南宁地区蜈蚣蕨居群的遗传多样性分析

本文采用等位酶电泳技术, 研究了南宁地区的南宁市、武鸣县和隆安县3 个不同的生态环境的野生蜈蚣蕨居群的遗传多样性。所测定的酶系统包括: 氨基肽酶 (AMP)、还原型辅酶I心肌黄酶 (DIA)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶 (MDH)、6 磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶 (PGD)、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶 (PGI)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 (PGM) 和莽草酸脱氢酶 (SKD) 8 个酶系统, 15 个酶位点。分析结果表明: 南宁地区蜈蚣蕨居群内遗传多样性水平中等偏上, 每个位点的等位基因平均数为1.6, 多态位点百分数为53.3% , 平均期望杂合度为0.242。     

桂林地区蜈蚣蕨群体遗传多样性及与南宁地区群体的对比分析

采用等位酶电泳技术,研究了桂林地区的桂林市、雁山镇、永福县的野生蜈蚣蕨群体的遗传多样性,并与南宁地区群体进行比较。所测定的酶系统包括：氨基肽酶（AMP）、还原型辅酶Ⅰ心肌黄酶（DIA）、异柠檬酸脱氧酶（IDH）、苹果酸脱氨酶（MDH）、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（PGD）、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶（PGI）、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶（PGM）和莽草酸脱氧酶（SKD共8个酶系统,15个酶位点。分析结果表明：桂林地区蜈蚣蕨群体内遗传多样性水平中等偏上,每个位点的等位基因平均为1．7,多态位点百分数为60％,平均期望杂合度为0．251,略高于南宁地区。     

西方蜜蜂正反交苹果酸脱氢酶II基因的遗传差异

西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)中,苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase,MDH)II由a、b、c三个等位基因编码,具有aa、bb、cc、ab、bc、ac六种基因型.在酶谱上,纯合子为一条带,杂合子三条带.     

鳜原种群体和养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

本研究利用20对微卫星引物对鳜（Sinipelrca chuatsi）原种群体和养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在鳜原种群体中检测到多态性位点14个,养殖群体11个。在两个群体中共检测到等位基因数96个,其中原种群体检测到等位基因数53个,每个位点的等位基因数在1～7之间,平均有效等位基因数为2．7390;养殖群体检测到等位基因数43个,每个位点的等位基因数在1-6之间,平均有效等位基因数为2．1284。原种群体的平均观察杂合度0．5708,Nei氏期望杂合度0．5295,平均多态信息含量PIC0．5353;养殖群体的平均观察杂合度0．3839,Nei氏期望杂合度0．4011,平均多态信息含量PIC0．5043。因此,与养殖群体相比,鳜原种群体仍有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究可为鳜种质资源的保护、监测和遗传育种提供分子水平上的数据。     

牙鲆群体生化遗传学研究——Ⅰ.组织特异性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,研究了AAT、EST、SOD、MDH、LDH和ME等位酶在牙鲆[Paralichthys olivaceus(T.et S.)]心脏、肌肉、鳃、眼睛、肾脏、肝脏、肠、脾、胃组织器官中表达,并分析了各种酶的等位酶位点表达以及酶谱表型。研究结果表明EST、SOD、MDH和ME 4种等位酶在不同组织中表达相同,AAT、LDH 2种等位酶在不同组织中表达差异,可能是受不同基因位点或同一基因位点不同等位基因控制的结果,与各组织完成特有生化代谢活动有关。     

