农用轮式铰接车辆滑模轨迹跟踪控制算法

针对农用轮式铰接车辆驾驶员工作条件恶劣的问题,该文提出了一种应用于无人驾驶系统的滑模变结构控制铰接车精确轨迹跟踪的方法。首先推导出了铰接车的运动学模型,根据该模型建立实际行驶轨迹与参考轨迹偏差的模型,之后针对偏差模型设计滑模变结构路径跟踪控制器,该控制器使用Ackermann公式设计,控制律采用指数趋近律使系统有较快的响应和较小的抖振,同时,为了进一步抑制滑模控制器固有的抖振问题,将趋近律中的符号函数替换为连续函数,以避免趋近律数值产生阶跃变化,并用Lyapunov函数证明了其稳定性,最后在硬件在环仿真中验证了控制器的实时性和路径跟踪质量。结果表明,该控制器在硬件在环仿真环境下可将横向位置偏差、航向角偏差、曲率偏差分别控制在0.21 rad(12°)、100 mm、0.17rad(1°)、0.005 m-1附近,各向偏差均在10 s内达到平衡,且误差控制在5%以内,铰接车能有效跟踪参考路径。该研究为农用轮式铰接车辆实现无人驾驶提供参考。     

基于摆线运动的黄瓜采摘机器人终端滑模轨迹跟踪控制

黄瓜采摘机器人是机器人技术在农业中的具体应用,而快速稳定地到达目标采摘点的轨迹规划则是黄瓜采摘机器人研究的主要内容之一。根据摆线运动曲线光滑,并能在有限区间的端点产生零速度和零加速度的特点,将其应用于黄瓜采摘机器人关节空间的轨迹规划,该方法计算简单,实时性好。同时,为了实现对期望轨迹的精确跟踪,构造了一种快速非奇异的终端滑模控制器,采用指数和幂次结合的趋近率方法,引入非线性滑模面,突破了普通滑模控制器在线性滑模条件下渐进收敛的特点,并且不会出现传统终端滑模控制的奇异性和抖振问题。李亚普诺夫稳定性分析和仿真试验证明：它能够准确的跟踪期望轨迹,并能使位置跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛到零,响应时间短,跟踪效果好。     

番茄收获机械手轨迹跟踪模糊控制仿真与试验

针对番茄收获机械手动力学模型不精确和外界扰动问题,该文采用计算力矩-模糊补偿相结合的控制方法进行了番茄收获机械手轨迹跟踪控制研究。通过自适应模糊逻辑系统补偿机械手动力学模型中的不确定部分,模糊逻辑系统的参数基于Lynaponv稳定性理论自适应调节,并利用ADAMS与MATLAB进行仿真试验。结果表明,对比计算力矩法,计算力矩-模糊补偿控制算法中各关节轨迹跟踪误差明显减小且收敛趋势明显。关节1至关节7平均轨迹跟踪精度分别提高了70.29%、94.72%、0.61%、74.29%、89.75%、86.41%和67.14%。该控制方案中各关节控制力（矩）均呈规律性变化,增加扰动信号亦未使输出力（力矩）出现抖振和突变,启动力（矩）最大出现在移动关节2和转动关节4,分别为453N和98.33 N·m。研究结果可为番茄收获机械手轨迹跟踪控制系统的深入研究奠定基础。     

