Effect of Cropping System on Physical Properties of Clay Soil Under Intensive Rice Cultivation

Cropping systems are thought to alter soil quality in paddy rice fields. This study was conducted to quantify the long‐term effects of continuous crop production under different cropping systems with different crop rotations on physical properties of alluvial clay soil in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Soil samples were collected from four treatments: (i) traditional intensive rice monoculture with three rice crops per year (R–R–R); (ii) rotation with two rice crops and maize (R–M–R); (iii) rotation with two rice crops and mung bean (R–Mb–R); and (iv) rotation with one rice and two upland crops, mung bean and maize (R–Mb–M). We hypothesized that cropping systems with rotations of upland crops and their temporary beds improve the physical quality of paddy rice soil; hence, they are better options towards sustainable agriculture. Results show an improvement of soil physical quality for systems with two rice crops and one upland crop (R–M–R and R–Mb–R) and those with one rice crop with two upland crops (R–Mb–M) compared with intensive rice monoculture (R–R–R). This was translated in decreased bulk density and soil strength, increased soil organic carbon and total porosity, and higher aggregate stability index, plant‐available water capacity, and Dexter's S index, especially at depths of 10–20 and 20–30 cm. The systems with different upland crops (maize or mung bean) showed similar high physical quality improvement. To maintain soil quality in future seasons, introducing a cropping system with at least one upland crop in rotation with rice is recommended. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal Variation of Hydro‐Physical Properties of Paddy Clay Soil under Different Rice‐Based Cropping Systems

Spatial variability of hydro‐physical properties has long been observed, whereas temporal variation is much less documented and considered in studies and applications, particularly of paddy clay soils under different cropping systems. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the seasonal‐ and inter‐seasonal variation of selected hydro‐physical properties of a paddy clay soil under different rice‐based cropping systems with contrasting tillage. In a long‐term experiment, plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications: (i) rice–rice–rice; (ii) rice–maize–rice; (iii) rice–mung bean–rice; and (iv) rice–mung bean–maize. Soil samples were collected at three depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) at three times during two cropping seasons, i.e., 15 days after soil preparation (DASP), 45 DASP and 90 DASP during the winter–spring and spring–summer seasons. Results show that temporal variability of soil bulk density, macro‐porosity (MacP) and matrix‐porosity within both seasons and between seasons was limited for cropping systems with upland crop rotations, whereas within season variation was significant for rice monoculture system. Observed variation in bulk density, matrix‐porosity and MacP was mainly associated with cropping system and soil depth. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity of topsoil showed great temporal variability, both seasonal and inter‐seasonal, in correspondence with MacP (r  = 0·58). These results highlight the need of depth differentiated soil sampling and time consideration when evaluating management practices on soil physical properties and modeling the hydrological behavior of paddy soil. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Different crop rotation systems as drivers of change in soil bacterial community structure and yield of rice, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Intensive cropping, especially of rice, is considered to contribute to negative effects not only on soil chemical and biological properties but also on long-term grain yield. Appropriate crop rotation is often practiced as an alternative strategy to overcome the negative side effects of intensive cropping. Although soil microbial diversity and community structure have been shown to respond differently to altered agricultural management practices, little is known about possible links between crop rotation and grain yield on bacterial communities in rice paddy soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of specific rotational crops and compared it with intensive rice cultivation. The main crop rice (Oryza sativa) was rotated with maize (Zea mays) and mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) in different combinations in a system cultivating three crops per year. Soil bacterial communities were studied in two different cropping periods using pyrosequencing of the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA. Our results showed that rotation with alternative crops increased rice yield by 24–46% depending on rotation structure and that bacterial community structure was altered in the presence of mungbean and/or maize compared to that in rice monoculture. In the crop rotation systems, composition, abundance, and diversity of soil bacterial communities were significantly different and higher than those in rice monoculture. Our results show that effects of crop rotation relate to changes in soil bacterial community structure suggesting that appropriate crop rotations provide a feasible practice to maintain the equilibrium in soil microbial environment for sustainable rice cultivation.     

