豫东平原棉田土壤水分变化规律和灌溉试验研究

为探明棉花生育期间土壤水分对产量的影响，我们在豫东平原棉田进行了土壤水分状况和灌溉的试验研究。结果表明，豫东平原棉花生育期间土壤含水率存在3个低谷，分别出现在蕾期后期、花铃期后期和吐絮期中期，即棉花移栽后的21～27 d、69～75 d和102～108 d。从棉花蕾期至花铃期土壤储水量逐步增加到较高的水平，但在花铃期进行适时、适量的灌溉，同时控制盛絮期的耗水量有利于提高产量和土壤水分的利用效率(WUE)。通过2000～2002年间棉花蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期和盛絮期的田间耗水量与产量的回归分析，得出其影响产量的系数分别为0.24、1.48、-0.12和-0.33。研究认为，棉花田间灌溉的时期对产量的效应顺序为：花铃期＞蕾期＞吐絮期＞盛絮期。     

调亏灌溉对棉花生长、生理及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验在棉花不同生育时期进行不同程度的调亏灌溉试验。结果表明,调亏灌溉对棉花株高、蕾铃脱落、成桃数等影响较显著;苗期和吐絮期重度水分亏缺、蕾铃期中度水分亏缺均有利于棉花产量的形成。棉花的光合速率和气孔阻力随土壤含水量变化的阈值约在14％土壤含水量水平,该阈值相当于田间持水量的60％～65％。合理的棉花调亏灌溉制度是苗期控制水分供应,土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的55％～60％;蕾期和花铃期是棉花的需水关键期,土壤含水量应分别保持在田间持水量的65％和70％左右;吐絮期应控制水分供应,土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的50％～55％。     

调亏灌溉对棉花生长,生理及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验在棉花不同生育时期进行不同程度的调亏灌溉试验。结果表明,调亏灌溉对棉花株高、蕾铃脱落、成桃数等影响较显著;苗期和吐絮期重度水分亏缺、蕾铃期中度水分亏缺均有利有棉花产量的形成。棉花的光合速率和气孔阻力随土壤含水量变化的阈值约在１４％土壤含水量水平,该阈值相当于田间持水量的６０％～６５％。合理的棉花调亏灌溉制度是苗期控制水分供应,土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的５５％～６０％;蕾期和花铃期是棉     

加气对西北旱区膜下滴灌棉花生长与水分利用效率的影响

针对膜下滴灌棉田土壤根际低氧胁迫抑制棉花水分利用问题，探讨不同生长阶段加气灌溉对棉花生长发育及水分利用的影响。研究设置了苗期、蕾期、花铃期、蕾期+花铃期、苗期+蕾期+花铃期5个加气阶段，以生育期不加气为对照进行田间试验。结果表明：花铃期加气土壤呼吸和土壤温度峰值较其他处理延后了9 d，使加气效果得到延长，更好地改善了土壤环境，在获得最大产量的同时，水分利用效率也最高。土壤氧气含量对棉花产量的影响程度最大，且花铃期土壤氧气含量对产量和水分利用效率的正面影响均大于其他生育期。因此，在棉花花铃期进行加气灌溉是缓解覆膜造成的棉花根际低氧胁迫，提升棉花产量与水分利用效率的最佳时期。研究结果对揭示加气灌溉对棉花生长的影响机制及进一步提高水土资源利用率提供了理论依据。     

水分胁迫对棉花生产影响的试验研究

根据大量的田间试验资料，分析了供水不足情况下水分胁迫对棉花生长发育及产量的影响，其影响程度由大到小依次为：现蕾＞花铃＞吐絮＞苗期，蕾期和花铃期连续受旱对棉花生长发育及产量的影响最大。利用国际上常用的几种同时考虑供水时间和灌溉水量的作物水分生产函数模型，经计算、分析、比较，找出了适合河北省棉花水分生产函数模型的具体表达形式，并进一步说明蕾期和花铃期两阶段的水分条件对棉花产量致关重要。     

