藏北地区土壤水分遥感反演模型的研究

土壤水分是反映地表土壤特性的重要表征参量,也是遥感反演领域的一个热点问题。利用MODIS卫星数据第7波段对水分变化较敏感的特点,构建了一种简单实用的土壤水分反演回归模型。结果表明,利用该模型计算的预测值与实地观测值间的相关性比较好,达到了显著水平(P0.001),可以作为研究区土壤含水量遥感反演回归模型。由于该方法具有简单实用的特点,为高原土壤水分遥感监测提供了可行的方法。     

利用多时相Sentinel-1 SAR数据反演农田地表土壤水分

土壤水分是陆面生态系统水分和能量循环的重要变量,在农田干旱监测、作物长势监测和作物估产等应用研究中具有重要的作用。该文结合基于变化检测的Alpha近似模型,利用Sentinel-1卫星获取的多时相C波段合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)数据,实现了农田地表土壤水分的反演。该文首先利用微波辐射传输模型验证了Alpha近似模型在土壤水分反演中的合理性。研究发现,对于土壤散射占主导的区域,Alpha近似模型对辐射传输模型有较好的近似,能够有效地消除地表粗糙度和植被对雷达后向散射系数的影响。在此基础上,结合怀来研究区多时相Sentinel-1 SAR数据,利用Alpha近似模型构建了土壤水分观测方程组,通过求解方程组得到了农田地表土壤水分。地面验证结果表明,土壤水分反演的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.06 cm3/cm3,平均偏差为0.01 cm3/cm3,精度较好。该文研究为利用高重访周期、多时相的Sentinel-1 SAR数据获取农田地表土壤水分提供了参考。     

光学与微波遥感协同反演藏北表层土壤水分研究

表层土壤水分是定量干旱监测的重要参量,对干旱区生态环境具有十分重要的意义。在采用归一化植被指数阈值法划分地表覆盖类型的基础上,利用MODIS数据选择适用的光学遥感算法估算土壤水分基准值,以及利用风云三号B星搭载的微波成像仪(Fengyun-3B/MicrowareRadiationImagery,FY3B/MWRI)数据采用微波遥感算法反演土壤水分日变化量,最后构建藏北表层土壤水分协同反演的遥感模型并应用于区域土壤水分的估算。结果表明:光学遥感与微波遥感协同反演的土壤水分含量与实测数据呈显著相关,决定系数达到0.89,均方根误差为0.97,协同反演模型具有较高的反演精度,并且协同反演的结果优于单一遥感源的反演结果。该模型可以较好地适用于藏北地区表层土壤水分的动态监测。     

基于AMSR-E与MODIS数据的新疆土壤水分协同反演与验证

针对当前遥感在大范围土壤水分估算中面临的问题,提出将被动微波遥感数据与光学/热红外遥感数据在模型中协同反演陆表土壤水分的新方法:利用MODIS的光学与热红外波段反演土壤水分的基准值;利用AMSR-E传感器的X波段反演土壤水分的日变化量,然后集成二者建立土壤水分协同反演模型。以新疆为实验区,采用在典型地区获取的365个土壤水分实测值,对该模型进行了验证与精度分析。结果表明,协同反演模型的估算结果与地面实测值之间有着更好的相关性和较小的均方根误差,明显优于单一数据源或单一模型的反演结果。     

HJ-1A高光谱影像的表层土壤游离氧化铁含量反演

实时监测土壤游离氧化铁含量对于获取区域土壤理化特征数据、监测区域土壤环境具有重要意义。该试验基于HJ-1A 高光谱遥感影像，结合研究区土壤采样的游离氧化铁含量化验数据，分析遥感影像的反射率与土壤游离氧化铁含量的相关性，建立土壤游离氧化铁含量的多元线性反演模型，反演研究区表层土壤游离氧化铁含量。研究结果表明，HJ-1A高光谱遥感影像的反射率与研究区土壤游离氧化铁含量呈负相关性，且在第104波段达到峰值，相关系数为-0.455；利用反射率指数变换建立的反演模型Y=34.11-0.079X23+0.151X72-0.072X79-0.017X90，模型的决定系数为0.837，均方根误差为1.59 g/kg；土壤中有机质对游离氧化铁含量反演精度影响的检验结果显示，研究区土壤的有机质对游离氧化铁含量的反演精度无显著影响。该试验为土壤游离氧化铁的光谱分析提供借鉴，为区域土壤生态环境监测提供数据支持。     

黄河三角洲土壤含水量状况的高光谱估测与遥感反演

为探讨利用近地高光谱和遥感影像数据结合预测土壤含水量的可行方法,以黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区,采用中心波长反射率和波段平均反射率两种拟合方法,利用室外实测高光谱窄波段反射率数据模拟Land Sat8卫星宽波段反射率,进而通过组合,选取敏感光谱参量,应用多元逐步线性回归方法分别建立土壤含水量高光谱单一形式波段组合与多形式波段组合估测模型,并选取最优估测模型。采用线性混合像元分解处理遥感影像,同时采用比值均值订正方法对遥感影像反射率进行订正,在此基础上,将模型应用到经过订正的Land Sat8卫星影像,实现了对研究区土壤含水量的遥感反演。结果表明,最佳模型是基于波段平均反射率拟合方法建立的多形式波段组合估测模型。从反演结果看较为符合研究区土壤含水量的实际状况。     

