祁连山国家公园植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

[目的] 分析祁连山国家公园不同时间植被覆盖变化情况以及不同高程、坡度、坡向等地形条件下植被覆盖变化的空间分异性,为祁连山生态环境修复和保护提供参考依据和数据支撑。[方法] 利用祁连山2006,2014,2019年3期遥感影像,采用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,结合趋势分析法和地形面积修正法,对不同地形条件下植被覆盖空间分异性及变化特征进行分析。[结果] ①祁连山植被覆盖度空间分布格局为西北部低,东南部高,总体以较低植被覆盖度为主。2006—2019年,祁连山植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,增加面积约占46.7%,减少面积约占33.3%,植被恢复状况较好,其中,低和较低植被覆盖度面积减小,其他等级植被覆盖度面积均有不同程度的增加。②祁连山植被覆盖变化在不同高程范围内存在明显差异：3 200 m以下中低海拔区域呈增加趋势,2 200 m以下低海拔区域增加特别明显;3 700 m以上中高海拔区域则呈减少趋势,且海拔越高减少趋势越明显。③随着坡度的增加,祁连山植被覆盖变化趋势由增加转为稳定再转为减少。坡度15°以下区域呈增加趋势;坡度25°以上区域呈减少趋势;坡度40°以上区域减少趋势尤其明显;坡度15°~25°范围内分布相对稳定。④从坡向来看,除平地外,祁连山植被覆盖变化类型在其他坡向上的差异较小。[结论] 祁连山植被覆盖变化在高程、坡度等地形条件下差异明显,坡向的地形效应不明显。     

1999-2016年天山西部植被覆盖的时空变化

[目的]调查天山西部生态环境植被覆盖状况,为科学保护区域生态环境和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以天山西部林区—霍城林场为研究对象,基于1999,2007和2016年3个时期的Landsat TM遥感影像和DEM数据,运用归一化植被指数分析研究区植被覆盖情况和空时变化特征。[结果]时间变化上,1999—2016年期间霍城林场植被覆盖以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级为主,所占比重达到55%以上,总体上是呈现上升趋势;空间分布上,霍城林场因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同而出现不同的分布和变化特征,当海拔在1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2 500 m或者坡度30°~45°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较高;当海拔 < 1 500 m以及 > 2 500 m或坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较低;植被覆盖度随着坡向的变化而变化着,呈现出阴坡 > 半阴坡 > 半阳坡 > 阳坡的分布特征;当海拔 < 1 500m和坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度变化较为明显,而当海拔 > 2 500 m和坡度 > 45°的区域时,因受人为社会活动影响小,植被覆盖变化不明显。[结论]1999—2016年期间,霍城林场植被覆盖在时间变化上总体呈现上升趋势,在空间分布上因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同呈现不同的分布和变化特征。     

太原市城区植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

[目的] 分析山西省太原市城区植被覆盖变化在高程、坡向、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度上的分异效应，为该市生态环境保护提供基础信息。[方法] 基于2004年8月、2007年8月、2011年8月、2014年9月、2016年9月的Landsat系列影像和ASTER GDEM数据，采用像元二分模型法估算太原市城区5个时期的植被覆盖度，对其时空动态变化特征进行分析，并结合地形面积差异修正系数分析植被覆盖变化在不同地形因子上的分异性及变化趋势。[结果] ①2004—2016年植被覆盖度以中高度覆盖度和高度覆盖度为主，二者占总面积的65%以上，总体呈显著上升趋势，植被覆盖度显著下降区主要分布在小店区和尖草坪区，而中东部和西部植被覆盖度上升较快；2007—2011年植被覆盖度减少面积为852.70 km²，增加面积为601.62 km²，总体呈退化趋势，而2004—2007，2011—2014，2014—2016年植被覆盖度增加面积超过研究区面积的1/2，植被恢复效果较好；②不同坡向上，在平地区域不同植被覆盖变化类型的分布差异较显著，其余坡向上的差异不明显；不同植被覆盖变化类型在不同高程、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度上的空间分布差异明显。[结论] 坡向对植被生长变化的影响不明显，而高程、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度对植被覆盖变化的地形效应较明显。     

