腐植酸复合肥对苹果生长及土壤肥力的影响

利用苹果大田试验,以普通复合肥为对照,研究了添加不同量活化和未活化腐植酸复合肥对苹果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,添加活化腐植酸150kg/t(AF150)处理苹果产量较普通复合肥处理(CK)提高12.33%,较添加未活化腐植酸150kg/t(NAF150)处理提高5.85%,活化腐植酸复合肥增产效果明显。综合分析各处理土壤供应氮磷钾水平及果树吸收量,腐植酸复合肥处理优于对照,且以添加活化腐植酸150kg/t(AF150)处理表现最好。各处理对果实品质的影响差异不显著。施用腐植酸复合肥可提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,但对氮素影响不显著。腐植酸复合肥能提高土壤脲酶活性,增加有机质含量,促进土壤氮素的转化,可将添加150kg/t活化腐植酸的复合肥应用于本地区苹果生产。     

几种新型复合肥对基质栽培生菜品质的影响

以珍珠岩、煤渣、河沙混合物为培养基质,采用盆栽方法研究了3种新型复合肥即生物复合肥、有机无机复合肥、全有机复合肥对生菜产量、硝酸盐含量、重金属含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,生菜产量以有机无机复合肥>生物复合肥>对照(无机营养液)>全有机复合肥,处理间差异极显著。不同处理生菜硝酸盐含量为1375～3935mg/kg,以无机营养液最高,有机无机复合肥最低,3种新型复合肥较对照生菜硝酸盐含量降低37.9%～72.5%。生菜中Hg、Pb、Cr含量,除全有机复合肥处理Hg含量(0.0101mg/kg)和对照处理Pb含量(0.235mg/kg)略超标外,其余各处理3种重金属含量低于限量值且较对照降低20.8%～83.1%。复合肥各处理生菜中的Hg、Pb、Cr累积量分别占肥料总量的11.1%～63.0%、38.2%～78.7%和10.9%～53.5%。施用复合肥明显提高生菜可溶性糖和Vc含量,但对氨基酸含量的影响不一致。     

生物质灰肥特性及对杨梅生长发育与果实品质的影响

生物质灰肥是利用生物质燃烧残渣开发的一种富含矿质营养元素的肥料。本文分析了4种原料生物质灰渣的特性,研究了生物质灰肥对杨梅(以荸荠种和东魁种为供试品种)生长发育和品质的影响。结果表明:生物质灰渣富含K、Si、Ca、Mg等营养元素,重金属含量符合国家标准。相同总养分含量条件下,生物质灰肥处理较杨梅专用肥和普通复合肥及对照处理明显提高杨梅坐果率与优质果比例,并使总可溶性固形物及糖含量较对照和普通复合肥处理显著上升;可滴定酸含量、Vc含量、单果重与其他3个处理差异显著,果实品质明显改善;东魁杨梅、荸荠杨梅的单株产量增幅最高分别可达26%、27%;同时,施用生物质灰肥能促进早熟。因此,将生物质灰肥用于杨梅生产可以提高其品质,并减少生物质灰渣对环境的污染。     

麦秸、菌渣和稻壳还田对日光温室番茄品质及产量的影响

为了探究麦秸、菌渣和稻壳还田对日光温室番茄品质、产量及土壤养分的影响,以金棚8号为试验材料,设7个还田处理:T1(稻壳)、T2(麦秸)、T3(菌渣)、T4(稻壳+麦秸)、T5(麦秸+菌渣)、T6(菌渣+稻壳),空白为对照(CK)。结果表明,还田处理能够显著提高番茄果实Vc含量(T5除外),其中T2和T6的Vc含量较高,分别为1.51 mg·kg~(-1)FW和1.48 mg·kg~(-1)FW。各处理组果实番茄红素含量为122.35~169.79 mg·kg~(-1)FW,较CK增加15.50%~60.29%,且处理间差异显著。果实可溶性糖含量与Vc含量的变化趋势基本一致,以T2最高,T6次之,分别较CK增加41.90%和38.10%。此外,还田可有效降低果实有机酸含量,改善果实品质,有机酸含量以T5最低,为0.25%FW;T2和T5的糖酸比分别为8.28和8.64,口感较佳。与CK相比,产量以T5最高,达106 131.97 kg·hm~(-2),其次是T6(104 065.20 kg·hm~(-2)),较CK分别增产6.51%和4.44%。土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量、速效钾含量分别为167.69~209.71、78.01~86.25和206.25~348.27 mg·kg~(-1)。综合考虑品质、产量指标,以T6较为适宜。本研究结果为设施番茄优质高产和农业废弃物科学还田提供了理论依据。     

腐植酸肥与菌肥配施对果园土壤性质及葡萄产量、品质的影响

旨在探讨不同腐植酸肥和菌肥配施对"克瑞森"葡萄产量和品质的影响,为葡萄园的科学合理施肥提供可靠的依据。研究了两种不同腐植酸肥和菌肥在5种梯度配比下对葡萄产量和品质及果园土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:1)不同腐植酸肥和复合微生物菌剂配施提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤p H值,增加了土壤中有效养分含量;2)腐植酸肥处理"克瑞森"葡萄果实糖酸比较对照高,果面色泽鲜红,且糖酸比越大,果面色泽越暗且红色越深;3)施用腐植酸肥和菌肥处理葡萄单果重普遍偏高,产量也较高;尤其T5处理,从单粒重、穗重、产量上来看都明显高于其他处理,且果实含糖量能达到23.2%,糖酸比26.4∶1,与其他处理之间差异显著。综合上述结果,采用腐植酸肥和复合微生物菌剂混合处理可得到较高的产量和良好的果实品质,可考虑大范围推广。     

