基于球B样条函数的烟草叶片虚拟实现

植物三维形态的可视化模拟是数字植物研究的基础。该文综合应用球B样条曲线和插值B样条曲面实现了以脉序作为结构骨架的烟草叶片几何建模。首先利用三维数字化仪等数据获取装置获取烟草叶片脉序主要形态特征点的三维坐标和厚度,然后利用球B样条曲线对脉序进行三维建模,生成叶片的形态骨架,与由插值样条生成的叶片曲面合成,实现了烟草叶片的三维重建和真实感显示。结果表明,该方法得到的烟草叶片几何模型与传统方法相比具有较高的真实感,为植物叶片叶脉尺度的高真实感几何建模提供了新的手段。     

基于多特征融合的粒子滤波生猪采食行为跟踪

针对中国养猪业规模化、集约化迅猛发展过程中,人工观察监测记录生猪生长情况需损耗大量人力和物力,得到数据误差大的问题,该文提出将颜色特征与目标轮廓形心特征融合,基于粒子滤波算法实现生猪采食行为跟踪,当目标跟踪矩形框中心坐标和跟踪目标轮廓形心坐标之间的横坐标偏差大于跟踪目标轮廓横坐标方向的最大值与最小值的差的一半时,或其之间的纵坐标偏差大于跟踪目标轮廓纵坐标方向的最大值与最小值的差一半时,对基于颜色特征粒子滤波算法得到的跟踪矩形框的中心坐标进行二次修正,提高了目标生猪跟踪的可靠性和鲁棒性;通过对比试验,结果表明:该方法能够对目标生猪的采食行为进行自动跟踪、记录和分析,记录的目标生猪一天内的采食次数和采食时间与人工记录结果基本相同,有效跟踪平均精度为93.4%。     

西北城市水资源利用的问题诊断与应对措施

黄河的泥沙主要来自黄土高原的水土流失。黄土高原是在下伏古地貌上堆积厚层黄土而形成的。在人类社会出现以前 ,由于植被的保护作用 ,水土流失轻微 ,在漫长的堆积过程中 ,虽然有侵蚀与堆积的多次轮回 ,水土流失也有多次强弱交替 ,但总的说来是水土流失强度小于黄土的堆积强度     

融合K-means与Ncut算法的无遮挡双重叠苹果目标分割与重建

重叠苹果目标的准确分割是采摘机器人必须解决的关键问题之一。针对现有重叠苹果目标分割方法不能保留重叠部分轮廓信息的问题,提出了一种无枝叶遮挡的双果重叠苹果目标分割方法。该方法首先利用K-means聚类算法进行图像分割以提取苹果目标区域,然后利用Normalized Cut(Ncut)算法提取苹果目标轮廓,以实现未被遮挡苹果目标完整轮廓的准确提取,最后利用Spline插值算法对遮挡的苹果目标进行轮廓重建。为了验证算法的有效性,对20幅无枝叶遮挡双果重叠的苹果图像进行试验,并将该算法与寻找2个有效凹点用其连线分割重叠苹果目标,把分离的2个轮廓分别用Hough变换重建轮廓的方法进行对比。试验结果表明,对于图像中未被遮挡的苹果目标,利用该研究算法的平均分割误差为3.15%,提取的苹果目标与原始图像中苹果目标的平均重合度为96.08%,平均误差比Hough变换重建算法低7.73%,平均重合度高9.71%,并且该研究算法能够很好地保留未被遮挡苹果目标的完整轮廓信息,提高了分割精度。对于重叠被遮挡的苹果目标,平均分割误差和平均重合度分别为5.24%和93.81%,比Hough变换重建算法的平均分割误差低11.35%,平均重合度高12.74%,表明该算法可以较好地实现重叠被遮挡苹果目标的轮廓重建,研究结果可为实现枝叶遮挡影响下的多果重叠目标分割与重建提供参考。     

水果轮廓特征提取的Zernike矩分水岭分割方法

果实轮廓特征的测量提取是了解水果等农作物发育过程中内部生理生态变化的重要手段。该文提出了一种基于Zernike矩边缘检测的分水岭算法,并将该算法应用于葡萄果粒的轮廓特征提取。与传统的标记驱动分水岭算法相比,该算法利用Zernike矩边缘检测避免了标记对于轮廓的破坏,较好的保护了目标轮廓,从而减少了后续处理,提高了检测效率。最后,将用该算法所得到的轮廓和用传统的标记驱动分水岭算法所得到的轮廓进行比较,验证了该算法的可行性。该算法具有较高的检测效率,相较传统算法提高约6.9%左右,能够满足连续提取葡萄果粒的轮廓特征的要求。该方法可用于实时检测葡萄果粒的几何特征的变化。     

计算机视觉在蘑菇采摘机器人上的应用

介绍了蘑菇采摘机器人的工作过程,并重点讨论了它的计算机视觉系统的图象分析所采用的基本算法。主要内容为蘑菇和苗床图象信息的数字特征;提取蘑菇边界所用的算法;封闭曲线的周长、面积和闭曲线中心坐标的计算。对现场获取的图象信息进行分析,所得到的结果与实际情况吻合,表明所采用的算法是有效的。     