近53年京津冀区域棉花生育期连阴雨的气候特征

利用京津冀棉区45个气象观测站1954（或建站）-2006年的气象资料,分析了京津冀区域棉花生育期的连阴雨气候变化特征。结果表明：京津冀棉区各地棉花播种-出苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期连阴雨分别为1～2.5年一遇、1～3年一遇、1～3年一遇和3～5年一遇,重连阴雨所占比率分别为24%、39%、47%和45%。近53 a来播种-出苗期和蕾期连阴雨出现次数的变化趋势不明显,花铃期和吐絮期不论是连阴雨还是重连阴雨的出现次数呈不同程度的减少趋势,生育后期连阴雨次数减少有利于棉花产量和质量的提高。     

棉花调亏灌溉效应研究

盆栽试验研究棉花调亏灌溉效应结果表明 ,棉花苗期为水分亏缺最佳时期 ,土壤含水量应维持在田间持水量的 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ,吐絮期维持在田间持水量的 5 0 %左右 ,蕾期维持在田间持水量的 6 5 %～ 70 % ,花铃期是棉花生长关键期 ,其土壤含水量应维持在田间持水量的 75 %左右 ,适当降低土壤含水量有助于提高棉株蕾铃数量 ,可减少蕾铃脱落。     

耕作方式和水分处理对棉花生产及水分利用的影响

为了确定麦后移栽棉适宜耕作方式和灌溉控制指标,该文设计了翻耕、免耕和少耕3种耕作方式处理,同时针对少耕耕作方式在蕾期和花铃期均设计了2种水分亏缺处理（土壤水分控制下限分别为田间持水率的60%和50%）,分析了不同耕作方式及少耕不同土壤水分处理对麦后移栽棉耗水规律、籽棉产量、水分利用效率及纤维品质的影响。研究结果表明,翻耕和少耕处理对麦后移栽棉的总耗水量、籽棉产量、水分利用效率均无显著性影响;免耕处理虽可节水19.96%,但产量降低了13.15%。不论蕾期还是花铃期,少耕水分亏缺均不利于棉铃生长,显著降低了成铃数,且籽棉产量随水分亏缺程度的增大而显著降低,其中蕾期同等程度水分亏缺的减产率大于花铃期;不同耕作方式对棉花的纤维品质无显著影响,而水分亏缺有降低品质的趋势。因此,少耕耕作方式在不减产的情况下,起到了保土保水的效果,且蕾期和花铃期土壤水分均控制在田间持水率的70%以上,可作为该耕作方式的灌溉控制指标。     

塔里木灌区膜下滴灌的棉花需水量及节水效益

为了确定适宜的灌溉制度,2008年通过田间灌溉试验,采用水量平衡法研究了塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉花需水和耗水规律。以田间试验数据为基础,拟合了棉花的水分生产函数模型,分析评价了膜下滴灌棉花的节水效益。结果表明:塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉花需水量为543 mm,其中苗期252 mm,蕾期186 mm,花铃期316 mm,吐絮期139 mm。随滴灌量减小,耗水量减小。滴灌量影响棉花各生育阶段的耗水量及产量,并不影响耗水比例。相应于灌溉水利用效率最高点的滴灌量要低于产量最高点的,因此节水与增产产生矛盾,仅从节水角度考虑,滴灌量为3 091 m³/hm²时,可以达到最大灌溉水利用效率,要获得最大产量,滴灌量应满足3 464 m³/hm²。与漫灌相比,膜下滴灌节水增产效益明显。在同一灌溉量下,膜下滴灌增产30.2%,灌溉水利用效率提高30.2%,在同一产量水平下,节水29.3%,灌溉水利用效率提高41.5%。     

土壤水分对棉花蕾铃脱落和纤维品质的影响

１９９１￣１９９５年在人工控制水分的条件下,研究不同生育阶段土壤对棉花蕾铃脱落与纤维品质的影响。研究发现,土壤水分不足或过大,均易造成雷铃脱落增加和品质下降。有利于增蕾保铃和提高纤维品质的土壤湿度,约相当于田间持水量的５５％￣７５％。不同生育阶段的棉花蕾铃脱落率和对水分的敏感系数不同。蕾铃脱落对水分的敏感系数以开花盛期－吐絮期最大,蕾期相对较小。脱落率以开花盛期－吐絮期最大,开花－开花盛期次之,吐     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。