长期施肥对红壤旱地玉米生物量及养分吸收的影响

基于江西进贤旱地长期施肥定位试验田,研究不同施肥模式下玉米不同器官的生物量、养分吸收与分配及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明:(1)长期施用化肥导致土壤pH值下降,不合理施肥使土壤养分含量有不同程度的下降,有机无机肥配施能有效缓解土壤酸化,显著提高土壤有机碳和有效养分含量.(2)与对照相比,N处理降低了玉米籽粒、穗轴、秸秆和根茬的生物量,而均衡施肥(NPK、2NPK)及有机肥处理(NPKOM、OM)使玉米籽粒增产1.1～2.9倍,并提高了其他器官的生物量.土壤酸碱度、有机质及N、P养分对玉米籽粒的产量影响显著,土壤K养分对玉米生物量影响相对较小.(3)玉米对N的吸收主要集中在籽粒和秸秆,分别占总吸N量的41.8％～61.3％和30.3％～48.4％,P在籽粒中的吸收量高达61.8％～73.9％,K的吸收主要集中在秸秆,占总吸K量的51.4％～67.9％.有机无机肥配施模式则显著促进了作物各器官对养分的吸收和提高作物产量.作物养分的收获指数为P＞N＞K.     

宁南山区新修梯田不同培肥方式效果研究

针对宁南山区新修水平梯田建设初期土壤肥力下降、作物产量不稳等问题,通过布设田间小区试验,研究了不同培肥方式对宁南山区新修水平梯田土壤肥力、作物生长状况和产量的影响情况。结果表明:施肥有利于增加土壤养分,采用复合肥和农家肥、酵素菌肥、腐植酸肥等有机肥相结合的方式培肥效果显著,尤以复合肥配施农家肥效果最好,而单施复合肥的处理与不施肥处理相比,根系质量、植株生物量和马铃薯产量增加均不显著。     

施肥位置与杂草管理对间作玉米、马铃薯生长和产量的影响

【目的】施肥和除草是农业生产中两大重要的管理措施。近年来,施肥位置作为一种精准施肥措施越来越引起关注,本研究调查了施肥位置与杂草防控在玉米、马铃薯间作中对作物生长和产量的影响。【方法】采用2∶2间作行比,进行了玉米、马铃薯间作大田试验。杂草管理设除草和不除草,施肥位置处理包括:均匀施肥(HF)、种间行施肥(TERF)和种内行施肥(TRAF),共6个处理,每个处理3次重复。调查了间作玉米、马铃薯的株高、生物量、根系总生物量和产量,以及杂草生物量。【结果】施肥位置和杂草管理对玉米产量、生物量和株高均有显著影响,且存在显著的交互效应(产量P <0.001、生物量P=0.002、株高P=0.007)。相比于均匀施肥,在不除草情况下,种间行和种内行施肥均显著提高了玉米的产量、生物量和株高。而在除草情况下,种内行施肥显著提高了玉米的产量和生物量,种间行施肥仅显著增加了玉米的株高。除草对马铃薯株高无显著影响(P=0.494),但显著提高了马铃薯产量和生物量(P <0.001)。施肥位置对马铃薯产量(P=0.114)、生物量(P=0.580)和株高(P=0.772)均无显著影响。在均匀施肥和种内行施肥下,除草显著提高根系总生物量(P <0.001),但在种间行施肥下则无显著影响。不论除草与否,与均匀施肥相比,种内行施肥显著提高了玉米、马铃薯的根系总生物量(P <0.001)。施肥位置(P=0.001)和生长位置(P <0.001)均对杂草生物量有显著影响。与均匀施肥相比,种内行施肥显著降低种间行和马铃薯种内行的杂草生物量,而种间行施肥对种间行杂草生物量无显著影响,但显著降低两种作物的种内行杂草生物量。【结论】在玉米、马铃薯间作体系中,种内行施肥结合除草,可显著促进玉米和马铃薯根系发育,抑制杂草生物量,进而提高产量及肥料施用效果。     