基于Landsat-8影像的干旱区土壤水分含量反演研究

土壤水分含量的精确监测对区域生态环境保护与可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以内蒙西部额济纳旗东南的居延泽地区为研究区,基于多期Landsat-8遥感影像和野外实测不同深度的土壤水分含量数据,构建了温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）、垂直干旱指数（PDI）、归一化干旱监测指数（NPDI）和土壤湿度监测指数（SMMI）等四种干旱指数模型,探讨了上述模型在居延泽地区土壤水分含量反演中的精度与适用性,选取精度较优的TVDI模型反演了研究区2015年至2017年的土壤水分含量,并使用随机森林分类法将研究区分为沙地、盐碱地、裸地、植被和滩涂五种地类,探讨了不同地类的土壤水分含量差异。结果表明四种干旱指数均与土壤水分含量实测值呈负相关;从拟合精度看,四种干旱指数均与表层土壤水分含量具有最高的拟合精度,且随着土层深度的增加,拟合精度逐渐变劣。其中TVDI综合表现最优,尤其在表层,R2可达到0.76;研究区不同地类的土壤水分含量存在差异,呈现出从沙地、盐碱地、裸地、植被到滩涂依次升高的规律。     

几种干旱监测模型在宁夏的对比应用

利用MODIS资料和地面自动气象站观测数据反演地表温度（LST）,结合MODIS-EVI试验研究改进型温植被旱情指数（MTVDI）。用通道2和LST试验研究改进型能量指数（MEI）,用通道1和通道2,引入植被覆盖度,试验研究改进型垂直干旱指数（MPDI）。结合农业气象常规业务地面取土测墒资料,建立各指数与土壤含水率的统计函数关系,均通过0.01显著性检验。将所建模型用于宁夏干旱监测业务,结果表明：MTVDI、MPDI在作物生长季监测效果显著,MEI、PDI对裸露或稀疏植被地表旱情监测比较有效。几个模型各有优劣,综合运用才能在实际监测业务中发挥最佳效果,精度可达90%左右。     

MODIS干旱指数结合RBFNN反演冬小麦返青期土壤湿度

土壤湿度是农业干旱信息最重要的表征因子,它的反演对区域乃至全球农业干旱监测及预报都具有重要意义。该文基于MODIS遥感干旱监测指数构建了冬小麦返青期土壤湿度的评价指标体系,在此基础上,结合径向基函数神经网络(RBFNN)协同反演农地土壤湿度。首先,针对单一利用遥感干旱指数反演土壤湿度具有一定的局限性问题,选取监测土壤含水量、作物需水形态变化、冠层含水量、冠层温度等参量的遥感干旱监测指数作为综合评价指标;并利用实测土壤湿度作为验证标准,从原始遥感干旱监测指数中选取出适宜的指标集;然后,以选取的评价指标集为输入层,以实测土壤湿度作为输出层的输出,构建RBFNN的农地土壤湿度反演模型。研究结果表明:应用在河南省冬小麦返青期时,基于MODIS遥感干旱监测指数与RBFNN协同反演的土壤湿度模型具有较好的反演效果;模型的评价指标集与10 cm深度的土壤湿度相关性更好,而且能综合多通道遥感信息来反映土壤湿度的变化;模型的平均预测精度达到93.27%,与BP-NN和线性回归反演模型相比,反演精度分别提高了2.92和9.97百分点;模型回归分析相对1:1斜线的偏差最小;相关系数为0.846 49,回归决定系数为0.862 6。研究结果可为区域土壤湿度的遥感反演提供新的案例参考。     

L波段主被动微波协同反演裸土土壤水分

土壤水分是进行干旱监测、土壤侵蚀、农作物产量预测以及地表温度研究的重要参量,利用主被动微波协同的方法提高土壤水分的反演精度是定量遥感发展所面临的重要任务。本文基于土壤L波段微波散射辐射模拟数据集,通过对比分析主被动微波数据对土壤水分含量和粗糙度2个参数的敏感性,提出了基于L波段主被动协同的裸土土壤水分反演算法,算法充分利用了被动微波地表发射率对土壤水分较为敏感,而主动微波后向散射系数对地表粗糙度较为敏感的特点。首先由地表垂直极化发射率和 VV 极化后向散射系数协同提取地表粗糙度信息,再由被动微波双极化数据结合地表粗糙度信息来估算土壤水分信息。利用SMAPVEX12实验数据集中部分稀疏植被采样点的观测数据对算法进行验证,验证结果显示,土壤水分反演结果与地面实测数据相关性为0.6637,RMSE为0.0607 cm3/cm3。该文反演算法模型系数直接由模拟数据集计算得到,克服了常规经验算法的发展对地表实测数据的依赖性,减小了算法在实际应用中的局限性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.