高温射流冲击苎麻开纤脱胶的压力和温度场数值模拟与试验

为了研究苎麻纤维残留胶质的射流冲击分纤脱胶机理,设计试制了高温射流冲洗试验装置,开展了单喷嘴和双喷嘴开纤脱胶试验,数值模拟了单喷嘴和双喷嘴射流冲击壁面的表面温度场、压力场分布及有效的作用区域。结果表明,当喷嘴直径为2.0 mm,进口温度为373 K时,单喷嘴射流冲击试验的较佳组合参数喷距为30 mm,进口压强为1.2 MPa,时间为16 min,测得残胶率为3.1%;以单喷嘴相同设定参数模拟了双喷嘴较佳喷嘴间距为30 mm,冲击压力范围为0.2~0.3 MPa,温度范围为320~334 K,该试验测试的喷嘴间距与数值模拟相符合,测试残胶率为3.1%,单纤维断裂强力为51.71 c N。该技术为开发新型苎麻纤维分纤洗脱设备提供技术参数。     

旋转式射流喷头结构参数及组合间距对喷洒均匀性的影响

为了深入探索国内原创旋转式射流喷头结构参数与喷洒均匀性之间的关系,选用10型喷头为研究对象,在工作压力为300kPa下测量出9种不同位差H、作用区长度L、收缩角θ的喷嘴的径向水量分布。采用Matlab语言编制程序绘制出正方形布置其组合间距为8,9,10,11,12和13m喷嘴的三维水量分布图,并对组合均匀性系数进行了仿真计算。结果表明:旋转式射流喷头的水量分布同时受到位差×作用区长度(H×L)、收缩角θ等结构参数的影响,当位差×作用区长度(H×L)、收缩角θ增大时,距喷头近处水会更多,远处水会更少;当位差×作用区长度(H×L)=2.4mm×20mm和2.6mm×24mm时,组合喷洒均匀性系数的数值以及它随组合间距的变化趋势都很接近,位差×作用区长度(H×L)=2.8mm×28mm喷嘴的组合均匀性系数变化趋势更加平稳;组合间距为8～10m时,不同θ的组合均匀性系数相差在2%以内;组合间距为10m以上时,组合均匀性系数随着θ的增大而增加。对于9种试验喷嘴,组合均匀性系数均随着组合间距的增加而降低,初步提出了旋转式射流喷头在正方形布置时最佳组合间距为10～12m,为其在工程应用中提供理论数据。     

阿基米德螺线型破茬开沟和切拨防堵装置的设计与试验

针对东北保护性耕作区玉米垄作农业技术对研发免耕播种机的要求,该文以阿基米德螺线为基础,分析了缺口圆盘刀破茬性能和理想种床对破茬刀的技术要求,进行了阿基米德螺线型缺口圆盘破茬刀的结构优化以及最优参数的优选,研制了破茬开沟和切拨防堵装置。田间试验表明,破茬开沟装置能开出"V"形沟,2片螺线型缺口圆盘刀直径为350 mm、入土深度为40 mm时,播种开沟宽度为28 mm;切拨防堵装置单片圆盘破茬装置质量为113 kg、破茬深度为70~100 mm时,开沟宽度为40~50 mm,清垄部件清垄宽度为210 mm,均达到了农业技术要求。同时,确定提高破茬率切拨防堵装置的最佳工作参数:机器前进速度为2.22 m/s,配质量为113 kg,破茬圆盘刀入土深度为7.50 cm;得出各因素对破茬率影响的主次顺序为机器配质量机器前进速度入土深度。该研究为高留茬模式和高留茬碎杆覆盖模式的保护性耕作地区的免耕播种作业提供了参考。     

射流喷嘴几何参数对喷灌泵自吸性能的影响

为探索射流喷嘴几何参数对射流式自吸喷灌泵自吸性能的影响规律,该文选择射流喷嘴的喷管总长L1、喷管角度θ、出口长度L2及出口直径D2为变化因素,按L9(34)正交试验的方法设计了9种不同参数的射流喷嘴,通过数值模拟得到使用9种不同射流喷嘴的泵自吸过程气液两相体积流率、叶轮进口速度、叶轮进口气相体积分布及叶轮气相体积分布规律。分析结果表明:射流喷嘴几何参数对射流式自吸喷灌泵气相及液相流率影响的主次顺序为D2>L2>L1>θ;对叶轮进口速度影响的主次顺序为L2>θ>D2>L1;对叶轮进口气相体积分布影响的主次顺序为θ>L1>D2>L2;对叶轮气相体积分布影响的主次顺序为D2>θ>L1>L2;对该射流式自吸喷灌泵射流喷嘴各几何参数最佳组合为射流喷嘴的喷管总长L1=55mm、喷管角度θ=42°、出口长度L2=2mm及出口直径D2=13mm。研究结果可为射流式自吸离心泵射流喷嘴的设计提供参考。     

