长白山区植被覆盖度时空变化及地形分异研究

[目的] 探究长白山区植被动态变化及其与地形的响应关系,为山区生态环境保护与治理提供科学支撑。[方法] 基于MODIS NDVI与DEM数据,采用像元二分模型估算长白山区2000—2020年植被覆盖度,运用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析、空间自相关分析及重心迁移模型,结合地形面积差异修正系数,深入解析植被覆盖度时空演变特征,并定量揭示植被覆盖变化在高程、坡度、坡向因子上的分异效应。[结果] ①时空分布上,2000—2020年长白山区植被覆盖度以0.023 7/(10 a)(p＜0.001)的速率增长并于2010年发生明显的上升突变,呈“四周高,中间低”的分布格局,整体处于较高水平。②时空变化上,2000—2020年长白山区植被改善区域面积远大于退化区域面积,呈以“高—高”模式为主的显著聚集状态,但聚集程度波动下降;21 a间植被覆盖重心整体向西南迁移。③地形分异上,长白山区植被覆盖度随海拔、坡度升高均表现为先增加后减少趋势,不同时段下海拔＜600 m,≥1 200 m及坡度＜2°,≥25°区域植被普遍呈退化趋势,海拔600~1 200 m及坡度2°~25°范围内以改善或稳定趋势为主;平地区域植被退化趋势明显,其他坡向上各变化类型差异较小。[结论] 近21 a来长白山区植被状况总体向好发展,不同高程和坡度条件下植被变化空间分异明显,而坡向对植被变化的影响并不显著。     

安徽省植被覆盖度动态变化及其对地形的响应

[目的] 探究安徽省植被覆盖度的时空变化特征与地形的相互关系，为当地资源开发中加强生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法] 在GIS与RS技术支持下，使用安徽省2001—2019年逐月MODIS/NDVI数据，2001—2019年土地分类数据和安徽省DEM海拔、坡向地形数据，分析植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其与地形因子相互关系。[结果] 安徽省植被覆盖度季节变化特征明显。1月、10—12月，全省植被覆盖度呈现低值，且山区高于平原；2—5月，淮北平原地区植被覆盖度呈现高值，6月迅速减小；7—9月全省范围植被覆盖呈现高值，大部地区植被覆盖度高于0.8，山区平原空间差异最小。全省植被覆盖度年变化率为0.003 9/a，与时间相关性显著（R²=0.814 8）。不同海拔区间内，植被覆盖度四季差异明显。受下垫面地表类型影响，200 m以下植被覆盖度呈现低值，200～350 m植被覆盖度陡然升高，1 250 m以上植被覆盖度呈下降趋势。各坡向四季植被覆盖度夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。北坡、南坡分别为峰值、谷值。南、北向山区植被覆盖度差异呈逐年波动下降趋势，其差异值多年平均值夏季最低（0.009 3），秋季最高（0.014 2），春冬季分别为0.013 9，0.012 5。[结论] 安徽省海拔、坡向显著影响植被覆盖度动态变化特征，需结合地形特点合理开发利用地表资源，并做好生态环境保护工作。     

太原市城区植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

[目的] 分析山西省太原市城区植被覆盖变化在高程、坡向、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度上的分异效应，为该市生态环境保护提供基础信息。[方法] 基于2004年8月、2007年8月、2011年8月、2014年9月、2016年9月的Landsat系列影像和ASTER GDEM数据，采用像元二分模型法估算太原市城区5个时期的植被覆盖度，对其时空动态变化特征进行分析，并结合地形面积差异修正系数分析植被覆盖变化在不同地形因子上的分异性及变化趋势。[结果] ①2004—2016年植被覆盖度以中高度覆盖度和高度覆盖度为主，二者占总面积的65%以上，总体呈显著上升趋势，植被覆盖度显著下降区主要分布在小店区和尖草坪区，而中东部和西部植被覆盖度上升较快；2007—2011年植被覆盖度减少面积为852.70 km²，增加面积为601.62 km²，总体呈退化趋势，而2004—2007，2011—2014，2014—2016年植被覆盖度增加面积超过研究区面积的1/2，植被恢复效果较好；②不同坡向上，在平地区域不同植被覆盖变化类型的分布差异较显著，其余坡向上的差异不明显；不同植被覆盖变化类型在不同高程、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度上的空间分布差异明显。[结论] 坡向对植被生长变化的影响不明显，而高程、坡度、坡度变率、地形位和地形起伏度对植被覆盖变化的地形效应较明显。     