Productivity of mung bean and sesame grown on residual fertility in multiple cropping systems

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted on an Entisol from 1984 to 1987 at Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, West Bengal, India, to study the residual effects of N, P, and K on productivity of mung bean (Vigna radiatus Roxb.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in irrigated multiple cropping with rice‐potato‐mung bean and rice‐potato‐sesame cropping systems. The crops were grown with or without application of farmyard manure or incorporation of crop residues. Different quantities of inorganic fertilizers based on locally recommended practices for fertilization were applied to rice and potato and their residual effects on succeeding mung bean or sesame crops were assessed. Application of fertilizers at a higher rate than the recommended amounts to rice and potato in the system showed no significant residual effect on yields of succeeding mung bean or sesame compared to the yields obtained with the application of N, P, and K at 100% of the recommended rate or 75% of the recommended rate with manure or residues. Any reduction in the application of recommended amounts of fertilizers to rice or potato without compensating amounts coming from other organic sources resulted in lower productivity of succeeding mung bean and sesame.     

Nitrogen balance studies in the central plain of Thailand

At Chainat, in the central plain of Thailand, where problems of double cropping are being investigated, a growth rate and nitrogen uptake rate for maize of 370 and 3.15 kg/ha/ day respectively were obtained. In one season there was a high positive correlation between maximum nitrogen yield and maize grain yield.When ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ nitrogen was applied to maize at 100 kg/ha of N, 49 per cent could be recovered in tops after 12 weeks. After 8 weeks, 23 per cent was in the soil organic N plus roots, and after 12 weeks had decreased to 10 per cent. In the same period, the unaccountedfor fertilizer N had increased from 27 per cent at 8 weeks to 41 per cent at 12 weeks.In a long term rotation experiment involving 18 dry and wet season cropping combinations, a provisional balance sheet after two years indicates (1) that the soil nitrogen status can be maintained with the introduction of high input, dry season upland crops into a cropping system where wet season rice is grown only, (2) that in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer about 40 kg/ha of N is added per season to the soil-plant system under rice, and (3) that mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) fixes between 58 and 107 kg/ha of N per season.     

长江中游双季稻田不同轮作方式对土壤质量的影响

研究长江中游地区不同种植模式和秸秆还田管理下农田土壤养分、有机碳及其酶活性的变化,评估农业管理措施对土壤质量的影响,可为长江中游双季稻区农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供理论依据。2012—2017年进行不同轮、连作长期定位试验,设置冬季休耕—双季稻,冬种紫云英—、油菜—、大蒜—和轮作(马铃薯、大蒜、油菜和紫云英年际轮作)—双季稻5个处理,在冬季作物秸秆和水稻秸秆双重还田条件下,通过运用多元方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等统计方法,结合南方双季稻田土壤的适宜性,筛选出最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS)中土壤质量指标并测定,最后采用模糊数学方法对双季稻区的土壤质量进行定量评价。结果表明,在长江中游双季稻区,经过6年的冬季种植合适作物并秸秆双重还田,相比冬季休闲处理,除冬季种植大蒜处理外,其他冬种处理均能有效提高稻田土壤质量10.73%～12.91%,不同冬种方式下双季稻田的土壤质量高低依次为不同冬种轮作(0.726)冬季种植油菜(0.723)冬季种植紫云英(0.712)冬季休闲(0.643)冬季种植大蒜(0.638)。由此可见,适宜的轮作方式及秸秆双重还田能显著提高双季稻土壤质量,这为南方稻田健康可持续发展提供了理论支撑。     

Changes in soil nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium under intensive cropping in sub‐humid tropics of India

