基于ITS序列和RAMS标记分析青枯雷尔氏菌的遗传多样性*

应用ITS序列和RAMS技术对福建省不同地域,不同寄主作物的青枯雷尔氏菌进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,供试的21株青枯雷尔氏菌的ITS区序列有3种类型,这3种类型菌株的ITS序列只有1-2个碱基的差异,与参比菌株GMI1000的ITS区序列或者相同或者有1-2个碱基的差异。在此基础上,利用RAMS技术进一步分析表明,供试的青枯雷尔氏菌及参比菌株GMI1000的基因组DNA间存在丰富的多态性。聚类结果显示,供试菌株可聚为3个类群,同一寄主作物的菌株聚在同一类群中,同一地理来源的菌株聚在同一亚类群中,说明青枯雷尔氏菌的遗传分化与寄主作物和地理来源都存在相关性,与寄主作物的关系更密切。     

插入序列ISRso21在青枯雷尔氏菌中的分布以及插入位点多态性分析

插入序列(insertion sequence,IS)元件可以插入到基因或DNA序列,其可能在生物体进化中起着重要的作用。ISRso21是在青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)FJAT-1458菌株中发现的一个新的插入序列。根据序列分析可知,该插入序列是属于ISL3家族中的一个成员。本研究发现,福建闽北地区菌株ISRso21的阳性率高于其他地区的趋势,不同地区的青枯雷尔氏菌ISRso21的分布有显著性差异,ISRso21的分布可能与菌株分离个体的地理来源有关。不仅如此,由于ISRso21在青枯雷尔氏菌插入位点的不同,从而导致青枯雷尔氏菌致病性的差异。研究表明,由于ISRso21的插入导致表现型转换系统转录调控因子A(phc A)的重排可能在青枯雷尔氏菌的致病性起着极其重要的作用。在所有菌株中,ISRso21在phc A基因上游中插入的检出率达到4.71%,其中无致病力菌株和强致病力菌株中的检出率分别为28.57%和0.00%。而ISRso21在二氨基庚二酸脱羧酶基因中的插入可能是为了更好地适应环境。ISRso21在不同致病性青枯雷尔氏菌中的插入位点的研究,可能为揭示青枯雷尔氏菌致病性机制提供新的研究途径。     

福建省青枯雷尔氏菌无毒基因组成及与致病力关系分析

青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)致病力分化严重.为了解福建省青枯雷尔雷氏菌的致病力类型及与无毒基因组成关系,本研究以弱化指数为指标,对福建省内不同地区和寄主的63个青枯雷尔氏菌进行致病力测定,结果表明,供试的青枯雷尔氏菌可分为3种致病力类型:强致病力、过渡型和无致病力;进一步对供试菌株进行无毒基因avrA、popP1和popP2的检测,3个无毒基因分布频率不同,avrA基因分布频率最高,达79.37％,popP1基因的分布频率最低为46.03％;不同寄主的菌株无毒基因组成不同,番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum)和辣椒(Capsicum annuum)寄主以分布3种和2种无毒基因为主,茄子(Solanum melongena)寄主主要分布2种无毒基因,花生(Arachis hypogaea)寄主的菌株无毒基因分布较少,只分布1种avrA基因或没有检测到无毒基因;不同地域的菌株无毒基因组成不同,以番茄寄主为例,建瓯玉山镇的菌株分布3种和2种无毒基因为主,分别占45.45％和31.82％,宁德屏南菌株中3个无毒基因均等分布,福州北峰菌株中只分布avrA和popP2基因,二者均等分布,福州营口菌株中popP2基因分布频率最高,达60.00％;不同致病力的菌株无毒基因组成不同,无致病力菌株分布3种和2种无毒基因为主,过渡型菌株分布2种无毒基因为主,而强致病力菌株分布1种无毒基因为主;青枯雷尔氏菌的无毒基因组成与致病力相关性分析表明,3个无毒基因分布均与致病力呈正相关,其中popP1基因与菌株致病力相关性最高,达显著水平,其皮尔逊相关系数(Pearson correlation coefficient,PCC)值为0.31.本研究为植物青枯病预警和防控提供重要信息.     