马铃薯组培苗气力引导式移植手设计与试验

多手并行移植作业可有效提高接种效率,而现有组培苗接种移植手结构复杂、占用空间大,不适于狭小空间内多移植手并行接种作业,且对组培苗个体差异适应性较差,存在夹苗不稳或伤苗的情况,针对上述问题该文设计了一种负压引导式气力把持移植手,通过负压气流对马铃薯组培苗进行引导与把持,强化对组培苗个体差异的适应能力,实现组培苗的柔性容偏把持。该文对移植手吸嘴进行了三维建模及流体仿真分析,确定移植手吸嘴形式为外径5 mm、内径4 mm圆管状,前端设置90°夹角引导翅,引导翅顶点间距为10 mm。针对移植手引导性能进行正交试验,结果表明:对于平均苗径为(1.23±0.21)mm接种期马铃薯组培苗,当吸嘴真空度为8.6×10~(-3) MPa时,对组培苗容偏引导半径为4 mm。在移植手吸嘴真空度为8.6×10~(-3) MPa条件下进行茎段切割及扦插作业性能试验,结果表明:当利用厚度0.3 mm、直径45 mm圆盘切割刀以7 r/s以上转速切割茎段时,保证正常切割效果的进给速度可达0.03 m/s;对于直径为(0.7±0.1)、(1.1±0.1)、(1.5±0.1)mm条件下茎段,扦插速度为0.01 m/s时,茎段扦插成功率可达100%。该研究可为马铃薯组培苗自动移植设备开发提供技术参考。     

油菜毯状苗移栽机开沟镇压部件设计与参数优化

针对插秧机底盘空间受限、配重低等问题,借鉴插秧机切块栽插原理,增设开沟、覆土镇压功能,设计驱动型波纹圆盘开沟与镇压部件,形成适宜稻板田移栽的油菜毯状苗移栽机。在确定圆盘结构参数的基础上对圆盘运动轨迹进行了分析,建立了机具前进速度、开沟深度和圆盘转速等主要参数的匹配关系,在机具最大前进速度1.5 m/s时解得圆盘转速为115 r/min。为确定镇压轮最佳设计参数组合进行了田间试验,通过对机具前进速度、轮盘夹角、单轮倾角和开距,采用响应面试验分析方法建立主要影响因素与考察指标之间的回归数学模型,确定最佳参数组合:机具前进速度0.95 m/s,轮盘夹角为19°,单轮倾角为45.8°,开距为64.1 mm,测得秧苗直立度合格率为86.66%和离土力为3.31 N,与理论值绝对误差分别为0.69%和3.50%。该研究可为毯状苗切块栽插旱地移栽机设计提供参考。     

射流撞击式低压喷头设计与水力性能试验

为分散喷头主射流,提高喷头的喷洒均匀度,使喷头适用于农业低压喷灌,该研究结合射流与撞击流提出了一种射流撞击式旋转喷头。首先对比了射流撞击喷头与射流不撞击喷头的水力性能,通过正交试验分析了各结构参数值对射程和组合均匀系数的影响,得到副喷嘴结构优化参数,最后将优化后的射流撞击喷头与改进前的传统15PY2喷头进行水力性能及水滴粒径分布对比。研究结果表明,射流撞击使射程末端水量高点降低,同时射程得到提升,射程平均提升4.39%,在相同压力及组合间距下覆盖范围更大。影响喷头工作性能的结构参数依次为副喷管长度、副喷嘴进口锥角、副喷管内径、副喷嘴仰角,而副喷嘴仰角对射程与组合均匀系数影响最大,15型射流撞击喷头最佳结构参数组合为：副喷管长度20 mm、副喷嘴进口锥角55°、副喷管内径6 mm、副喷嘴仰角33°。射流撞击喷头在压力150～300 kPa下组合均匀系数和综合评分均高过传统15PY2喷头,组合均匀系数平均提升4.84%,综合性能平均提升4%,证明了射流撞击应用于旋转式喷头具有优势。在射程前中段,150和250 kPa下射流撞击喷头水滴直径更大;在射程后段,150 kPa下射流撞击喷头水滴直径更大,但在250 kPa下水滴直径更小。研究所得到的喷头结构及结论可为后续研究射流撞击对水力性能的影响提供参考。     