非圆齿轮行星轮系自动取苗机构逆向设计分析

单自由度传动机构实现复杂轨迹和姿态要求是机构设计难点,该文针对穴盘苗取苗机构运动要求开展非圆齿轮行星轮系传动机构的逆向设计研究,提出基于输出构件相对转角单调性的机构可再现轨迹判定准则,对于给定的预期轨迹,通过相对转角曲线的单调性判断非圆齿轮行星轮系传动的适用性;在预期轨迹的规划上研究轨迹关键点的设置方法以利于非圆齿轮的传动比设计,给出在满足机构工作轨迹和姿态要求下轨迹型值点的确定流程,编写机构的设计软件确定一组机构参数,通过ADAMS进行了机构仿真验证。研究结果表明,轨迹与送钵装置最小距离为21 mm,取苗尖嘴宽度为2.07 mm,尖嘴倾角为136.4°,取苗臂在入钵段摆角为24.3°,出钵段摆角为3.6°,投苗角为76°,齿轮模数为2.53 mm,轨迹高度为285 mm,轨迹最低位置与行星架最低点距离为34 mm,单级非圆齿轮最大传动比降为1.81,该研究为非圆齿轮行星轮系传动的设计提供了参考。     

Analysis on autonomous task trajectory tracking performance of construction robot with online gravity compensation

工程机器人自主作业时,工程机器人动臂举升、前臂摆动重心上升过程中需要克服自身重力做功,而在工程机器人动臂下降、前臂摆动重心下降过程中,自身重力要参与做功,影响工程机器人的运动速度,进而影响工程机器人自主作业的轨迹跟踪效果。针对这一问题,建立了工程机器人动臂、前臂的动力学模型,探讨采用最小二乘拟合法辨识动力学参数,进行工程机器人动臂、前臂的在线重力补偿,以消除在自主作业过程中重力做功对轨迹跟踪的影响。最后,在工程机器人试验台上进行了试验。试验结果表明,在线重力补偿可有效地补偿工程机器人自主作业过程自身重力,消除工程机器人动臂和前臂在运动过程中重力做功对自主作业轨迹跟踪过程的影响,有利于减小轨迹跟踪误差,提高工程机器人自主作业轨迹跟踪的性能。     

在线重力补偿下工程机器人自主作业轨迹跟踪性能分析

工程机器人自主作业时,工程机器人动臂举升、前臂摆动重心上升过程中需要克服自身重力做功,而在工程机器人动臂下降、前臂摆动重心下降过程中,自身重力要参与做功,影响工程机器人的运动速度,进而影响工程机器人自主作业的轨迹跟踪效果。针对这一问题,建立了工程机器人动臂、前臂的动力学模型,探讨采用最小二乘拟合法辨识动力学参数,进行工程机器人动臂、前臂的在线重力补偿,以消除在自主作业过程中重力做功对轨迹跟踪的影响。最后,在工程机器人试验台上进行了试验。试验结果表明,在线重力补偿可有效地补偿工程机器人自主作业过程自身重力,消除工程机器人动臂和前臂在运动过程中重力做功对自主作业轨迹跟踪过程的影响,有利于减小轨迹跟踪误差,提高工程机器人自主作业轨迹跟踪的性能。     

电动方向盘插秧机转向控制系统设计

电动方向盘作为农机导航系统的转向执行机构在中小型旱地拖拉机上已有应用,但在水田农业机械等转向阻力大的农机上的适应性尚有待研究。该文以井关PZ-60型水稻插秧机为平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,对插秧机自动转向控制进行了研究。构建了插秧机转向机构的系统模型,采用系统辨识试验获得了系统模型参数。设计了基于PID的嵌套转向控制算法,采用Simulink仿真模型验证了算法的可行性。分别进行了幅值10°的正弦波、水田小角度转向(直线行驶跟踪)和水田大角度转向(调头)控制性能试验,试验结果表明:插秧机正弦波转向跟踪平均绝对误差为0.301 5°,平均延时0.3 s;在泥底层平坦和不平坦的水田中直线行驶时的转向角跟踪平均绝对误差分别为0.354°和0.663°,平均延迟时间均为0.6 s,角度跟踪偏差最大分别为1.4°和3.6°,深泥脚转向阻力大时有1.4 s的控制滞后;插秧机以28°转向角调头时调节时间为2.5 s,稳态误差为0.6%。研究表明,电动方向盘转向系统具有较好的动态响应和控制稳定性,适用于插秧机作业的自动转向控制,满足插秧机自动导航作业要求。     