青枯雷尔氏菌Tn5转座子无致病力突变株构建及其生物学特性

青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)是植物细菌性青枯病的病原菌,为研制植物疫苗菌剂提供遗传稳定且突变位点明确的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力菌株,本研究利用EZ-Tn5转座子随机插入青枯雷尔氏菌(Rs91)构建青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变体库,通过电击转化,筛选获得13株具有无致病力菌株形态的突变株。研究了其中5株突变株的插入位点和生物学特性,结果表明,其插入位点分别位于phcA和pchS基因,其生长速率和相对胞外多糖含量显著低于Rs91,而最适pH值和温度未改变。其发酵液经分光光度计扫描,结果显示,突变株在同一波长下的光吸收值均大于Rs91,经聚类分析,显示它们与Rs91可聚为不同的3类,即Rs91为第Ⅰ类,phcA基因突变株为第Ⅱ类,phcS基因突变株为第Ⅲ类。经番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)盆栽苗致病力检测,15d后均未发病,确定为无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌。本研究为研制防治青枯病的植物疫苗菌剂提供了基础资料。     

基于RAPD标记的福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性分析

为了解福建省稻曲病菌群体的遗传多样性和遗传组成,应用随机扩增多态性RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)技术分析了来自福建省不同水稻种植区的102个稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)的遗传多样性.从100条随机引物中筛选出10条扩增带清晰、重复性好的引物进行稻曲病菌多态性扩增,共扩增出157条带,多态性条带比率为82.17％,遗传距离变化范围为0.02～0.67.遗传多样性分析表明,福建省稻曲病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,相对于其它地区而言,福建闽西地区分离的菌株遗传多样性水平最高PPB=76.43,H=0.2212,I=0.3383),晚稻分离的菌株群体遗传多样性(PPB=91.08,H=0.2402,I=0.3655)高于早稻群体(PPB=63.06,H=0.1892,I=0.2870).聚类分析显示,在遗传距离0.349水平上,供试的所有菌株可被划分成7个遗传聚类组(R1～R7),聚类组R1为优势聚类组,包含有80个菌株,其内又存有一些亚组.这些菌株的聚类与菌株的地理来源及水稻品种无明显相关性.但是在遗传距离0.330水平上,来自宁化的10个菌株可被明显划分成早稻群体和晚稻群体.初步分析认为菌株的地理来源、水稻品种及其生长季节是影响福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性的主要因素,在稻曲病菌的遗传变异以及该病的发生和流行中可能起重要的作用.     

利用SSR和RAPD标记分析中国部分地区晚疫病菌群体遗传多样性

利用SSR和RAPD对来自福建、黑龙江、河北和内蒙古4个地理群体的80个马铃薯晚疫病菌（phytophthora infestans）株进行了遗传多样性分析。13对SSR引物共扩增出76条谱带,多态性条带比率78.9%,相似系数变化范围0.00～0.42之间;筛选出的14条RAPD引物共扩增出189条谱带,多态性条带比率95.2%,相似系数变化范围0.04～0.66之间。遗传多样性分析表明,在4个群体中,福建群体的多样性更为丰富。遗传相似性分析显示,黑龙江和内蒙古两个群体间的遗传相似性最高,而福建和河北两个群体间的遗传相似性最低。聚类分析显示,来自南方福建的菌株与来自北方黑龙江、河北和内蒙古的菌株亲缘关系较远,且福建群体分布于更多的聚类组,显示出更高的遗传变异度。     