海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析

[目的]了解海河流域生长季植被覆盖度(FVC)的时空变化及其驱动力,以期为海河流域的生态保护、建设与可持续发展提供参考。[方法]基于MODIS NDVI遥感数据和同时期的18种影响因子,采用趋势分析法和M-K显著性检验分析了2001—2019年海河流域生长季植被覆盖度的时空变化特征;并利用地理探测器探讨了其空间分异特征与驱动力。[结果]2001—2019年海河流域生长季植被覆盖度总体呈显著上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.063/10 a, 2011年之后增速减缓。空间分布差异明显,植被覆盖度总体较高,仅环渤海湾地带和一些城市区域植被覆盖率较低。改善区域的面积远大于退化面积,其中改善部分以极显著改善为主,占流域总面积的60.42%。海河流域生长季植被覆盖度的空间分布差异主要由林地比例和林草混合地比例所决定,解释力均在30%以上。对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度交互作用解释力最强的是林草混合地比例和农田比例。[结论]海河流域植被覆盖度总体显著上升,空间分布差异主要驱动力为林地比例和林草混合地比例。     

黄河流域甘肃段植被覆盖度时空变化及对气候因子的响应

[目的]分析黄河流域甘肃段2000—2018年植被覆盖度变化的时空演变规律,探讨该区域植被覆盖度的变化对气候的响应机制,为该区域生态环境与社会经济的协调可持续发展和进一步落实生态环境保护、建设及恢复提供科学依据。[方法]基于2000—2018年的MODIS NDVI数据、气象数据,采用线性趋势分析和相关性分析等方法,对黄河流域甘肃段植被覆盖度的时空变化特征及与气候因子之间的关系进行分析。[结果]①空间上,近19 a研究区植被覆盖度自西南向东北在不断降低,以甘南州的植被覆盖状况最好;植被覆盖度改善面积占36.64%,主要分布于兰州市北部、临夏州、定西市、庆阳市、平凉市大范围区域、天水市南部等,而退化面积占4.2%,主要集中于甘南州等地区。②时间上,研究区植被覆盖度以2013年为界呈现"先持续增加后波动减少"的变化趋势,但整体在不断增加;以平凉市的增加速度最快,平均每年增长0.96%。③研究区植被覆盖度对降水量变化的响应敏感,与降水量呈现显著的正相关关系。[结论]研究区植被覆盖度空间差异明显,2000—2018年植被以改善为主,降水是影响这些区域植被改善的有利因素,降水状况的改善对研究区生态环境建设与修复至关重要。     

1999-2016年天山西部植被覆盖的时空变化

[目的]调查天山西部生态环境植被覆盖状况,为科学保护区域生态环境和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以天山西部林区—霍城林场为研究对象,基于1999,2007和2016年3个时期的Landsat TM遥感影像和DEM数据,运用归一化植被指数分析研究区植被覆盖情况和空时变化特征。[结果]时间变化上,1999—2016年期间霍城林场植被覆盖以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级为主,所占比重达到55%以上,总体上是呈现上升趋势;空间分布上,霍城林场因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同而出现不同的分布和变化特征,当海拔在1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2 500 m或者坡度30°~45°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较高;当海拔 < 1 500 m以及 > 2 500 m或坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较低;植被覆盖度随着坡向的变化而变化着,呈现出阴坡 > 半阴坡 > 半阳坡 > 阳坡的分布特征;当海拔 < 1 500m和坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度变化较为明显,而当海拔 > 2 500 m和坡度 > 45°的区域时,因受人为社会活动影响小,植被覆盖变化不明显。[结论]1999—2016年期间,霍城林场植被覆盖在时间变化上总体呈现上升趋势,在空间分布上因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同呈现不同的分布和变化特征。     