有机无机专用复合肥对葡萄产量、品质和养分利用的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了有机无机专用复合肥对葡萄产量、品质、养分吸收及累积量的影响。结果表明:施用推荐量专用肥,葡萄产量比不施肥和习惯施肥分别增加了25.8%和5.1%;葡萄果实可滴定酸比不施肥、习惯施肥和等量专用肥显著降低,减幅为10.7%~42.9%;施用推荐量专用肥提高了葡萄果实可溶性固形物1.8%~8.2%、Vc 6.4%~77.7%以及固酸比10.2%~60.4%;施用专用肥显著提高葡萄叶片Fe、Cu及果实Fe含量;而施用推荐量专用肥比习惯施肥、等量专用肥处理减少氮磷钾施用总量42.5%。因此,施用推荐量有机无机专用复合肥,既保证葡萄产量、改善果实品质,又减少氮磷钾施用总量,节约成本。     

缓释复合肥对茄子产量和不同采果期品质的影响

采用田间试验研究缓释复合肥不同施用方式对茄子产量和不同采果期品质的影响,对茄果类蔬菜生产上施用缓释复合肥具有理论和实践意义。在茄子整个采收期统计果实产量和茄子采果期3次采样测定茄子营养品质(维生素C、氨基酸、可溶性糖)、卫生品质(硝酸盐)和保健品质(黄酮、芦丁、茄碱)。结果表明,施用缓释复合肥(SRF)较化肥(CF)和普通复合肥(CCF)显著增加茄子产量(增幅分别为7.3%~29.1%和3.7%~24.8%),各处理产量序列为SRF1SRF4SRF2SRF3CCFCF。缓释复合肥各处理显著增加茄子盛果后期维生素C、氨基酸和可溶性糖含量,且SRF3较化肥和普通复合肥显著降低茄子盛果中、后期硝酸盐含量。对于保健品质,缓释复合肥各处理较化肥显著增加茄子盛果中、后期芦丁含量10.0%~24.0%和10.0%~50.0%,并显著降低茄子整个采果期茄碱含量33.9%~47.7%、36.8%~49.0%和18.7%~35.4%,以SRF1和SRF2效果最好。缓释复合肥各处理以SRF1茄子产量最高、品质最优,SRF2次之;从茄子高产高效看,以SRF2处理为最佳。     

灌溉和旱作条件下腐植酸复合肥对小麦生理特性及产量的影响

为探讨不同供水条件下腐植酸复合肥对小麦的生物学效应, 研究了腐植酸复合肥在灌溉和旱作两种条件下对小麦生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明, 两种供水条件下, 腐植酸复合肥均可显著提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层小麦根系鲜重和根系活力, 促进根系生长发育.腐植酸复合肥处理明显提高了小麦灌浆后期旗叶实际光化学效率(- PSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR), 尤以旱作条件下增加幅度较高.腐植酸复合肥处理小麦旗叶SOD活性明显提高, MDA含量降低, 有利于提高小麦活性氧清除能力, 延缓衰老.与化肥处理相比, 腐植酸复合肥处理小麦穗数和穗粒数增加, 产量显著提高, 且旱作小麦的增产幅度(10.26%)大于灌溉小麦(7.77%).表明旱作条件下, 腐植酸复合肥对小麦生理特性的改善作用更好, 增产幅度更大.     

硝基复合肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同硝基肥品种对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在氮磷钾等量的条件下,施用硝硫基复合肥和硝氯基复合肥较氯基复合肥、硫基复合肥能明显地促进马铃薯生长发育,增加单薯重、单株重以及肥料利用率。与硝氯基复合肥、硫基复合肥和氯基复合肥处理相比,施用硝硫基复合肥处理的马铃薯增产率分别为2.96%~3.06%、5.19%~5.51%和10.05%~10.37%;同时能够改善马铃薯的果实品质,增加果实的淀粉、可溶性糖和Vc含量,是较为理想的复合肥。     

不同用量腐植酸复合肥对葡萄叶片养分积累及其生理指标的影响

以2年生葡萄为供试作物进行盆栽试验,研究不同用量腐植酸复合肥对葡萄叶片养分积累及其生理指标的影响。结果表明,不同肥料用量对葡萄体内各种生理活动均有明显影响,且与等养分的无机肥相比,腐植酸复合肥表现出明显优势。施肥量低于1.75g/株时,超氧化物歧化酶活性随施肥量的增加显著提高,但当施肥量超过1.75g/株后,超氧化物岐化酶活性开始显著降低;当施肥量为3.50g/株时,过氧化物酶活性达最高,之后再增加肥料用量,腐植酸复合肥处理过氧化物酶活性急剧下降,而无机肥处理过氧化物酶活性变化平缓,对葡萄叶片蒸腾速率的影响与对过氧化物酶活性的影响趋势基本一致;施肥有利于植株叶片养分的积累及吸收利用。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.