生物有机肥对烟草根际微生物群落及青枯雷尔氏菌丰度的影响

【目的】探究生物有机肥施用对烟草根际土壤细菌、真菌群落结构和青枯雷尔氏菌丰度的影响机理。【方法】选用长沙市某公司生产的生物有机肥和常规烟草专用肥,在湘西花垣县长期定位试验点连续5年开展大田试验,研究施肥对土壤理化性质和微生物群落的影响。试验设置两种施肥处理：常规烟草专用肥（CF）和生物有机肥（BOF）。【结果】与CF相比,施用生物有机肥处理的土壤烟草青枯病发病率降低了89.8%,同时青枯雷尔氏菌相对丰度也显著降低,降幅达40.1%;土壤pH、碱解氮和有效磷显著增加,分别增加了1.2%、12.1%和60.2%;施用生物有机肥后根际土壤微生物如Roseiflexaceae,Gemmatimonadaceae,Nitrospira,Ramophialophora,Preussia等显著富集,且这些潜在有益菌与青枯雷尔氏菌相对丰度呈显著负相关关系。通过ABT预测模型分析发现潜在有益菌是影响青枯雷尔氏菌相对丰度的最主要生物因子。【结论】连续5年的试验结果表明,施用生物有机肥不仅改善了作物生长的土壤环境,显著提高了土壤pH和土壤速效养分含量,还促使潜在有益菌在根际土壤中富集,抑制了青枯雷尔氏菌的生...     

小麦叶锈菌毒性及分子多态性分析

以来自河北、江苏两地的22株小麦叶锈菌作供试菌株，用27个小麦抗叶锈近等基因系品系作为鉴别寄主进行毒性测定。毒性多态性分析结果为：22个菌株通过聚类被分为两组，第一组17个菌株主醚自河北，第二组5个菌株全部来自江苏，表明毒性与地理来源密切相关；菌株间遗传相似系数较高并且差异不大，为0.6296-0.9259之间，说明两地的小麦叶锈菌所含的毒性基因差异不大，应用RAPD技术，从65个随机引物中筛选了12个扩增多态性较好的随机引物，用于分子多态性分析，共扩增出DNA条带102条，其中多态性条带54条，RAPD分析结果为：22个菌株被分为两组，第一组菌株主要来自河北，第二组菌株主要来自江苏，说明DNA多态性与地理来源间具有一定的相关性；菌系间遗传相似系数相差较大，为0.3889-0.9074之间，说明两地小麦叶锈菌群体遗传结构丰富而复杂，比较22株小麦叶锈菌在27个鉴别品系上的毒性特征和54个RAPD标记建立的聚类分析树状图，发现以RAPD标记为基础的分子多态性与毒性多态性相关性不强。     

不同致病型水稻细条病菌的遗传多样性分析

采用引物BOX和ERIC对来自4省的35个细条病菌菌株进行Rep-PCR扩增,BOX引物扩增出14条指纹带,10种谱型,以致病型为单位计算遗传多样性值为0.63～1.00;ERIC引物扩增出19条指纹带,17种谱型,遗传多样性值为0.86～1;引物ERIC比BOX在遗传多样性方面有更好的分辨率;树状聚类图反映的遗传分簇差异,与菌株的致病型及其地理的来源之间没有相关性。     

植物青枯菌aac基因突变株的构建及其致病性的测定

根据青枯菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)与群体猝灭相关aac基因序列设计PCR引物,扩增获得了aac基因,并将基因克隆到pGEM-T- easy载体中。将庆大霉素基因插入aac基因内部,使其突变,将含有庆大霉素基因的aac突变基因亚克隆进入自杀质粒pDS132中,构建成aac基因重组自杀质粒pDS-aac’-Gm。将自杀质粒电转化至青枯菌GMI 1000菌株中,通过体内同源重组,置换其野生型的aac基因。通过三步筛选法和PCR扩增鉴定,筛选获得了具有庆大霉素抗性的青枯菌aac基因突变株(GMI 1000-m)。接种番茄结果显示,青枯菌aac突变株的致病性较野生型GMI 1000明显下降。证明aac基因在青枯菌致病过程中具有重要作用。     