Abstract

Efficient soil fertility management is essential for sustained production of high crop yields. Field experiments were conducted on an Entisol soil during 1984 to 1987 at Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, West Bengal, India, to study the changes in soil N, P, and K in sub‐humid tropics under irrigated intensive cropping in rice‐potato‐mung bean (Oryza sativa L.‐ Solanum tuberosum L.‐ Vigna radiatus Roxb.) and rice‐potato‐sesame (O. sativa L.‐ S. tuberosum L.‐ Sesamum indicum L.) cropping sequences. The crops were grown with or without application of farmyard manure and with or without incorporation of crop residues. Different quantities of inorganic fertilizers based on locally recommended practices for fertilization were applied to rice and potato, and their residual effects on succeeding mung bean or sesame crops were assessed. At the end of experimentation, the total N status of soil improved more under the rice‐potato‐mung bean sequence than under the rice‐potato‐sesame sequence. The available phosphorus status of soil showed a positive balance in both sequences except in the treatment receiving 50% of the recommended amounts of N, P, and K. A reduction in the recommended fertilization without a compensating application of manure or crop residues resulted in the depletion of soil‐available K. All treatments reduced nonexchangeable K, and depletion was low wherever manure or crop residues were added into the cropping system. Integration of inorganic fertilizers with organic fertilizers, such as manure or crop residues, maintained soil N, P, and K under intensive agriculture and sustained soil productivity.     

Differences in soil organic carbon stocks and fraction distributions between rice paddies and upland cropping systems in China

Purpose

A large body of research suggests that rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping facilitates soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, while the stability of the sequestered carbon is still not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in SOC stocks and fraction distributions between rice paddies and upland cropping fields and their variation in different rice cropping areas.

Materials and methods

Data from the national soil survey were analyzed to assess the differences in SOC contents between paddy and upland cropping fields at the regional scale. In addition, three pairs of rice and upland cropping systems were selected in Heilongjiang [single rice vs. single corn (Zea mays L.) cropping], Jiangsu [rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) vs. corn-wheat cropping], and Jiangxi (double rice vs. double corn cropping) provinces, representing the major cropping patterns in China. Physical fractionation techniques were used to investigate the differences in SOC stocks and distribution among different pools between rice-based cropping systems and non-rice cropping systems in China.

Results and discussion

SOC concentrations were, on average, 74.9% higher at the regional scale and 56.8% higher at the field scale in paddy than in upland cropping fields. Carbon proportion of particulate organic matter within microaggregates increased from 14.4% in upland cropping soils to 25.3% in paddy soils at the Heilongjiang site and from 12.4 to 25.5% at the Jiangxi site. Meanwhile, the free silt and clay-associated carbon was significantly greater in paddy than in upland cropping soils at the both sites. Nevertheless, SOC distribution did not markedly differ between paddy and upland cropping fields at the Jiangsu site where rice was rotated with winter wheat annually.

Conclusions

As compared to upland cropping or rice-upland crop rotation, continuous rice cropping, such as single and double rice cropping, could favor SOC stabilization by occlusion within microaggregates and adsorption to the silt and clay outside microaggregates, which may promote the long-term storage of SOC in paddies.     

湖北潮土区不同轮作制度下土壤养分平衡状况与评价

通过连续5年定点调查和取样分析,研究了湖北省2个潮土区域农田土壤养分平衡状况,并用允许养分平衡盈亏率进行了评价.结果表明:①在几种主要轮作制中,所有作物的K肥施用量及施用比例均明显比N肥低,但几乎所有作物的K素吸收量均明显高于N素吸收量,早、晚稻吸收P、K的比例明显高于其它作物.②不同轮作制中土壤养分平衡状况表现为N素有不同程度的盈余、P素基本平衡、K素总是亏缺的,且水田K素亏缺量明显高于早地.在此基础上,作者提出"减N稳P增K"和以一个轮作周期为单位进行统筹施肥的养分平衡调控措施,以实现作物生产的高产稳产和土壤养分平衡的良性循环.     