复杂地形中机载LiDAR点云构建DEM的插值算法对比

机载激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）可快速、高效的获取大范围地形信息,已成为高精度地形建模的重要数据获取手段。然而,针对复杂地形的机载LiDAR点云构建数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）的插值误差研究缺乏,严重限制了其在土壤侵蚀、开采沉陷等地表过程研究中的应用。该研究基于黄土高塬沟壑区典型地形的机载LiDAR数据,对比了反距离加权（Inverse Distance Weighted,IDW）、克里金（Kriging）、样条函数（Spline）、自然邻域（Natural Neighbor,NN）、趋势面（Trend）、不规则三角网（Triangulated Irregular Network,TIN）等插值算法的插值误差。首先优选了IDW、Kriging、Spline、Trend等4种算法的关键参数,其次分析了不同点云密度和地形下IDW、Kriging、Spline、NN、TIN等5种算法的插值误差及其空间分布。结果表明：1）IDW最优插值参数为权指数1和搜索点数12,Kriging为无方向、高斯函数和搜索点数12,Spline为规则样条函数和搜索点数32,Trend误差达米级,不适用于地形复杂区域。2）当点云密度较小时（≤19点/m2）,IDW、Kriging、NN、TIN4种插值方法较为准确地描述地形。当点云密度较大时（≥39点/m2）,各个插值方法的DEM空间分布差异不大。3）针对黄土高塬沟壑区复杂地形区域,点云密度越大,DEM的误差越小。陡坡区域DEM的平均绝对误差明显高于缓坡区域,随着点云密度增大,陡坡区域误差明显减小,而缓坡区域变化较小。当点云密度较小时（≤19点/m2）,缓坡和陡坡最优插值插值方法分别为NN和TIN;当点云密度较大时（≥39点/m2）,缓坡和陡坡最优插值插值方法均为Spline。研究结果可为机载LiDAR用于地形复杂区域的高精度地形建模与地表过程研究提供依据。     

多旋翼无人机避障航迹规划算法

多旋翼无人机的自主避障能力是安全作业的重要保证。该研究针对多旋翼无人机自主避障问题，提出了一种改进的双向RRT快速随机树航迹规划算法，结合最小化位移四阶导数的动力学优化方法，生成更符合多旋翼无人机动力学性能的避障航迹，解决避障过程中重复搜索、航迹曲率波动性大等问题，实现平稳避障；提出了以随机采样算法规划难度（用时）为核心的场景复杂度评价方法，在不同复杂度场景下进行了仿真试验。结果表明：与改进前相比，避障航迹再规划用时最多减少23.69%；有效避障航迹规划用时低于0.33 s、平均避障航迹跟踪速度大于1.12 m/s、避障航迹延长率最多达20.82%。所提出的避障航迹规划方法，提升了避障航迹的规划效率与效果，可为多旋翼无人机自主作业过程中的避障航迹规划提供参考。     

南瓜片真空脉动干燥特性及含水率预测

为探索南瓜片真空脉动干燥特性,并实现干燥过程中南瓜的含水率预测,该文研究了不同常压保持时间、真空保持时间、干燥温度和切片厚度对南瓜干燥时间和速率的影响;利用温度传感器实时采集南瓜在干燥过程中的中心温度,阐述压力脉动过程对物料传热传质的影响;建立了输入层个数为5,隐藏层个数为11,输出层为南瓜含水率,结构为"5-11-1"的BP神经网络模型,实现对南瓜含水率实时预测.结果表明:真空保持时间和常压保持时间均对南瓜干燥时间有显著影响,干燥温度60℃,切片厚度7mm条件下,常压保持时间10min和真空保持时间9min所用干燥时间最短,约为352min;干燥温度和切片厚度均对干燥时间有显著影响,提高干燥温度、减少切片厚度能够有效缩短干燥时间.采用Levenberg-Marquardt算法为训练函数,经过有限次训练得到的BP神经网络模型,其预测值与实测值之间的决定系数R2为0.9968,均方根误差RMSE为0.0173,能够很好预测南瓜在真空脉动干燥过程中的含水率.研究结果为南瓜真空脉动应用以及含水率在线预测提供理论依据.     

海洋微生物酶反应器智能控制系统的研制

生物发酵过程具有严重非线性、高度时变性、高阶多变量和大型不确定的特点,为了实现生物发酵过程的自动化控制,提高生物技术产品的生产水平,使得发酵过程的参数检测、操作监视、自动控制等智能化,分析了影响发酵过程的主要因素以及各变量之间的耦合关系,综合应用传统的PID控制方法、模糊神经网络技术,构建了一种多变量模糊神经控制系统的前馈解耦算法并将其应用在发酵过程的思想,同时采用了冷凝、回收、利用发酵尾气技术,解决了尾气排放、罐体泄漏染菌的问题。模糊神经控制器和解耦部分独立设计,在模糊控制器中引入神经网络,解耦网络采用一层隐层,利用简化的学习算法,根据系统输出误差,在线调整网络权值,从而实现动态解耦而无需辨识被控对象的模型。该方法结构简单且计算量小,经实际应用结果表明这种控制算法具有很好的控制效果。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI