中国农作物秸秆饲料化利用满足度和优势度分析

农作物秸秆饲料化利用作为农作物秸秆利用途径之一,为奶牛、肉牛和肉羊饲养提供充足的粗饲料,能保障“节粮型”畜牧业的发展。该文以中国31个省市的农作物秸秆饲料为研究对象,对2008－2013年各省市农作物秸秆饲料化利用量、反刍动物农作物秸秆饲料需求量进行计算,并求出农作物秸秆饲料化满足度和优势度。结果表明：1）2008－2013年,中国农作物秸秆饲料化利用量和反刍动物农作物秸秆饲料需求量均呈现增长趋势,2013年分别达到16895.12和12568.36万t。东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江中下游地区和六大牧区中内蒙古和四川为农作物秸秆饲料化利用量高的地区。东北地区、黄淮海地区、西南地区和六大牧区中内蒙古、四川、西藏、甘肃和新疆为反刍动物农作物秸秆饲料需求量多的地区。2）2008－2013年,中国农作物秸秆饲料化满足度呈波动增长的趋势,2013年满足度达到了134.43%,意味着从全国范围来看,农作物秸秆饲料化利用量满足反刍动物秸秆饲料需求,但呈现“东高西低”情况。六大农区中的黄淮海地区和东北地区、六大牧区中的内蒙古和四川农作物秸秆饲料化利用与其他地区相比更具有优势。3）六大农区中的黄淮海地区和东北地区、六大牧区中的内蒙古和四川为农作物秸秆饲料化利用发展核心地区。该研究为分析中国“节粮型”畜牧业发展现状提供基础资料。     

秸秆饲料化集成技术模式及其区域适用性评价

农作物秸秆是一种重要的生物质资源,其综合利用不仅保护产地环境、促进农民增收,而且是农业可持续发展的重要保障。为了促进秸秆资源的饲料化利用与推广,该文针对秸秆饲料化集成技术的区域适用性进行初步研究。根据技术流程进行秸秆收储运和饲料化转化技术分类,进而总结出秸秆饲料化集成技术的多种模式;然后,根据评价原则进行指标筛选,构建评价体系,采用综合集成赋权法确定评价指标权重;最后以沈阳市于洪区为例,进行秸秆饲料化集成技术模式的区域适用性评价研究,找出适宜当地青绿玉米秸秆饲料化集成技术模式和适宜当地水稻秸秆饲料化集成技术模式。并结合未来畜牧业发展规划,对现有模式提出改进建议。     

浅析秸秆牛饲料加工技术路线及注意事项

秸秆养牛研究的提出是国家、行业以及社会可持续发展的需要。每年农作物收获后,都会产生大量秸秆,但是对于这些秸秆的利用程度却并不高。近年来,秸秆经过处理后作为牛饲料得到了广泛应用,同时也取得了一定成效。因此,如何把秸秆加工制成有营养的牛饲料,值得相关人员深入研究。基于此,阐述了秸秆相关概述,分析了秸秆牛饲料加工的技术路线及注意事项。     

秸秆饲料加工技术研究进展

对西南地区常见的几种作物秸秆的营养成分及可饲性进行了介绍,从物理加工方法、化学加工方法、生物加工方法和复合加工方法等方面,综述作物秸秆饲料加工技术研究进展,分析现有秸秆饲料加工方法存在的问题,展望秸秆饲料加工未来发展方向。     

浅谈秸秆养畜产业化

论述了秸秆的营养价值及适用于秸秆饲养的牲畜种类,另外对秸秆青贮、氨化、微生物发酵等技术及三者间的比较等也进行了论述,最后作者认为秸秆的三级饲料化技术（秸秆的复合处理＋由ＮＰＮ配制的精饲料＋添加剂）是秸秆用作饲料的最佳措施。     

河北省石家庄市作物秸秆综合利用技术示范与推广成效显著

通过 2年的技术示范和推广 ,河北省石家庄市 1 998年全市秸秆综合利用率达到 86.4% ,1 999年增加到 96.4% ,2年累计利用秸秆 1 60 5万 t,不仅解决了环境污染问题 ,新增产值 1 2 .56亿元 ,新增纯收入 1 2 .1 8亿元。其综合利用技术总结为五大类 :1秸秆机械直接还田、秸秆培肥果及秸秆生物菌沤制。2秸秆饲料技术 :包括秸秆青贮、氨化、微贮 ,及秸秆生物饲料、秸秆配合颗粒饲料、秸秆块状饲料、饲用玉米及饲草种植。 3秸秆燃料技术 :主要有沼气技术和秸秆气化技术。4秸秆基料生产食用菌技术。5秸秆原料技术 :有秸秆生产生物制剂“CHA”、五防…     

山东莱西4hm2玉米秸秆变废为宝

青贮做饲料、气化生能源、还田成肥料，玉米秸秆变废为宝。2009年秋，莱西市4万hm2玉米秸秆转化利用，变废为宝，其中，50万t玉米秸秆青贮转化成奶牛优质饲料。     

高温分解与乳酸菌分步发酵提高秸秆饲料消化率及适口性

以提高秸秆饲料的消化率和适口性为目的,该研究1)以干玉米秸秆为材料,接种木质纤维素分解菌复合系WDC2,进行高温分解发酵;2)以乳酸菌复合系SFC-2为接种物,进行乳酸菌液体发酵;3)将乳酸菌发酵液以质量体积比1∶1比例均匀喷洒到发酵秸秆中,制备发酵秸秆饲料。该研究从营养学和分子生态学角度探讨了高温分解与乳酸菌分步发酵提高秸秆饲料消化率和及适口性的可行性。结果表明,经高温分解发酵,秸秆中微生物多样性丰富,不含致病菌。以南阳黄牛为研究对象,秸秆的干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率分别提高了13.94%、22.56%和21.12%,采食量提高21.71%;部分分解的秸秆经乳酸菌发酵液吸附后,粗蛋白增加36.17%。秸秆的高温分解发酵与乳酸菌的乳酸发酵相结合的饲料制作工艺,即提高了秸秆的消化率和营养价值,也改善了秸秆的适口性。     

柠条饲料利用及饲喂试验探究

为探究柠条青贮、饲草料加工利用技术,利用加工后的柠条饲草料进行牲畜饲喂试验.结果表明:利用青贮柠条饲料育肥绵羊的最佳条件及处理组合是柠条混贮饲草料(开花期柠条+与玉米带穗秸秆混贮)1.5 kg+玉米秸秆单贮饲料0.5 kg+干草粉0.1 kg;柠条青贮饲料育肥山羊的最佳组合是开花期柠条与玉米带穗秸秆混贮饲料1.5 kg...     

秸秆资源工业化利用产业及模式

秸秆资源利用问题在农业、环保中日益突出。通过试验、分析与研究,提出解决秸秆资源的根本出路在于产业化。近期应重点发挥传统技术的作用,提高处理规模与效果。做为中长期目标,应逐步形成以秸秆还田、秸秆肥料、秸秆饲料等为基础,以秸秆人造板、造纸、生物质能源为支柱的工业化利用产业,从而高效利用秸秆资源     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.