长期平衡施肥对潮土微生物活性和玉米养分吸收的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(NK、PK、NP)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性、呼吸强度以及玉米养分吸收的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,NPK处理玉米根系与茎叶生物量、籽粒产量以及植株氮磷钾吸收量均大幅提高,NP处理次之,PK与NK处理则无显著影响;同一处理玉米茎叶与根系养分含量接近,而籽粒的全氮和全磷含量较高、全钾含量偏低;与NPK处理相比,缺施氮、磷或钾肥均直接导致玉米植株相应养分的明显亏缺或其他养分的过量富集,但在根系、茎叶和籽粒部位的累积情况存在一定差异。与CK相比,所有施加磷肥的处理(NPK、NP、PK)土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、脱氢酶、转化酶、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤基础呼吸强度均显著升高(p<0.05),土壤微生物代谢熵则显著下降(p<0.05),而缺施磷肥的NK处理除显著提高脲酶活性外(p<0.05),对其他指标均无显著影响。结果表明,氮磷钾平衡施肥在促进土壤微生物繁育和保育微生物代谢活性以及促进作物生长和保证养分吸收等方面显得非常重要,而缺素施肥中以缺施磷肥的不利影响最为突出。     

有机无机肥配施对玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N2O排放的影响

在等施氮量条件下,比较有机肥与无机肥施用后旱地玉米-豇豆复种系统土壤硝化与反硝化作用、N_2O排放与作物产量的变化,有助于正确认识肥料施用对N_2O排放的影响,为制定大田合理的丰产减排措施提供理论依据。本研究通过田间试验,利用静态箱技术和BaPS气压过程分离技术研究了不同肥料类型处理(无机肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施)下玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N_2O排放、硝化与反硝化作用的变化特征。结果表明:1)相对于单施无机肥或有机肥,有机无机肥配施可显著降低土壤硝化作用速率;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理平均土壤硝化作用速率分别比化肥和有机肥处理显著降低了28.74%和13.96%,豇豆生长季显著降低了24.66%和13.28%。土壤反硝化作用速率在各施肥处理间差异不显著。2)有机无机肥配施显著降低土壤N_2O排放;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理分别比无机肥处理和有机肥处理显著降低33.44%和32.29%,在豇豆生长季分别显著降低27.00%和15.14%。3)相关分析表明,土壤N_2O排放与硝化作用速率呈极显著相关,而与反硝化作用速率呈不显著相关。4)有机无机配施处理玉米和豇豆产量最高。因此,有机无机肥配施能有效降低玉米-豇豆系统土壤N_2O排放和提高作物产量,是一项丰产低N_2O排放的施肥技术,但长期有机无机肥配施对土壤N_2O排放和作物产量的影响还需要进一步研究。     

碳酸氢根与水肥同层对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

把水分(NaHCO3溶液或纯水)供应于底施了铵态或硝态N肥的土层内,以研究HCO3-及水肥供应方式对石灰性土壤上玉米生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在限制灌水量的条件下,在土壤上层供应HCO3-显著抑制根系生长,但在下层供应对生长无明显影响;当施用不同形态N素时,HCO3-对N素吸收并无明显影响;此外,供应HCO3-溶液能明显提高灌水土层的土壤pH。总体来看,在供试条件下,HCO3-对玉米幼苗生长量、根系分布及养分吸收量的影响均较为有限,而后三者主要受施肥灌水层次的影响,即:在土壤上层施肥灌水,幼苗生长量显著降低;而在下层施肥灌水是一种节水节肥的水肥供应方式。但下层施肥灌水不利于植株的直立性。因为下层施肥灌水时根系主要分布在下层,在上层分布数量极少;而上层施肥灌水根系在上下两层中的分布无明显差异;下层施肥灌水的玉米植株,其N、P、K吸收量远高于上层施肥灌水的植株。     

不同有机物施用对油菜-红薯轮作模式下养分吸收利用的影响

探讨不同有机物施用对土壤肥力与作物养分吸收利用的影响,以达到农田培肥和提升作物养分利用效率的目的。2015年在江西省红壤研究所布置田间施肥试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(CF)、减量化肥(RF)、全量化肥配施秸秆(CFR)、减量化肥配施秸秆(RFR)、全量化肥配施生物黑炭(CFB)、减量化肥配施生物黑炭(RFB)、减量化肥配施猪粪(RFP)、减量化肥配施蚓粪(RFV)9种不同施肥处理,研究全量化肥和减施40%化肥条件下配施不同有机物对土壤肥力及作物养分利用效率的影响。结果表明:施用有机物的各处理油菜籽粒和红薯产量较CF处理都有所增加,其中以RFP和RFV处理增产效果最为显著,其增幅分别为76.69%,75.01%和84.73%,69.72%;有机物的施用提升了土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量,在连续施肥下,土壤养分水平进一步提升;在红薯和油菜季,不论全量化肥还是减量40%化肥,配施有机物处理相比CF处理均不同程度提高了氮肥、钾肥的表观利用率和偏生产力,其中红薯季RFP处理提升效果最佳,分别达到43.22%,48.55%和22.00,21.45kg/kg,但其磷肥表观利用率和磷肥偏生产力较低,仅为1.91%和3.25kg/kg;油菜季RFV处理的肥料贡献率最高,达到80.41%,但其农学效率较低,为0.67kg/kg。因此,有机物的施用可以达到土壤培肥、增加作物产量和提高作物肥料养分利用率的目的,对于农业生产有重要意义。     

南京郊区大白菜生长期氮素的供应及利用

在南京郊区露地生产条件下,研究了不同施肥处理秋季大白菜生长期的土壤N素供应、作物养分吸收利用和肥料N素损失。结果表明,在大白菜整个生育期,耕层土壤供N量为50.7kg/hm2,占土壤全N量的1.07%。作物收获期地上部分生物量和N素含量随施N量的提高而升高,施用N肥显著增加了大白菜的生物量,提高幅度高达3~4倍。植株吸收N量70%以上来源于肥料N。在本试验条件下,尿素N肥表观利用率为26%~35%,土壤NO3--N含量随N肥施用量的增加而升高,主要累积在0~40cm土层中。     

长期施肥对黑土和暗棕壤土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响

为阐明长期施肥对黑土和暗棕壤土壤酶活性的影响、土壤酶活性与土壤养分的关系,探讨土壤持续利用的培肥模式,采集了施用不同肥料28年后的黑土和暗棕壤,对黑土和暗棕壤土壤酶活性以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明,与不施肥对照相比,各施肥处理均可显著增加黑土和暗棕壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量,提高土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性,其中以化肥配施有机肥效果最为明显。土壤酶活性与土壤养分之间有很好的相关性,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量呈显著相关,黑土对施肥比暗棕壤对施肥更敏感。对不同土壤长期化肥配施有机肥均可为作物生长创造良好的土壤环境。     

氮磷等比与以磷定氮条件下玉米的最大施肥量研究

以前的研究已认识到种植玉米的土壤具有平衡与不平衡的土壤养分供应类型,因而其高产施肥需要相应的养分配比。本研究以养分平衡供应的山西石灰性褐土为对象,按照同步增加氮磷用量和以磷定氮等两种施肥量确定方法设置氮磷施肥量,探讨高产玉米的最大施肥量和最佳施肥比例。研究表明,氮磷等比施肥下玉米最大施氮量较以磷定氮增大46 kg hm-2,产量增加738 kg hm-2;而玉米最佳施氮量较以磷定氮增加39 kg hm-2,产量增加723 kg hm-2。氮磷等比施肥下最佳施氮量氮素的增产效益极大。试验说明氮磷施用比例是影响玉米最大施氮量及其肥效的重要因素。在供试的氮磷养分平衡供应条件下同步增加氮磷用量可以得到两者统一的玉米高产最佳施肥量点。本研究提出,根据土壤养分平衡供应特征调整施肥养分比例可能是作物高产施肥且提高肥料利用率的途径。     

土壤氮异质性与种间地上竞争对玉米和马铃薯生长的影响

由于不均匀施肥、有机质分解和群体结构复杂化等因素,氮在间作农田土壤中的分布具有异质性。因此,间作作物的生长同时受到种间竞争和异质性氮的影响。然而,人们对作物种间关系(特别是地上竞争)与异质性氮在影响作物生长中有何关系还知之较少。本研究以玉米与马铃薯间作模式为试验对象,在盆栽条件下采用控释性氮肥构建异质性,利用根管分隔去除地下竞争后,通过目标植物法设计地上竞争处理,探讨作物的觅养精确度、生物量生产、功能性状、竞争能力和总相对生产力对氮分布和地上竞争的响应。结果表明:异质氮处理的总相对生产力高于均质氮处理,这可能是因为与无竞争相比,地上竞争提高两作物的觅养精确度。但在地上竞争下异质氮抑制马铃薯的生长,玉米生长得以提高,而在无竞争下异质氮处理提高两作物的生长;这些生长变化在功能性状上得到进一步体现,包括根冠比、根叶比、叶重比和根重比;从竞争能力来看,相对于均质氮处理,异质氮处理促进玉米但降低马铃薯的竞争能力,故马铃薯在均质氮条件下有竞争优势,而玉米则在异质性氮条件下具有竞争优势。总之,地上竞争改变作物对异质性氮的觅养行为,而异质性氮提高作物生长,改变玉米和马铃薯的相对竞争能力,因此地上竞争和氮异质性在调控作物生长过程中存在相互影响,这一发现可增加对间作体系中氮利用特征的认识,也有助于理解农田间作系统中作物生长变化的复杂性。     

Foliar Fertilization of Crop Plants

Essential plant nutrients are mainly applied to soil and plant foliage for achieving maximum economic yields. Soil application method is more common and most effective for nutrients, which required in higher amounts. However, under certain circumstances, foliar fertilization is more economic and effective. Foliar symptoms, soil and plant tissue tests, and crop growth responses are principal nutrient disorder diagnostic techniques. Soil applications of fertilizers are mainly done on the basis of soil tests, whereas foliar nutrient applications are mainly done on the basis of visual foliar symptoms or plant tissue tests. Hence, correct diagnosis of nutrient deficiency is fundamental for successful foliar fertilization. In addition, there are some more requirements for successful foliar fertilization. Foliar fertilization requires higher leaf area index for absorbing applied nutrient solution in sufficient amount, it may be necessary to have more than one application depending on severity of nutrient deficiency. Nutrient concentration and day temperature should be optimal to avoid leaf burning and fertilizer source should be soluble in water to be more effective. Foliar fertilization of crops can complement soil fertilization. If foliar fertilization is mixed with postemergence herbicides, insecticides, or fungicides, the probability of yield response could be increased and cost of application can be reduced.     

黄土母质生土当年施肥对谷类作物生产力与根际土壤营养及生物活性的影响

连续3年试验研究了黄土母质生土当年施肥对谷类作物生产力与根际土壤营养及生物活性的影响。结果表明:黄土母质生土当年施肥促进了作物根系生长、生产力增加,强大的根土系统又促进了微生物的繁衍、酶活性及土壤营养的提高。黄土母质生土的熟化利用过程需用地养地相结合,重视生物改土。本研究表明,高粱、玉米均可作为生土改良沃化的先锋作物,高粱根系强壮,入土深,生物量大;而玉米虽根重、最大根长、一级节根数低于高粱,但根际土壤微生物数量多,酶活性高。而黍子根系柔弱,根际土壤生物活性较低,与高粱、玉米相比,不宜作为生土改良的先锋谷类作物。黄土母质生土对外源的辅助能(当年施肥)反应十分敏感,施肥的增产效应与土壤培肥都十分显著。黄土母质生土熟化沃化过程既是一个生土培肥改良过程,也是一个物质能量(营养)投入转化过程,并经植物物质生产过程、土壤微生物分解矿化过程及土壤生物化学酶系统促进过程三者互动,共同构成根土苗微生物物质能量转化的生态系统。     