4种经济鲍遗传多样性与分化的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术研究盘鲍(Haliotis discus discus)、皱纹盘鲍(H.discus hannai)、九孔鲍(H.diversicolor supertexta)养殖群体和杂色鲍(H.diversicolor diversicolor)自然群体遗传多样性与分化结果表明,4种经济鲍的遗传多样性较低,盘鲍群体平均每位点等位基因数目、多态位点百分数(P0.99%)、观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为1.2、16.67、0.109和0.061,皱纹盘鲍群体分别为1.10、11.11、0.093和0.056,杂色鲍群体分别为1.44、33.33、0.106和0.118,九孔鲍群体分别为1.50、33.33、0.135和0.128。盘鲍在Mdh-1位点上符合H-W平衡标准(P>0.05),而在位点Est-3(F=-0.753)和Sod-1-1(F=-1.000)上表现出杂合子过量;皱纹盘鲍在位点Est-3符合H-W平衡标准(P>0.05),而在位点Est-3(F=-0.371)和Sod-1(F=-1.000)上表现出杂合子过量;杂色鲍在位点Est-3、Mdh-1和Amy-1上符合H-W平衡标准(P>0.05),而在位点Aat-1(F=-0.486)和Mdh-1(F=-0.210)上表现出杂合子过量,在位点Est-2(F=0.597)、Amy-1(F=0.330)和Me-1(F=1.000)上表现出杂合子缺失,九孔鲍在位点Est-3、Sdh-2、Amy-1和Mdh-1上符合H-W平衡标准(P>0.05),而在位点Aat-1(F=-0.477)和Amy-1(F=-0.149)上表现出杂合子过量,在位点Est-2(F=0.540)上表现出杂合子缺失。盘鲍和皱纹盘鲍的遗传距离为0.055,九孔鲍和杂色鲍的遗传距离为0.016。     

微卫星标记分析广西水牛遗传多样性

为研究广西沼泽型水牛(Bubalus bubalis)核基因组的多态性,采用23对荧光标记微卫星引物,对随机抽取的60个广西本地水牛样本进行了PCR检测。结果表明,23对引物中,有19对可以获得特异性产物且存在多态,平均有效等位基因数为4.0189,基因座ILSTS086含有13个等位基因;各微卫星基因座的平均杂合度变化范围为0.1852~0.4722,ILSTS019基因座平均杂合度最高(0.4722),而ILSTS017平均杂合度最低(0.1852);群体基因平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6639,19个标记中有18个PIC大于0.5,属高度多态位点。     

RAPD分析野生和养殖太湖秀丽白虾的遗传多样性

摘要：用60个随机引物对野生和养殖的太湖秀丽白虾进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析,筛选的23个随机引物共检测到105个位点（200～2000bp）。用PopGen1.32分析结果表明：野生种群多态位点比例为50.47%,养殖种群多态位点比例为43.33%;野生种群和养殖种群的种群内遗传相似系数分别为0.8635和0.8795;野生种群和养殖种群之间的遗传距离为0.0361;野生种群平均Shannon多样性指数h0为0.2830,略高于养殖种群的0.272。     

四种同工酶在寿×斗杂交鸡中表达变化的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)对地方特色品种鸡(寿光慈伦鸡,鲁西斗鸡)及其优化的杂交后代鸡种的血样同工酶(LDH、EST、POD、SOD)表达变化进行分析.结果表明使用全血样品比分离血样更能显示出酶蛋白的多态,杂交后代鸡EST同工酶Es-1位点受多等位基因支配,新出现Es-1F、Es-1C、Es-1A2同工酶变异体.LDH同工酶存在性别上的明显差异,LDH同工酶基因表达调控A和B亚基的构成.POD和SOD同工酶表达谱型发生改变,POD显示二种新的同工酶活都呈现增强趋势.提示同工酶表达多态变化差异是地方特色鸡保种、选育、种质评价及杂交亲本选配的有效标志物.     

锯缘青蟹等位酶的生化遗传研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术 ,对锯缘青蟹 6个自然群体进行 11种等位酶电泳检测和谱带遗传分析结果表明 ,所研究的锯缘青蟹 2 2个等位酶位点和 30个等位基因中有 15个单态位点 ,即Ldh 1、Sod 2、Aat 1、Aat 2、Skd 1、Skd 2、Idh 1、Sdh 1、Adh 1、Me 1、Me 3、Mdh 1、Amy 1、Amy 2和Amy 3,而这些位点仅有 1个等位基因 ;有 7个多态位点 ,即Est 1、Est 2 (此位点厦门锯缘青蟹为单态位点 )、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2、Mdh 2 (此位点厦门锯缘青蟹为多态位点 )和Mdh 3,而这些位点有 2～ 3个等位基因。 6个锯缘青蟹自然群体所有位点中共享大多数常见等位基因 ,其生化遗传非常相似。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI