重庆缙云山典型林分林地土壤贮水特性研究

通过对三峡库区重庆缙云山四种典型林分(针阔叶混交林,阔叶林,楠竹林和灌木林)林地土壤的孔隙分布及贮水特征研究表明,林地土壤的快速度贮水量(即非毛管暂时滞留水)是农地的1.3~2倍,有效蓄水容量为农地土壤的1.04~1.77倍,林地土壤非毛管贮水量和有效蓄水容量的大小顺序均为灌木林(171.27,345.18 mm)>针阔混交林(142.98,240.19 mm)>阔叶林(128.22,230.18 mm)>楠竹林(124.41,202.92 mm)。在重庆缙云几种林分的林地土壤中,水源涵养功能最强的是灌木林,最小的是楠竹林。水源涵养林对径流量的调节功能主要反映在林地非毛管孔隙的贮水量。     

缙云山不同林地类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能

通过分析不同林地类型土壤特性及林地枯落物水文特性,对缙云山4种类型(针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林)林地涵养水源功能进行了研究。结果表明,灌木林表土层有机质含量为楠竹林的3.75倍,针阔混交林有机质含量为楠竹林的2.22倍,常绿阔叶林有机质含量为楠竹林的1.53倍。枯落物蓄积量为16.21~32.42t/hm2,枯落物最大持水率次序为针阔混交林>灌木林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林,最大持水量为灌木林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林。土壤非毛管持水量由大到小依次是灌木林(66.2 mm)>针阔混交林(57.52 mm)>常绿阔叶林(47.99 mm)>楠竹林(46.98 mm)。灌木林土壤饱和蓄水量最好,为266.48 mm;针阔混交林较好,为190.4 mm;常绿阔叶林次之,为186.8 mm;楠竹林最差,为1 74.8 mm。灌木林和针阔混交林较楠竹林有更好的涵养水源功能。在今后的森林经营中,应考虑营造灌木林和混交林。     

三峡库区典型林分林地土壤抗蚀抗冲性研究

通过对三峡库区重庆缙云山四种典型林分（针阔叶混交林,阔叶林,楠竹林和灌木林）林地土壤的抗蚀抗冲特征研究表明,林地土壤抗蚀指数为农地土壤的1.3~1.9倍。各林分林地土壤抗蚀指数的顺序为灌木林最大（78.4）,阔叶林最小（53.3）。抗蚀指数随着土层的增加而减弱。林地土壤抗蚀指数与其相关因子毛管孔隙度,稳渗率,非毛管孔隙度,< 1 mm根长关系最密切。除楠竹林外,各林分林地土壤抗冲系数大于农地（1.2~1.9倍）。林地土壤抗冲性的强弱是其相关因子综合作用的结果。     

重庆缙云山林地枯落物及土壤水文效应研究

 为了解中亚亚热带常绿阔叶林地的土壤状况,以重庆缙云山4种林分为研究对象,通过标准地调查、土壤物理性质及持水能力测定和入渗实验,对林地枯落物和土壤水分效应进行研究。结果表明:1)缙云山林地土壤具有较强的持水能力,1m深土壤持水能力为9.5013.17 mm。2)枯落物蓄积量为16.21～32.42t/hm2,枯落物持水率为针阔混交林>灌木林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林,持水量为灌木林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林。3)菲利浦模型较好地反映研究地区不同类型林地土壤入渗过程。     

重庆缙云山典型林分的林地土壤抗蚀抗冲性能

 为给三峡库区水土保持型植被建设提供一定依据,采用水浸实验和放水冲刷实验,对三峡库区重庆缙云山4种典型林分（针阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林）林地土壤的抗蚀抗冲特征进行研究。结果表明:林地土壤抗蚀指数为农地土壤的1.3～1.9倍。各林分林地土壤抗蚀指数的顺序为灌木林最大（78.4）,其次为混交林（63.1）和楠竹林（63.3）,阔叶林最小（53.3）。抗蚀指数随着土层的增加而减弱。不同林分的抗蚀指数与时间的动态模拟关系为二次幂函数曲线,相关系数0.9以上。林地土壤抗蚀指数与其相关因子非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、稳渗率、有机质含量关系最密切。林地土壤抗冲系数为常绿阔叶林最大（2.719）,其次为针阔混交林（2.431）和灌木林（2.024）,楠竹林地土壤抗冲系数最小（1.096）。除楠竹林外,各林分林地土壤抗冲系数大于农地（1.21.9倍）。林地土壤抗冲系数与土层厚度关系最密切。     

滇池流域不同植被覆盖土壤的入渗特征及其影响因素

为掌握滇中高原滇池流域周边不同植被覆盖类型对土壤入渗性能的影响,选用双环入渗法探究土壤入渗特性。以滇池流域典型植被覆盖类型(华山松+云南油杉混交林、云南松纯林、旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林、桉树人工林、灌木林)为研究对象,通过野外调查和试验测定,揭示土壤入渗特性及影响入渗的特征因子。结果表明:(1)华山松+云南油杉混交林与云南松纯林、旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林、桉树人工林、灌木林相比,[JP]土壤容重最小,有机质含量最高,水稳性团聚体最多,孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度比例明显优于其他林地。(2)5种植被覆盖类型下入渗性能有明显差别,具体入渗性能表征为华山松+云南油杉混交林＞旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林＞灌木林＞云南松纯林＞桉树人工林。(3)选择Kostiakov公式、Horton公式、Philip公式,模拟5种典型植被类型覆盖下林地土壤入渗过程,Philip模型对滇池流域土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最佳。(4)5种典型植被类型覆盖下,林地土壤入渗特征与土壤容重均呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),初始入渗速率与非毛管孔隙度、＞5 mm水稳性团聚体、＞2 mm水稳性团聚体均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);土壤入渗的5个主要影响因子为＞2 mm水稳性团聚体、＞5 mm水稳性团聚体、容重、有机质、非毛管孔隙度。研究结果为该研究区水土流失治理和土壤侵蚀防治提供基础依据。     

重庆市四面山林地土壤水分入渗特性研究与评价

采用Spearman秩相关分析法与灰色关联度分析方法,对四面山几种不同林地土壤水分入渗特性进行了研究分析。结果表明,林地土壤容重、砂砾含量及非毛管孔隙度对土壤饱和导水率具有显著相关性。非毛管孔隙度、砂砾含量与土壤饱和导水率成正相关关系,土壤容重与土壤饱和导水率成负相关关系。选取土壤水分初渗速率、稳渗速率、入渗时间与累积入渗量4项参数进行灰关联评价。林地土壤水分入渗特性灰关联紧密相关程度依次为阔叶林(0.8031)>楠竹林(0.7869)>针阔混交林(0.4454)>针叶林(0.4039),阔叶林土壤在所研究的几种林地中具有较好的渗透性能。Horton水分渗透模型对各林地土壤水分入渗过程拟合的相关系数R值均大于0.950,对所研究的四面山林地土壤水分入渗过程具有良好的适用性。     

缙云山不同植被类型林下土壤养分含量及物理性质研究

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对缙云山不同植被类型林下土壤养分含量和物理性质进行研究。结果表明:缙云山不同植被类型林下土壤随深度增加其pH值呈逐渐增大趋势,而有机质含量逐渐降低,有机碳含量呈现下降的趋势;土壤养分全量,除常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林土壤养分全钾含量外,自上而下土壤养分全量逐渐降低;灌木林地的碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,常绿阔叶林地的速效钾含量最高。灌木林地、针阔混交林地和农地土壤质地为轻粘土,阔叶林地与楠竹林地土壤质地为中壤土,以A层为例,物理性粘粒(<0.01mm)含量依次为:农地(68.34%)>灌木林(62.38%)>针阔混交林(56.82%)>常绿阔叶林(51.78%)>楠竹林(24.52%)。土壤总孔隙度变动范围在56.82%～78.23%之间,非毛管孔隙度变动范围在11.31%～16.21%之间,非毛管孔隙度表现为:灌木林>针阔混交林>楠竹林>常绿阔叶林>农地。土壤微团聚体主要分布在0.01～0.5mm之间,以A层为例,团聚度大小为灌木林(57.45%)>农地(对照)(53.85%)>针阔混交林(50.16%)>常绿阔叶林(31.46%)>楠竹林地(6.4%),分散系数为灌木林(15.82%)<农地(对照)(21.02%)<针阔混交林(36.43%)<常绿阔叶林(42.74%)<楠竹林(43.17%)。研究结果可为森林土壤的合理利用,三峡库区的生态环境建设和保护提供一定的依据。     