岷江下游丘陵区3种农业种植模式对铅（Pb）污染土壤的修复效益

为了解间作和轮作组成的农业种植模式对中轻度Pb污染土壤的修复效益,定点调查了岷江下游丘陵区3种农业模式（M1玉米＋红薯-小白菜＋菠菜,M2玉米＋生姜-茎用芥菜,M3水稻）作用下,土壤中Pb含量的变化以及Pb在土壤和作物系统中迁移和分配的特征,采用有时序的灰色关联分析法,比较了3种模式的综合效益。结果发现,土壤Pb含量变化在模式M1、M2中表现为显著下降后持平的＂L＂形特点（降幅10.65、13.91）,M3中为显著下降（降幅14.17）。Pb在作物非食用器官中含量是食用器官的1.10~33.00倍。玉米和稻谷食用器官中Pb的含量安全,生姜受到中度Pb污染,红薯、小白菜、菠菜等食用器官中Pb污染较严重,人体通过模式中作物日摄入Pb总量是WHO/FAO标准的4.23倍,但由于人体对Pb具有的耐性和清除机制、食用前对农产品的加工措施、当地农户将红薯和菠菜等作为猪饲料使用,以及现今社会人类日常饮食种类的丰富性等,有效地降低了农产品中Pb含量超标对人体危害的风险性。分析表明,3种模式的综合效益是显著的,灰色关联分析法的排序结果为M2〉M1〉M3。     

Using different versions of the Rothamsted Carbon model to simulate soil carbon in long-term experimental plots subjected to paddy–upland rotation in Japan

We validated the Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) model against 14 experimental plots subjected to different paddy–upland rotation patterns, including continuous paddy rice cropping and different periods (short, medium, and long term) of upland conversion, in Akita prefecture, northern Japan. We ran the model using the original version of the RothC model, the paddy-soil version of the RothC model (which uses a reduced carbon decomposition rate), and alternating the use of the original and the paddy-soil versions for years with summer upland cropping and paddy rice cropping, respectively. The best simulation pattern was provided by the alternate use of the two versions. In comparison with the original RothC model, alternate use of the two versions showed a smaller root mean square error in all experimental plots and a smaller absolute value of the mean difference in 10 plots with continuous paddy rice cropping and short- and medium-term upland conversion. Alternate use of the two versions had a lower root mean square error and lower absolute value of the mean difference in long-term upland conversion plots compared to the values for the paddy-soil version and showed better performance than the paddy-soil version when straw was applied. The model performance from alternating use of the two versions compared well with the performance reported in previous studies. Alternating the use of the two model versions provides a good technique for simulating changes in soil organic carbon with time, even with a paddy–upland rotation pattern. In addition, this technique will enable a more accurate inventory of Japanese greenhouse gases and help land managers better manage soil fertility in a paddy–upland rotation system.     

Long‐Term Tillage and Cropping System Effects on Chemical and Biochemical Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment

Several studies have reported how tillage and cropping systems affect quantity, quality, and distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) along the profile. However, the effect of soil management on the chemical structure of SOM and on its hydrophobic and hydrophilic components has been little investigated. In this work, the long‐term (19 years) effects of two cropping systems (wheat monoculture and wheat/faba bean rotation) and three tillage managements (conventional, reduced, and no tillage) on some chemical characteristics of SOM and their relationships with labile carbon (C) pools were evaluated. Soil samples were taken from the topsoil (0–15 cm) of a Chromic Haploxerert (central Sicily, Italy). After 19 years of different tillage and cropping systems management, total organic C significantly differed among treatments with the labile organic C pools showing the greater amount in no till and in wheat/faba bean plots. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of SOM, determined by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, were mainly affected by cropping system, whereas aromatic components of SOM by tillage. Soil organic matter components and characteristics showed significant correlations with the soil biochemical parameters, confirming the expected synergism between chemical and biochemical properties. This study demonstrated that (i) no tillage and crop rotation improve the chemical and biochemical properties of SOM of Vertisols under semiarid environment; and (ii) tillage management and cropping systems have affected, after 19 years, more the chemical and biochemical properties of SOM than its quantity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区旱作农业轮作模式综合评价