机收水稻留茬地紫云英双圆盘开沟撒播组合作业机设计

为解决机收水稻地留茬对紫云英机械化播种的影响,针对目前紫云英开沟、播种环节独立作业时存在的作业质量不高、生产效率低等问题,该文研制了适用于机收水稻留茬地的紫云英开沟撒播机。设计了撒播高度可调装置,根据田间稻茬留量情况将撒播部件升降至适当位置;研制了紫云英专用排种轮和定量匀播装置,实现精量播种的同时提高撒播均匀性;采用双圆盘式开沟组件,确定圆盘直径为900 mm,测得平均开沟深度为22.3 cm,平均开沟宽度为31.2 cm,田间试验测定开沟宽度、深度变异系数均小于6%,满足紫云英种子生长期间的排水要求。通过多因素试验和回归分析,得出机具前进速度、排种轮转速、匀种圆柱直径等因素对撒播效果有显著影响,方差分析可知影响紫云英出苗率和播种均匀性变异系数的主次因素均为:排种轮转速匀种圆柱直径机具前进速度;影响排种量一致性变异系数的主次因素依次为:匀种圆柱直径机具前进速度排种轮转速;确定影响紫云英开沟撒播机撒播质量的因素最佳参数组合为:机具前进速度4.6 km/h,排种轮转速44 r/min,匀种圆柱直径6 mm。通过田间试验验证,最优参数组合条件下紫云英出苗率为95.87%,排种量一致性变异系数12.7%,播种均匀性变异系数8.07%,与模型预测优化结果的相对误差均小于3%,验证了所建模型与优化参数的合理性;与已有紫云英播种方式相比,本文所设计的双圆盘开沟撒播组合作业机作业效率可达1 hm~2/h,优于人工撒播作业效率0.1～0.125 hm~2/h、手摇撒播作业效率0.2～0.3 hm~2/h和机动喷播作业效率0.5～0.8 hm~2/h,低于无人机飞播作业效率3～4 hm~2/h,在撒播质量和组配方式上也明显优于其他播种方式,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

揉碎玉米秸秆螺旋-气力耦合输送装置设计

为解决揉碎玉米秸秆螺旋输送过程中的生产率低、功耗大、易堵塞及机件磨损严重等问题,该文设计了一种螺旋-气力耦合输送装置,并以揉碎玉米秸秆为原料开展了试验研究。螺旋-气力耦合输送装置主要由螺旋输送装置和气力辅助输送系统组成。其中气力辅助输送系统主要由喷射角度可调的Y型喷嘴座、喷嘴、最大出气压力为1.6 MPa的空气压缩机、直径为10 mm的PPR(polypropylene random)管和15°弯管及压力表等组成。螺旋输送装置主要由机壳、螺旋叶片和中心轴等组成,其关键参数为:螺旋叶片外径为250 mm,中心轴直径为60 mm,螺距为335 mm,螺旋槽用U型机壳。以比功耗、轴向推力、螺旋叶片及机壳各部位所受压力作为输送性能指标,对施加气流前后各部位所受压力进行测试。结果表明,当螺距为335 mm、螺旋轴转速为100 r/min、喂入量为70 kg/min、气流速度为10～50 m/s时,随着气流速度的增大,输送装置的比功耗先减小后增大。当气流速度为20 m/s时比功耗最小,为10.78 W/kg,比无气流时的比功耗减小了8.3%,轴向推力、叶片和机壳各部位所受压力随着气流速度的增大而减小,且均小于不加气流时的值。     

收获开沟埋草一体机双圆盘开沟机构设计与参数优化

为提高己研制的稻麦联合收获开沟埋草多功能一体机免耕播种时的开沟播种质量,设计双圆盘开沟机构与一体机相结合.为获取影响双圆盘开沟机构作业质量因素的最优参数,以机器前进速度、开沟器入土深度、开沟器排种管固定装置固定孔中心点至排种管出口中心点横向距离为试验因素,以种子入沟率、各行播种量稳定性变异系数、播种均匀性变异系数为试验指标,进行三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验.试验结果表明:各试验因素对于种子入沟率与各行播种量稳定性变异系数影响程度从大到小皆依次是:固定孔横向距离、开沟器入土深度、机器前进速度;各试验因素对于播种均匀性变异系数的影响程度从大到小依次是:机器前进速度、开沟器入土深度、固定孔横向距离.优化所得双圆盘开沟机构开沟播种作业最佳参数组合为机器前进速度为0.46 m/s;开沟器入土深度为3.25 cm;固定孔横向距离为16.16 mm,验证试验表明各指标试验结果与理论优化结果相对误差均小于4％,验证了所建模型与优化参数的合理性.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.