The Effect of Phosphorus,Mucuna, and Nitrogen on the Biomass,Leaf Area Index,and Foliar Nutrient Content of Maize on a Depleted Sandy Loam Soil in Zimbabwe

Sufficient nutrient levels in leaves of crops have substantial effects on plant growth, development, and grain yield, as it is a fundamental constituent of many leaf cell components. The effect of phosphorus (P), mucuna management options, and nitrogen (N) on the biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nutrient content of maize on a depleted sandy loam soil in Zimbabwe were investigated. The experimental design was a split-split-plot with two P rates, four mucuna management options, and four N treatments (applied to a subsequent maize crop). Biomass, LAI, and foliar N, P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the subsequent maize crop were determined. A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.05) between mucuna management options, N rates, and time was observed in terms of biomass production and all nutrients in the leaves of the subsequent maize crop.     

在富营养土壤斑块中根增值对玉米养分吸收和生长的贡献

Root proliferation can be stimulated in a heterogeneous nutrient patch; however, the functions of the root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil patches are not fully understood. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the comparative effects of localized application of ammonium and phosphorus (P) at early or late stages on root growth, nutrient uptake, and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) on a calcareous soil in an intensive farming system. Localized supply of ammonium and P had a more evident effect on shoot and root growth, and especially stimulated fine root development at the early seedling stage, with most of the maize roots being allocated to the nutrient-rich patch in the topsoil. Although localized ammonium and P supply at the late stage also enhanced the fine root growth, the plant roots in the patch accounted for a low proportion of the whole maize roots in the topsoil at the flowering stage. Compared with the early stage, fine root length in the short-lived nutrient patch decreased by 44%-62% and the shoot dry weight was not different between heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient supply at the late growth stage. Localized supply of ammonium and P significantly increased N and P accumulation by maize at 35 and 47 days after sowing (DAS); however, no significant difference was found among the treatments at 82 DAS and the later growth stages. The increased nutrient uptake and plant growth was related to the higher proportion of root length in the localized nutrient-enriched patch. The results indicated that root proliferation in nutrient patches contributed more to maize growth and nutrient uptake at the early than late stages.     

土壤养分空间异质性与根系觅食作用:从个体到群落

土壤中分布着许多大小不一的养分富集区域（也称之为养分斑块）。植物为了适应环境最大限度的获取资源,会对这些养分斑块做出形态及生理上的响应。当根系接触到这些富集养分的区域就会大量的增生,尤其是比根长较大的细根,并且根系对养分的生理吸收能力也强于养分富集区域以外的根系。养分斑块的属性（大小、强度、组成和位置等）和植物体本身的属性（敏感性和觅食能力等）共同决定了养分空间异质性对于植物体生长的影响。由于不同物种的根系对于养分斑块的可塑性和养分斑块的属性的差异及植物根系接触到养分斑块的时间和规模的不同会加剧种间或种内的竞争强度;先接触到养分斑块的植物根系可能在其他植物的根系到达之前将养分斑块内部的养分大部分吸收或耗尽,从而引起根系间的不对称性竞争。养分空间异质性造成的群体内部竞争强度的增加甚至不对称性会引起群体内植株大小变异性的增加,从而进一步影响群体结构。同时养分空间异质性对根系竞争的影响也会改变群落内部物种的多样性及整个体系的生产力,这与群落内物种之间觅食精度及竞争力的差异有关;觅食能力较强的物种可能会高效整合并占据大量的小养分斑块从而提高自身生长,进而降低了小养分斑块对群落物种丰度的正效应。     