东方红X-804拖拉机的DGPS自动导航控制系统

该文在东方红X-804拖拉机上开发了基于RTK-DGPS的自动导航控制系统。系统主要包括RTK-DGPS接收机、导航控制器、转向操纵控制器、电控液压转向装置和转向轮偏角检测传感器。其中转向操纵控制器、转向轮偏角检测传感器和电控液压转向装置构成转向轮偏角的闭环控制回路,该回路可根据导航控制器提供的期望转向轮偏角实现偏转角的随动控制。将拖拉机运动学模型和转向操纵控制模型相结合,建立了拖拉机直线跟踪的导航控制传递函数模型,模型的输入是横向跟踪误差,输出是期望的转向轮偏角。设计了基于PID算法的导航控制器,仿真分析了系统稳定性和动态响应性能,确定了PID控制参数的较佳取值。针对东方红X-804拖拉机转弯半径大的特点,采用跨行地头转向控制方式,提出了具体的控制流程及算法。田间试验结果表明：采用所设计的DGPS自动导航控制系统,在拖拉机行进速度为0.8 m/s时,直线跟踪的最大误差小于0.15 m,平均跟踪误差小于0.03 m,所提出的跨行地头转向控制方法对试验拖拉机具有良好的适用性。     

基于速度自适应的拖拉机自动导航控制方法

针对速度因素对拖拉机自动导航系统稳定性的影响,提出了基于横向位置偏差和航向角偏差的双目标联合滑模控制方法,在建立两轮拖拉机-路径动力学模型和直线路径跟踪偏差模型的基础上,应用Matlab/Simulink进行整体系统仿真,验证了控制方法的可靠性;以雷沃TG1254拖拉机为载体搭建了自动导航控制系统田间试验平台,分别在定速和变速条件下,进行了拖拉机直线路径跟踪控制的田间试验;分析了不同速度条件下的动态跟踪控制效果,验证了设计的自动导航控制系统的稳定性和控制精度。试验结果表明:在拖拉机田间作业常见的定速直线行驶工况下,采用基于速度自适应的双目标联合滑模控制方法,拖拉机直线路径跟踪控制的横向位置偏差最大值为10.60 cm,平均绝对偏差在3.50 cm以内;航向角偏差最大值为3.87°,平均绝对偏差在1.70°以内;在进入稳态以后,前轮转向角最大摆动幅度为3°,摆动标准差为0.80°。结论表明,该文提出的基于速度自适应的拖拉机自动导航控制系统,能基本实现不同速度下的直线路径自动跟踪控制。     

三自由度驱动冗余并联机构动力学建模与试验

对于农业机器人而言,其动力学模型是进行动力学特性分析的基础,是实现动力学优化设计及高精度操作的前提。该文针对一种新型驱动冗余并联机构进行了动力学建模,该机构的动平台通过2个PRRR支链和1个PPRR支链与静平台相连,拥有2个转动自由度和1个平动自由度。在分析并联机构组成的基础上,充分考虑各构件惯性力的影响,建立基于Lagrange方程的工作空间完整动力学模型,并运用最小2范数法实现驱动力优化;通过分析给定路径下并联机构各主要组成构件对驱动力的影响,提出针对上述完整动力学模型的简化方案。结合并联机构应用特点,进行了仿真及试验。结果表明,非冗余驱动情况下第1,2轴向驱动力的最大值为15 N,施加冗余驱动后,最大值降为10 N,各驱动力峰值降低约33%;机构位姿角β达到57.6460o时,各驱动力均发生急剧变化,经验证可知该点为奇异点,在实际应用中应避开该点。机构末端轨迹跟踪结果显示,在Y,Z和β方向的最大跟踪误差分别为0.8 mm,0.6 mm和0.068o,因此,基于本文所建立的简化动力学模型的机器人控制系统具有良好的跟踪特性。该研究可为冗余并联机构的动力学控制方法设计提供重要参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.