青海湖流域土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性研究

土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气和化学物质运移优先流的主要途径。本文以青海湖流域土壤为研究对象,在青海湖沙柳河流域取原状土柱,利用CT扫描与Fiji软件相结合的方法,实现了土壤大孔隙结构的三维可视化,以及断层横截面土壤大孔隙度、大孔隙数量和大孔隙等效直径等的量化;并探讨了样地土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性。结果表明:青海湖流域土壤大孔隙主要分布在土壤表层0~100 mm,100 mm以下大孔隙较少;土壤全磷含量分别与土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙等效直径有显著相关性;土壤全氮、有机质含量分别与土壤大孔隙平均等效直径有显著相关性;土壤体积质量与大孔隙度、大孔隙平均等效直径等有显著相关性;土壤中0.002≤Ф0.02 mm的颗粒含量与大孔隙的分布特征相关性较大。     

黄土高原坝地层状土壤剖面孔隙分布特征

以明确自然界中广泛存在的层状结构土壤孔隙分布特征为目的。选黄土高原典型坝地土壤剖面为研究对象，利用CT扫描技术分析耕作层、犁底层、心土层土壤三维结构，探讨层状土孔隙参数随土层结构变化及界面层孔隙特征。结果表明：(1)瘦长型孔隙(孔隙形状系数≤0.2)是各土层土壤孔隙的主要形态。各土层的孔隙参数具有明显差异。耕作层的总孔隙度最高，大孔隙(≥1 mm)分布较多；犁底层孔隙总数量最高，含有较多孤立的小孔隙(≥0.1～0.5 mm)和微小孔隙(≥0.06～0.1 mm),但连通性最差；心土层孔隙参数多数介于耕作层与犁底层之间。(2)坝地剖面层状土壤具有一定厚度的界面层，各孔隙参数均在土层界面位置存在突变点，具有明显分界现象。孔隙特征参数均呈过渡位置渐变、界面位置突变的规律。在界面层，犁底层土壤总孔隙度和连通性与耕作层相比，分别显著下降41.6%,69.8%;心土层在界面层的土壤总孔隙度和连通性与犁底层相比，分别显著增高30.4%,52.3%。(3)孔隙孔径大小与孔隙形态密切相关，大孔隙形态多呈瘦长型，而微小孔隙形状则多呈规则型。(4)土层越深，连通性与总孔隙度、孔隙总数量、孔径分布及孔隙形状的...     

CT扫描分析秸秆隔层孔隙特征及其对土壤水入渗的影响

为阐明不同物理形态玉米秸秆建立的隔层对盐碱土壤灌溉水入渗特征的影响机制,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,在距地表40～45 cm处均匀铺设同一隔层厚度(5 cm)段状秸秆(SL)、颗粒状秸秆(SK)与粉末状秸秆(SF),以不埋设秸秆隔层为对照(CK),并利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,定量分析不同形态秸秆隔层内部孔隙度、孔隙大小分布、连通度等孔隙参数及其与灌溉水入渗特征之间的关系。结果表明:与CK处理相比,不同物理形态的玉米秸秆隔层均显著提高了40～45 cm隔层处总孔隙度,其中以SF处理最高,分别较CK、SL与SK处理显著提高了29.25、12.09与12.61个百分点(P 0.05),但SL与SK处理间差异不显著。SF处理在灌溉水入渗各阶段均显著增加了孔隙直径≤1 mm的孔隙度(P 0.05),入渗开始前、结束后分别较SL与SK处理提高了19.18、17.25和9.45、9.41个百分点,从而增大了封闭气体体积,导致灌溉水入渗速率较慢,而SL处理在灌溉水入渗开始前孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SK处理提高了1.04个百分点,但在入渗结束后SK处理孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SL处理显著提高,这种 1 mm大孔隙的变化导致SK处理出现湿润锋通过秸秆隔层耗时长于SL处理,而湿润锋通过隔层后至土柱底部耗时短于SL处理的现象。相关性分析结果表明:湿润锋通过秸秆隔层用时与入渗开始前、结束后隔层处总孔隙度、≤1 mm直径孔隙度均呈极显著正相关,与入渗前 1 mm直径孔隙度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),而在入渗结束后这种大孔隙的作用减弱,但≤1 mm孔隙度的阻渗作用依旧显著,孔隙连通度对灌溉水入渗速率的影响较总孔隙度小。可见,不同形态玉米秸秆隔层均影响灌溉水入渗过程,CT扫描技术可作为定量研究秸秆隔层内部孔隙结构及其对灌溉水入渗影响机制的手段,该结果可为筛选和建立盐碱土壤最佳灌溉淋盐效果的物理形态秸秆隔层提供参考。     