不同水肥处理对苕子和后茬玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究不同水肥处理对光叶紫花苕子(简称苕子)生长,及其翻压后对后茬玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,灌溉和施肥均显著促进苕子生长。在绿肥季,不论施肥与否,灌溉处理均可显著提高苕子的生物量、根系活力和N、P养分累积,NPW(绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉)和CKW处理(绿肥季不施肥,只进行灌溉处理)的苕子生物量、根系活力和N、P养分累积分别比相应的未灌溉处理提高34.58%和56.10%,26.49%和37.92%,43.47%和146.89%,103.84%和113.94%。苕子翻压的养分还田量为125.32～274.49kg/hm2,约占玉米季化肥总养分的26.95%～59.03%。与冬闲处理(CF)相比,不同施肥和灌溉处理的绿肥翻压均促进玉米产量和养分累积,以及土壤养分含量的提高,其中以NPW处理的提升效果最明显。周年等养分条件下,玉米季15.56%氮或50.00%磷肥料前移至绿肥季,可明显促进绿肥养分还田量的增加,后茬玉米产量(增幅为8.39%～31.19%)和养分累积量(增幅为7.31%～29.20%)也有不同程度的增加。综上,在适量灌溉和施肥条件下,苕子生物量明显增加,进而促进后茬玉米产量和养分累积量增加。研究结果可为我国绿肥农田应用及化肥减施提供数据支撑和实践依据。     

Effect of Micronutrient-Based Integrated Use of Nutrients on Crop Productivity,Nutrient Uptake,and Soil Fertility in Greengram and Fingermillet Sequence Under Semi-arid Tropical Conditions

To identify the best combinations of micronutrient-based fertilization treatments in terms of crop yield and nutrient uptake, three field experiments with greengram?fingermillet as the test sequence with 12 treatments on micronutrient-based fertilization [with recommended nitrogen (N)?phosphorus (P)?potassium (K) fertilizer] were conducted during 2005 to 2007 in a semi-arid Alfisol at Bangalore. The effects of treatments on available soil and plant uptake of nutrients [N, P, K, sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo)] and yield of crops were assessed based on standard analysis of variance procedure. Using the relationships of yield with soil and plant nutrient variables, regression models of yield through soil and plant variables were calibrated and effects of variables on crop yields were assessed. The models gave high and significant yield predictability in the range of 0.87 to 0.98 through different variables. The model of plant uptake through soil nutrients indicated that soil S, Fe, and Zn had significant positive effects, whereas soil N, K, B, and Mo had negative effects on plant nutrient status in greengram. Similarly, soil P, Mn, and Zn had significant positive effects, whereas soil N, K, and Fe had negative effects on plant uptake of nutrients in fingermillet. Based on a relative efficiency index (REI) criteria, T2 for plant uptake and T12 for maintaining soil nutrients were found to be superior in greengram, whereas T2 for plant uptake and T8 for maintaining soil nutrients were found to be superior in fingermillet over years based on REI. The combined REI over soil and plant nutrients for both crops indicated that application of T8 for greengram and T2 for fingermillet could be prescribed for attaining maximum plant uptake of nutrients and productivity of crops in sequence, apart from maintaining maximum soil fertility of nutrients under semi-arid Alfisols.     

Contributions of Nutrients in Biochar to Increase Spinach Production: A Pot Experiment

Studies have shown that biochar amendment could increase soil nutrient availability and crop production, but the contributions of nutrients including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the biochar to plant production need to be tested. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of maize straw-based biochar (BC) amendment on spinach fresh yield and dry biomass production, compared with non-biochar non-fertilization control (CT) and non-biochar chemical fertilization (NBF, equivalent amounts of N, P, and K). After 50-day growth, fresh leaf yield was increased by 63.7% or 38.0% under BC or NBF than under CT, and by 18.7% under BC than under NBF. Meanwhile, both leaf dry biomass and total plant (leaves + roots) biomass were similar between BC and NBF, but significantly higher under BC (47.5% in total) and NBF (56.2% in total) than under CT. In addition, root dry biomass was similar between BC and CT, but significantly higher under NBF than under BC or CT. These results indicated that about 60% of the contributions to yield/biomass increase might be from nutrients in the biochar. On the one hand, plant N and K uptake was highest, but P uptake was lowest, under BC than under CT and NBF. On the other hand, significantly higher soil available N ranked as CT ≈ BC > NBF, soil available P as CT ≈ BC ≈ NBF, and soil available K as BC ≈ NBF > CT. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that nutrients in the biochar could contribute to plant growth significantly.