祁连山国家公园植被覆盖变化地形分异效应

[目的] 分析祁连山国家公园不同时间植被覆盖变化情况以及不同高程、坡度、坡向等地形条件下植被覆盖变化的空间分异性,为祁连山生态环境修复和保护提供参考依据和数据支撑。[方法] 利用祁连山2006,2014,2019年3期遥感影像,采用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,结合趋势分析法和地形面积修正法,对不同地形条件下植被覆盖空间分异性及变化特征进行分析。[结果] ①祁连山植被覆盖度空间分布格局为西北部低,东南部高,总体以较低植被覆盖度为主。2006—2019年,祁连山植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,增加面积约占46.7%,减少面积约占33.3%,植被恢复状况较好,其中,低和较低植被覆盖度面积减小,其他等级植被覆盖度面积均有不同程度的增加。②祁连山植被覆盖变化在不同高程范围内存在明显差异：3 200 m以下中低海拔区域呈增加趋势,2 200 m以下低海拔区域增加特别明显;3 700 m以上中高海拔区域则呈减少趋势,且海拔越高减少趋势越明显。③随着坡度的增加,祁连山植被覆盖变化趋势由增加转为稳定再转为减少。坡度15°以下区域呈增加趋势;坡度25°以上区域呈减少趋势;坡度40°以上区域减少趋势尤其明显;坡度15°~25°范围内分布相对稳定。④从坡向来看,除平地外,祁连山植被覆盖变化类型在其他坡向上的差异较小。[结论] 祁连山植被覆盖变化在高程、坡度等地形条件下差异明显,坡向的地形效应不明显。     

2000—2020年四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区陆地植被覆盖动态变化

[目的]探究四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区2000—2020年陆地植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,为保护区的建设和治理提供参考。[方法]选用四川泸沽湖湿地自然保护区2000—2020年植被生长旺盛月份(6—9月)的MODIS数据为数据源,结合像元二分法、Theil-SenMedian趋势分析法等相关分析法探究植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其对气候的响应。[结果](1)在时间变化上,四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区陆地植被覆盖度呈略微上升趋势,整体以0.09/10 a速率波动上升。(2)保护区植被覆盖度在空间分布上呈现湖区及其周边区域低,南北高的特征,呈现整体上升,局部下降的特点。(3)保护区气候(6—9月)趋向“暖干化”发展,植被覆盖度与气温和降水量以正相关为主,且受气温影响大于降水,其影响因素具有空间差异性。[结论] 2000—2020年,泸沽湖湿地自然保护区植被覆盖良好,植被覆盖度总体呈略微上升趋势,其中,气温是影响植被覆盖度的主要气候因子,同时地形、人类活动对保护区植被覆盖度均有一定的影响。     

玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子的变化特征

基于2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型和ArcGIS空间分析功能对玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化特征进行研究,并分析植被覆盖度变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）玛纳斯河流域以低等级植被覆盖为主,高等级植被覆盖面积显著增加,其它各等级面积波动较小,研究期内植被覆盖改善的面积比例（31.17%）远大于退化的面积比例（16.1%）,研究区总体植被覆盖度增加,生态环境有所好转。（2）在海拔<800m,坡度<8°区域内,植被覆盖度明显改善,植被显著退化区主要分布在海拔1300-3400m,坡度>25°区域内,植被覆盖度未发生变化的区域主要集中在海拔>3600m范围内。（3）当海拔>2100m时,植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈现持续减少的趋势,海拔低于2100m的地带,植被覆盖度随海拔增加波动较大。（4）随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖度呈逐渐减小的趋势,全流域0?5°坡度范围内植被覆盖度最大（42.69%）。（5）在各坡向上,植被覆盖度差异不明显。流域内平地上的植被覆盖度最大（44.21%）;阴坡的植被覆盖度优于阳坡,植被变化趋势除在平地区域较显著外,其余坡向间差异不大。     

黄土高原中部降水梯度带植被覆盖度动态变化特征

黄土高原植被生长的水分环境从东南向西北呈现明显的梯度变化,定量分析各降水梯度带植被覆盖度空间分布特征和演变趋势,对正确评价退耕还林草工程的生态效应具有重要意义。选择一条垂直于降水梯度变化的样带,利用MODIS/NDVI数据,基于像元二分模型获取了研究区2000—2010年植被覆盖度空间分布特征,采用斜率法和相关系数法分析了植被覆盖度的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区植被覆盖度在空间分布上由东南向西北降低,东南部地区植被覆盖度达82.6%,北部荒漠地区仅为38.6%;(2)由于退耕还林草工程的实施,该区11a间植被覆盖度整体呈现上升趋势,其中2007年植被覆盖度值最高,为65.3%,与降水年际变化趋势一致;(3)研究区植被覆盖度主要受当年4—8月降雨量和气温影响,时间序列具有显著相关性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.