风化花岗岩坡地土壤剖面大孔隙特性的空间分布

为了揭示侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地不同部位土壤剖面大孔隙特性的空间分布,在浙江嵊州市水土保持监测站,同一坡面不同侵蚀强度的坡顶、坡中、坡底选取3个土壤剖面,进行了原状土柱(70cm)样品采集,用CT分层扫描与Arc GIS10.1图像解译技术,获得了系列数据,并计算了分析指标,研究了3个剖面大孔隙的分布规律和影响因素。结果表明:(1)3个土壤剖面均以大孔隙为主,1~3 mm孔径占比最大,5~7 mm占比最小。大孔隙个数的排序:坡中坡底坡顶。(2)大孔隙度与总孔隙度的差值随深度递减。大孔隙度大于均值的层位分布在0~30 cm之间。(3)成圆率影响大孔隙度与总孔隙度的关系。土壤黏粒和粉粒含量越多,成圆率越大。大孔隙度与土壤粗砂粒呈显著正相关,与黏粒和粉粒为显著负相关。(4)土壤侵蚀强度越大,大孔隙占比越大,孔隙结构性越差,漏水漏肥越严重。     

泾河南塬黄土的渗透特征及孕灾机制

[目的]分析泾河南塬黄土的渗透各向异性特征,并探讨该地区滑坡的孕灾机制,以期为黄土分布区雨水入渗型滑坡的灾害防治提供指导。[方法]通过野外调查和渗透试验,分析该地区裂隙土以及不同土层的渗透特征。[结果]裂隙土的渗透系数远大于均质土,裂隙的存在为水的入渗提供优势渗流通道。不同土层渗透系数对比表明,马兰黄土因大、中孔隙多以及节理裂隙发育,其渗透系数最大,而古土壤的渗透系数最小。[结论]泾河南塬黄土具有明显的渗透各向异性,水与裂隙共同作用已成为该地区的一种恶性灾害链模式。     

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型土壤微观结构特征

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的研究,对认识该地区盐碱土的工程性质和对滨海盐碱地治理具有重要意义。该研究结合粒度分析(particle size distribution,PSD)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、压汞(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)方法,对3种不同土地利用类型盐碱土的微观结构进行定量分析,旨在揭示其微观特性,为黄河三角洲盐碱地治理提供微观理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下的土壤黏粒含量表现大小依次为农田、滩地、草地,而土壤孔隙度大小依次为草地、滩地、农田;农田、草地与滩地盐碱土矿物成分中,石英、方解石和钠长石等原生矿物占绝对优势,仅含少量黏土矿物,且农田黏土矿物含量远大于草地与滩地;草地与滩地盐碱土孔隙特征类似,两者在0.1≤孔隙直径<10μm范围内小孔隙与微孔隙占有绝对优势,而农田盐碱土以孔隙直径在<2μm范围内的微孔隙与超微孔隙为主。农田盐碱土由致密片状、扁平状结构与微裂隙构成,骨架颗粒间由黏土矿物胶结;草地盐碱土由紧密镶嵌的块状颗粒和架空孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结;滩地盐碱土由紧密堆积的粒状颗粒和粒间孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结。研究成果可提高对黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的认识,为滨海盐碱地的治理、利用和开发提供了微观尺度上的依据。     

黄土高原旱地苹果园油菜间作对土壤大孔隙结构的影响

采用X-ray computed tomography(CT)技术研究了果树行间不同油菜间作密度(CK:清耕;L:低密度间作;M:中密度间作;H:高密度间作)对土壤大孔隙特征参数的影响。结果表明:油菜间作改善了果树行间(0—60 cm)土壤大孔隙特征,各土层的土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙面积、大孔隙度等参数分别较清耕显著提高(P<0.05);不同间作密度对土壤大孔隙的作用不同,除10—20 cm外,中密度间作对土壤大孔隙度的改善效果均显著好于其他处理;中密度处理下大孔隙(d>1 mm)在各土层间的数目多、差异小,并且在0—30 cm土壤剖面上的成圆率最高。中、高密度油菜间作的土壤大孔隙特征参数均优于清耕及低密度间作,而中密度间作的土壤大孔隙分布更均匀、形状更规则,是黄土高原旱地苹果园改善土壤结构的适宜间作密度。     