作物轮作对土壤中烟草青枯菌数量及发病的影响

为查明春烟换茬后青枯菌在土壤中的消长规律, 采用接种耐药性青枯菌的盆土种植烟草, 烟草枯死后种植不同轮作作物的方法, 研究不同作物对土壤中青枯菌数量及其越冬状况的影响。设茄子、大豆、花生、甘薯、大蒜、玉米、晚稻和双季稻8 个轮作物处理, 后作生长期间定期取样, 用含利福平的选择性培养基检测样品中的青枯菌数量。结果表明, 栽后第4 周起秋茄子和秋大豆根中皆测出青枯菌, 秋茄子根达10⁶ cfu·g^-1;晚稻和秋花生根只第2 周和第8 周测出带菌。秋茄子、秋大豆、秋花生和晚甘薯生长期间土壤皆测出青枯菌,数量先降后升至10⁴~10⁶ cfu·g^-1; 晚稻和秋玉米土壤中青枯菌数量持续下降; 大蒜处理先测出带菌后未测到。冬季对水稻残桩青枯菌数量监测显示, 稻桩根和土壤中青枯菌数量先后出现峰值, 分别达1.00×10⁵ cfu·g^-1 和5.17×10⁴ cfu·g^-1; 发现病菌能在稻根变黑腐烂时增殖。翌年春季从茄子、大豆、花生和甘薯茬口土壤中测出遗留青枯菌数量皆达10⁴ cfu·g^-1, 玉米为10³ cfu·g^-1。烟草移栽后青枯病调查表明, 不同处理发病迟早取决于茬口土壤中菌源数量, 两者相关系数r 为0.908 9。不同茬口土壤发病轻重有显著差异, 茄子茬土发病最重,病情指数100, 大豆和大蒜茬土发病略重于花生、甘薯和玉米茬土; 晚稻茬土发病最轻, 病情指数16.7, 与茄子茬土相比发病期推迟20 d, 病情指数下降83.3%; 双季稻茬土未见发病, 证明烟稻轮作对青枯病有较好的控制效果。     

青枯菌II型分泌系统编码基因的克隆

植物青枯菌II型分泌系统与致病蛋白的分泌密切相关。编码青枯菌II型分泌系统的gsp基因簇由12个基因组成,我们通过设计适合高GC%含量基因扩增的PCR反应体系,成功克隆了编码青枯菌II型分泌系统的全部12个gsp基因。分别将gsp基因连接到酵母双杂交系统的诱饵及捕获载体上,构建了gsp基因诱饵库和捕获库。经序列测定证明12个gsp基因读框正确,保障了其在酵母系统中的表达,为GSP蛋白之间的互作研究奠定了基础     

健康与罹患青枯病的番茄土壤细菌群落特征比较

应用实时荧光定量PCR及MiSeq高通量测序技术,全面地研究了连作番茄田块中健康与感染青枯病植株周围土体及根际土壤细菌群落结构和组成。结果表明:健康番茄土体土壤的pH及全碳含量显著高于感病番茄土体土壤;土体及根际土壤的细菌群落结构和组成明显不同于感病番茄土体及根际土壤细菌群落。与感病番茄根际相比,健康番茄根际细菌的数量显著升高而青枯菌数量显著降低;细菌群落的Shannon多样性指数显著增高;拟杆菌门及其所含的噬几丁质菌属、金杆菌属、动杆菌属、黄杆菌属及Taibaiella的相对丰度显著增高而变形菌门及其所含的青枯菌属的相对丰度显著降低。综上,抑制土传青枯病发生的番茄根际土壤细菌群落特征明显,其生物量及多样性高,土著有益菌群数量多而病原菌数量少,为番茄土传青枯病的生物防控提供了指导方向与理论依据。     

Genetic diversity of indigenous common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) rhizobia in two Brazilian ecosystems