重庆缙云山几种典型植被枯落物水文特性研究

通过对三峡库区重庆市缙云山4种典型植被类型(针阔叶混交林,阔叶林,楠竹林和灌木林)的林下枯落物的调查分析和进行枯落物持水过程研究,得到不同植被类型枯落物的持水特征。结果表明枯落物储量为灌木林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>楠竹林。枯落物最大持水深为灌木林>针阔混交林>阔叶林>楠竹林,其最大吸水率为针阔混交林>灌木林>阔叶林>楠竹林。在枯落物持水作用较强的前2h内,其吸水速率最快的为灌木林1.949mm/h,其次为针阔混交林和阔叶林,都为1.031mm/h,最小的为楠竹林为0.809mm/h。研究结果表明,三峡库区缙云山自然保护区不同植被下枯落物持水能力为灌木林大于针阔混交林和阔叶林,楠竹林最小。     

不同植被恢复模式对矿区土壤性质的影响

为研究渝西废弃矿区不同植被恢复模式对土壤性质的影响,选择具有典型代表性的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林四种林地类型,设置标准样地采集土壤样品进行分析。结果发现,绿阔叶林地土壤毛管孔隙度显著低于楠竹林和灌木林,常绿阔叶林总孔隙度显著低于楠竹林和灌木林;四种林分类型土壤分形维数为2.53～2.61,表现为楠竹林灌木林针阔混交林常绿阔叶林;土壤分形维数与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度呈正相关关系,与非毛管孔隙度呈负相关关系,与0.001～0.005 mm、0.001 mm土壤颗粒含量呈正相关关系,与0.25～1.00 mm粒径土壤颗粒含量呈负相关关系。废弃矿区不同植被恢复模式对土壤性质存在不可忽略的影响,在植被恢复过程中,不仅要考虑植被的成活情况,还要考虑植被对土壤的影响。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and changes in soil gas diffusivity in a field experiment with biochar and lime

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from arable soil while maintaining productivity is a major challenge for agriculture. Biochar is known to reduce N₂O emissions from soil, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the impact of green waste biochar (20 Mg ha^?1) and lime (CaCO₃; 2 Mg ha^?1) application on soil gas transport properties and related changes in these to soil N₂O and CO₂ emissions measured using automated chambers in a field experiment cropped with maize. In situ soil water content monitoring was combined with laboratory measurements of relative soil gas diffusion coefficient (D_p/D₀) at different matric potentials, to determine changes in D_p/D₀ over time. Cumulative N₂O emissions were similar in the control and lime treatment, but much lower in the biochar treatment. Cumulative CO₂ emissions decreased in the order: lime treatment > biochar treatment > control soil. When N₂O emissions were not driven by excess N supply shortly after fertilisation, they were associated with D_p/D₀ changes, whereby decreases in D_p/D₀ corresponded to N₂O emissions peaks. No distinct pattern was observed between CO₂ emissions and D_p/D₀. Cumulative N₂O emissions were positively related to number of days with D_p/D₀ < 0.02, a critical limit for soil aeration. These results indicate that improved soil gas diffusivity, and hence improved soil aeration, may explain the effect of biochar in reducing N₂O emissions. They also suggest that knowledge of D_p/D₀ changes may be key to explaining N₂O emissions.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

Soil testing in the united states

Abstract

There has been a marked change in the soil testing procedures used in the United States by state soil testing laboratories since the early 1950's. In the Coastal Plain states of the south and east, the Double Acid extraction procedure is used for P, K, Ca, and Mg determinations. Bray P₁ is the most frequently used method for P extraction except for the alkaline soils of the west where the Olsen method is used. Neutral normal ammonium acetate is the most frequently used extractant for K, Ca, and Mg determinations. The Morgan extraction procedures for P, K, Ca, and Mg, commonly used in the 1950's, is used by only a few states in the northeast and west. Although similar extraction reagents are used in many sections of the United States, there is considerable variance among states regarding weighed versus volume sampling, soil to solution ratio, shaking speed and time, and extraction vessel size and shape. For soil water pH, there is little variance in method as most states are using a 1:1 soil to solution ratio. The only exception is in several western states where water pH's are read in a saturated soil paste.

Considerable efforts are underway to standardize the techniques used to test soils primarily for the extractable elements.     

Historical aspects of soil classification in Japan

Historical perspective of soil classification in Japan from Max Fesca's soil classification in 1882 to the “Unified Soil Classification System of Japan (2002)” was outlined, aiming at reviewing the progress in soil classification. The evolution can be divided into the following five aspects: 1) Max Fesca's soil texture survey and soil classification from the agro-geological point of view under the influence of the German school; 2) Introduction of the concept of pedology into the classification under the influence of the Russian school led by Dokchaev; 3) Brief history of the classification of Andosols which has exerted a considerable influence on soil classification worldwide; 4) Soil classifications developed through the implementation of national soil survey projects to independently evaluate land suitability for the cultivation of paddy rice, upland crops, and for forest establishment; 5) Attempts to develop a comprehensive soil classification system in order to unify soil classification systems for the above-mentioned land uses from 1963 to the present.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

低丘侵蚀红壤复垦后土壤微生物特征研究

侵蚀红壤复垦培肥后 ,随着地面覆盖度的增加 ,土壤结构、土壤通气性、土壤养分状况得到改善 ,各侵蚀观测小区的年径流量、侵蚀模数、土壤流失量急剧降低 ,土壤微生物量、土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶活性均有较大幅度的提高 ,并且其在各小区的分布趋势与土壤养分和土壤水稳性团聚体的分布趋势相一致 ,说明侵蚀红壤经耕作培肥后 ,土壤有机残体的分解强度和腐殖质的合成过程得到加强 ,土壤肥力处于不断的恢复和提高过程当中 ,从土壤微生物和土壤酶活性增强的幅度来看 ,林地要优于草地 ,在林地中阔叶林优于混交林优于针叶林 (杉木林 ) ,而且随着复垦年限增加 ,土壤培肥效果更加显著     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

渭北旱塬侵蚀退化土壤生产力的恢复与评价

土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,威胁农业生产,因此,对土壤生产力进行恢复和评价具有重要意义。通过人工剥离熟土层,模拟研究不同侵蚀程度下的土壤生产力,选取施肥和覆盖表土2种恢复措施,对其土壤生产力的恢复情况展开研究并进行评价。结果表明:1)土壤侵蚀能够使土壤的理化性状恶化,施肥和覆土均能很好地改善土壤密度和孔隙度等,并能够增加土壤有机质及其他养分的质量分数。2)土壤侵蚀会降低作物产量,在不施肥下,每侵蚀1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均下降1.27%,施肥下每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,玉米产量比对照平均增加0.87%;而每覆盖1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均增加0.91%,但并不能完全补偿侵蚀造成的产量损失。3)利用土壤生产力指数模型(PI模型)计算出了不同措施下的生产力指数,发现:无肥下侵蚀的生产力指数最低,平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数下降2.17%,施肥下平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数比无肥增加1.09%,而平均每覆盖1 cm熟土,生产力指数增加1.29%;表明覆土较施肥更易提高土壤生产力。4)对产量和生产力指数进行相关性分析,得出二者具有很好的正相关关系,说明用生产力指数来衡量土壤生产力的高低是可行的。