冻融条件下黑土大孔隙结构特征研究

冻融作用会改变土壤微观结构,孔隙特征的变化是其结构性改变的重要体现。研究冻融作用对开展黑土区侵蚀机理研究及合理利用黑土资源具有重要意义。本研究旨在对冻融条件下原状土样的三维结构进行分析,获取孔隙特征的定量指标,进而分析冻融循环对土壤大孔隙的影响,为进一步揭示黑土区季节性冻融对黑土结构的影响提供证据。通过室内冻融循环试验结合CT扫描技术研究黑土原状土体大孔隙在7种冻融循环次数以及两组含水率下的变化规律,探讨在冻融循环作用下原状土体大于1.25 mm的孔隙变化特征。结果表明:在15次冻融循环内,随着冻融循环次数的增多,土壤孔隙度不断增大,在7次冻融循环后增长尤为显著;孔隙数量随冻融循环次数的增多而减小;规则孔隙度(RP)持续减小,不规则孔隙度(IRP)呈减小趋势而加长孔隙度(EP)呈增大趋势;孔径随冻融循环次数的增多而增大,孔径大于3 mm的孔隙孔隙度不断增大;冻融作用使孔隙出现大量分支,冻融循环次数越多分支占比越大。在冻融温差一定时,冻融循环后高含水率土壤比低含水率土壤的上述孔隙特征变化更为显著。研究成果为阐明冻融侵蚀机理、合理评价及利用寒区农田提供理论依据。     

裂隙岩质边坡非饱和降雨入渗特征分析

[目的]研究降雨入渗过程中,裂隙岩质边坡渗流场和暂态饱和区的变化规律,为裂隙岩体降雨入渗规律、工程技术及水土保持方面的研究提供支持。[方法]基于非连续裂隙模型,采用Matlab编制裂隙岩体渗透张量的计算程序;基于等效连续介质渗流模型,采用FLAC3D内置的FISH语言编制程序进行非饱和渗流分析。[结果]依托实际工程分析得出了裂隙岩体的渗透张量,在降雨过程中随着降雨强度的增加或者降雨时间的延长,边坡表层区域零孔隙水压力面不断向内部发展,暂态饱和区的范围不断扩大,且暂态饱和区的出现发生在降雨强度大于边坡的入渗率的情况。[结论]采用非连续裂隙网络模型和等效连续介质渗流模型对裂隙岩质边坡降雨入渗分析能较好反映裂隙岩体各向异性和非饱和渗流的特点。     

“泡沫砂”改良黏重黄壤孔隙结构的粒径效应

以贵州毕节黏重的黄壤为研究对象,通过掺入等量不同粒径的泡沫砂进行温室模拟试验,泡沫砂粒径分别为0.5?2 mm(1T)、2?7 mm(2T)和7?10 mm(3T),研究孔隙特征改良的粒径效应。研究表明:与CK相比,添加3种粒径泡沫砂的处理均增加了土壤的通气孔隙,但在同等添加比例下,随着泡沫砂粒径的增大,土壤通气孔隙度也随之增加,1T、2T和3T处理相较于CK处理分别增加了4.68%、7.39%和14.5%;不同粒径泡沫砂对不同当量孔径的孔隙影响不同,1T、2T和3T处理分别显著提升了当量孔径200?500、1 000?2 000、2 000μm的孔隙;不同处理均很好地提升了土壤孔隙连通度,但不同处理之间无显著差异。2T处理在改良土壤总孔隙和容重方面,与3T处理一同并为较优处理;在改良土壤通气孔隙度方面,2T处理的土壤通气孔隙度达到农业生产上最适宜区间,为最优处理;在改良分级孔隙配比方面,2T处理为次优处理。因此,从土壤通气孔隙、土壤分级孔隙和土壤孔隙形态等多角度考虑,2?7 mm粒径泡沫砂可作为黏重土壤改良的最佳材料。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.