Although rhizobia for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are established in most Brazilian soils, understanding of their genetic diversity is very poor. This study characterized bean strains from two contrasting ecosystems in Brazil, the Northeast Region, with a semi-arid climate and neutral soils and the South Region, with a humid subtropical climate and acid soils. Seedlings of the cultivars Negro Argel and Aporé were used to trap 243 rhizobial isolates from 12 out of 14 sites. An analysis of ERIC-PCR products revealed enormous variability, with 81% of the isolates representing unique strains considering a level of 70% of similarity. In general, there was no effect of either the bean cultivar, or the ecosystem on rhizobial diversity. One-hundred and one strains showing genetic relatedness (ERIC-PCR) less than 70% were further analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16 S rDNA cleaved with five restriction enzymes. Twenty-five different profile combinations were obtained. Rhizobium etli was the predominant species, with 73 strains showing similar RFLP profiles, while 12 other strains differed only by the profile with one restriction enzyme. Fifty strains were submitted to sequencing of a 16 S rDNA fragment, and 34 clustered with R. etli, including strains with RFLP-PCR profiles similar to those species or differing by one restriction enzyme. However, other strains differing by one or two enzymes were genetically distant from R. etli and two strains with identical profiles showed higher similarity to Sinorhizobium fredii. Other strains showed higher similarity of bases with R. tropici, R. leguminosarum and Mesorhizobium plurifarium, but some strains were quite dissimilar and may represent new species. Great variability was also verified among the sequenced strains in relation to the ability to grow in YMA at 40 °C, in LB, to synthesize melanin in vitro, as well as in symbiotic performance, including differences in relation to the described species, e.g. many R. etli strains were able to grow in LB and in YMA at 40 °C, and not all R. tropici were able to nodulate Leucaena.     

New insights into the origins and evolution of rhizobia that nodulate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Brazil

It is generally accepted that there are two major centers of genetic diversification of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): the Mesoamerican (Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and north of Peru, probably the primary center), and the Andean (southern Peru to north of Argentina) centers. Wild common bean is not found in Brazil, but it has been grown in the country throughout recorded history. Common bean establishes symbiotic associations with a wide range of rhizobial strains and Rhizobium etli is the dominant microsymbiont at both centers of genetic diversification. In contrast, R. tropici, originally recovered from common bean in Colombia, has been found to be the dominant species nodulating field-grown common-bean plants in Brazil. However, a recent study using soil dilutions as inocula has shown surprisingly high counts of R. etli in two Brazilian ecosystems. In the present study, RFLP-PCR analyses of nodABC and nifH genes of 43 of those Brazilian R. etli strains revealed unexpected homogeneity in their banding patterns. The Brazilian R. etli strains were closely similar in 16S rRNA sequences and in nodABC and nifH RFLP-PCR profiles to the Mexican strain CFN 42^T, and were quite distinct from R. etli and R. leguminosarum strains of European origin, supporting the hypothesis that Brazilian common bean and their rhizobia are of Mesoamerican origin, and could have arrived in Brazil in pre-colonial times. R. tropici may have been introduced to Brazilian soils later, or it may be a symbiont of other indigenous legume species and, due to its tolerance to acidic soils and high temperature conditions became the predominant microsymbiont of common bean.     

Genetic diversity of fast-and slow-growing soybean rhizobia determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis

The genetic relationships among six strains of rhizobia, including three strains of Rhizobium fredii and three strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. In this study, 46 arbitrary 10mer primers were employed for RAPD, generating a total of 251 informative fragments. A dendrogram of phylogenetic relationships among the six strains was constructed. The results indicated that geographical distribution may affect phylogeny, as there were closer relationships among the four Taiwanese strains, SB138, SB562, SB368 and SB651, than between these strains and USDA192, which originated from mainland China. The strain USDA110, obtained from the United States, was used in the parsimony analysis. The greatest similarity (55.6%), existed between two strains of B. japonicum, SB562 and SB138, which both, and the lowest R. fredii (44.4%) between two strains of R. fredii, SB368 and USDA192. We also found a RAPD marker specific to the four Taiwanese SB strains used in the study. The RAPD technique is a potential tool for the identification of the genetics and systematics of different populations. Received: 23 January 1997