汶川地震灾区植被覆盖度变化与地形因子的关系

[目的]分析植被覆盖度变化与高程、坡度、坡向3种地形因子关系,为汶川地震灾区环境监测及修复、水土保持、灾害评估与防治等工作提供一定依据。[方法]通过构建汶川地震灾区像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,分析植被覆盖度与地形因子之间的关系。[结果]高程小于3 000m的各高程带、各坡度带中平均植被覆盖度、高植被覆盖度减少,低植被覆盖度增加的比例均与高程、坡度呈负相关。高程低于500m,500~1 000m区域和坡度小于5°的区域其植被受地震影响大,恢复周期更长,截至2015年5月,尚未达到震前水平。各坡向区平均植被覆盖度,高、中、低植被覆盖度比例变化趋势较为一致,无明显差异,东、南、东南、北方向各等级植被覆盖度比例已达到震前水平。[结论]植被覆盖度与地形因子之间关系密切,植被覆盖的动态监测可以从地形变化出发。     

2000—2018年乌海市植被覆盖度时空变化

为了探究乌海市植被覆盖度时空动态变化特征以及预测NDVI变化趋势,基于Lantsat OLI/TM/ETM,DEM影像运用像元二分模型法、趋势分析法研究了乌海市2000—2018年植被覆盖度时空动态变化特征,重标极差(R/S)分析法的Hurst指数预测了乌海市未来NDVI变化趋势。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年乌海市植被覆盖度整体呈现上升趋势,增长速率为0.07%/10 a,植被覆盖度均值由22.26%增至41.30%;(2)空间上植被覆盖度呈现由西北向东南逐渐递增的趋势,植被覆盖度改善的区域大于退化区域,海南区改善趋势更明显;(3)从地形因子来看,植被覆盖度受高程、坡度影响较大,不同坡向间变化不明显;(4)乌海市大部分地区植被未来变化趋势为随机发展,持续改善区域占10.95%,持续退化区域占2.93%,海勃湾区持续变化性强,乌达区反持续变化性强。整体来看研究区2000—2018年植被覆盖度持续上升,植被改善明显,未来进行生态保护时应多关注地形因素和植被退化的区域,从而制定合理的政策。     

岷江上游流域植被覆盖度及其与地形因子的相关性

[目的]研究岷江上游流域植被覆盖度随不同高程带、坡度带、坡向分布变化的特征及相关性,为该地区利用有利地形加强生态环境建设和防治水土流失提供依据。[方法]在GIS和RS技术支持下,利用Landsat-8OLI遥感影像和DEM数据提取植被覆盖度和地形因子进行叠加分析,构建统计样本定量分析植被覆盖度与地形因子间的相关关系。[结果]研究区总体植被覆盖情况良好,中度以上植被覆盖区占研究区面积75.0%,低植被覆盖区仅占15.2%。植被覆盖度随海拔高度和坡度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在海拔2 500~3 000m和坡度25°~45°达到最大值;阳坡的植被覆盖度略大于阴坡。各地形因子对不同植被覆盖度的影响程度不同,低植被覆盖区受坡度影响较显著,极高度植被覆盖区受海拔高度影响较显著,其他植被覆盖区与地形因子的相关性无明显规律。[结论]岷江上游流域植被覆盖度与地形因子关系紧密,地形因子变化对生态环境有重要影响。     

玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子的变化特征

基于2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型和ArcGIS空间分析功能对玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化特征进行研究,并分析植被覆盖度变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）玛纳斯河流域以低等级植被覆盖为主,高等级植被覆盖面积显著增加,其它各等级面积波动较小,研究期内植被覆盖改善的面积比例（31.17%）远大于退化的面积比例（16.1%）,研究区总体植被覆盖度增加,生态环境有所好转。（2）在海拔<800m,坡度<8°区域内,植被覆盖度明显改善,植被显著退化区主要分布在海拔1300-3400m,坡度>25°区域内,植被覆盖度未发生变化的区域主要集中在海拔>3600m范围内。（3）当海拔>2100m时,植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈现持续减少的趋势,海拔低于2100m的地带,植被覆盖度随海拔增加波动较大。（4）随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖度呈逐渐减小的趋势,全流域0?5°坡度范围内植被覆盖度最大（42.69%）。（5）在各坡向上,植被覆盖度差异不明显。流域内平地上的植被覆盖度最大（44.21%）;阴坡的植被覆盖度优于阳坡,植被变化趋势除在平地区域较显著外,其余坡向间差异不大。     

基于GIS的高原植被空间格局与地形因子相关关系研究

以青海省境内黄河上游茨哈峡为例,运用GIS空间分析方法,对该地区的地形因子(高程、坡度和坡向)进行提取,并与植被类型图进行叠加,运用多样性指数、均匀度等植被指数分析该区植被空间分布格局与地形因子的关系,研究了植被指数随地形的变化趋势。结果表明,植被空间分布与地形因子关系密切,亚高山暗针叶林最优生长区间为海拔3290~3880 m,坡度25°~45°的阴坡;山地圆柏林则适宜生长在同样坡度,海拔3880~4470 m的阳坡;针阔混交林、高山落叶阔叶林最优生长区间分别为15°~25°,2700~3290 m的阴坡和2995~3290 m的(半)阴坡;高寒灌丛和高寒草原在各坡度和坡向分布范围都比较广。     

安徽省植被覆盖度动态变化及其对地形的响应

[目的] 探究安徽省植被覆盖度的时空变化特征与地形的相互关系，为当地资源开发中加强生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法] 在GIS与RS技术支持下，使用安徽省2001—2019年逐月MODIS/NDVI数据，2001—2019年土地分类数据和安徽省DEM海拔、坡向地形数据，分析植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其与地形因子相互关系。[结果] 安徽省植被覆盖度季节变化特征明显。1月、10—12月，全省植被覆盖度呈现低值，且山区高于平原；2—5月，淮北平原地区植被覆盖度呈现高值，6月迅速减小；7—9月全省范围植被覆盖呈现高值，大部地区植被覆盖度高于0.8，山区平原空间差异最小。全省植被覆盖度年变化率为0.003 9/a，与时间相关性显著（R²=0.814 8）。不同海拔区间内，植被覆盖度四季差异明显。受下垫面地表类型影响，200 m以下植被覆盖度呈现低值，200～350 m植被覆盖度陡然升高，1 250 m以上植被覆盖度呈下降趋势。各坡向四季植被覆盖度夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。北坡、南坡分别为峰值、谷值。南、北向山区植被覆盖度差异呈逐年波动下降趋势，其差异值多年平均值夏季最低（0.009 3），秋季最高（0.014 2），春冬季分别为0.013 9，0.012 5。[结论] 安徽省海拔、坡向显著影响植被覆盖度动态变化特征，需结合地形特点合理开发利用地表资源，并做好生态环境保护工作。     

1986—2021年彬长矿区植被覆盖度时空变化及其影响因子

[目的] 分析彬长矿区植被覆盖度变化特征及空间分布影响因素,判别矿区的生态状况断,为矿区复垦和生态恢复提供科学参考和理论依据。[方法] 基于Google Earth Engine云平台,获取1986—2021年30 m分辨率Landsat Surface Reflectance Tier 1 Data（地表反射率数据）,基于像元二分模型,采用趋势分析法、F检验等方法对彬长矿区植被覆盖度多年时空变化作出定量分析;在此基础上运用地理探测器对植被覆盖度的空间分异性进行地理因子解析。[结果] ①1986—2021年彬长矿区植被覆盖度改善状况较好,总体呈现增长趋势,平均增长率为0.64%/a;研究区多年平均植被覆盖度水平较高,中覆盖度及以上面积占87.14%,空间分布上呈现“东南高,西北低”的特点。②植被覆盖度变化趋势上,研究区以显著改善区域为主,其面积所占比例为56.65%,但仍有些许地区植被显著退化,主要集中在靠近城市河流道路区域。③各因子对植被覆盖度的影响大小排序为：坡度>高程>年降水>GDP>人口密度>年均温>植被类型>土壤类型,坡度与年降水交互作用对植被覆盖度空间分异性影响最强。[结论] 1986—2021年彬长矿区植被覆盖状况良好,整体呈现显著增长趋势,植被改善情况明显,坡度为影响研究区植被覆盖度空间分异性的主导因子。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.