[目的]以不同轮作模式为研究对象,研究不同轮作模式对土壤容重、土壤含水量及作物产量的影响,优化兰州市旱地区作物种植制度。[方法]以马铃薯(P)、玉米(M)、蚕豆(B)为供试作物,开展9种年际间轮作模式试验,分别为:(P-P-P),(M-M-M),(B-B-B),(P-M-P),(P-B-P),(M-P-M),(M-B-P),(B-B-P),(M-M-B)。测定不同轮作模式下,土壤容重、土壤水分及作物产量,并进行经济效益分析。[结果]马铃薯轮作模式(P-M-P,P-B-P,M-P-M,M-B-P及B-B-P)能显著减少0—40cm土层的土壤容重,对40—60cm土层的土壤容重没有显著影响;不同作物轮作下土壤含水量、耗水量影响大小相似:玉米>马铃薯>蚕豆,水分利用效率受作物种类影响大小为:马铃薯>玉米>蚕豆,其中轮作模式以M-M-M下土壤含水量最低、耗水量最大,B-B-P下水分利用效率最高;同种作物轮作产量均高于连作产量,如2016年P-M-P,P-B-P,M-B-P,B-B-P较连作P-P-P产量分别提高了40.37%~79.28%,M-M-B蚕豆轮作较B-B-B连作增产23.56%,M-P-M轮作较M-M-M连作玉米产量提高10.51%;不同轮作模式经济收益大小与连作相比,轮作更利于产量与经济收益的提高。[结论]综合土壤容重、水分利用效率、产量及经济效益,P-B-P与P-M-P轮作模式,能改善土壤环境、提高产量与经济效益可作为主推轮作模式。M-B-P轮作模式经济效益次之,但水分利用效益较高,能作为协调水分利用的种植模式。     

稻田复种应用经济绿肥效应研究

试验研究确定了适宜亚热带稻田种植的蚕豆、豌豆、大豆、豇豆和小黑麦等主要经济绿肥作物及其利用方式 ,配置实施了蚕豆 早稻 晚稻、豌豆 早稻 晚稻、油菜 大豆 晚稻、油菜 豇豆 晚稻、小黑麦 早稻 晚稻等 5种稻田高效复种模式 ,并分析了其经济与生态效益     

冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式氮、磷、钾养分循环与产量可持续性特征

研究分析农业生态系统NPK养分循环和产量的可持续性,对实现养分资源优化管理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植定位试验,分析了2004—2017年冬闲-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、黑麦草-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等轮作种植模式早、晚稻产量的可持续性与稳定性;采用投入产出法（Input-Output Analysis）分析不同轮作种植模式NPK养分循环与平衡状况。结果表明：1）黑麦草-双季稻模式早稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.09和0.81,说明稻田冬种黑麦草有利于促进早稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;油菜-双季稻模式晚稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.07和0.82,说明稻田冬种油菜有益于晚稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;2）长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植未影响水稻产量和糙米NPK养分含量（P>0.05）;3）在稻田轮作种植周年内目前的NPK投入水平下,黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻等模式均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为375.70 kg（K）·hm^-2、279.98 kg（K）·hm^-2、363.71 kg（K）·hm^-2、93.74 kg（K）·hm^-2;黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等模式均在冬季作物种植季存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为240.07 kg（K）·hm^-2、89.57 kg（K）·hm^-2、140.08 kg（K）·hm^-2,但马铃薯-双季稻模式在马铃薯种植季K盈余为255.21 kg（K）·hm^-2;同时黑麦草-双季稻模式和紫云英-双季稻模式均存在冬季作物种植季存在N亏缺,N亏缺量分别为59.47 kg（N）·hm^-2和89.17 kg（N）·hm^-2;油菜-双季稻模式和马铃薯-双季稻模式在晚稻种植季均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为45.93 kg（K）·hm^-2、124.33 kg（K）·hm^-2。冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式的养分循环是冬季作物和外部投入的NPK肥料共同驱动的养分循环,建议科学管理冬季作物和3季的NPK养分投入。     

Potassium management in rice–maize systems in South Asia

Potassium (K) availability in soils is largely governed by their mineralogical composition. The extent of weathering of primary K‐bearing minerals, the chemical pathways through which weathering takes place, as well as the dynamic equilibrium between various K fractions in soils are factors which determine different soil types of varying K‐supplying capacity. The marked variability of K availability in soils in South Asia needs to be taken into account when formulating K‐management strategies in intensive cereal‐based systems in response to K application. Evidence from long‐term fertilizer experiments in rice–rice (R‐R) or rice–wheat (R‐W) systems strongly indicates significant yield responses to K application and negative K balances where K application is either omitted or applied suboptimally. However, K‐fertilizer recommendations in South Asia are generalized over large areas while farmers neglect K application to crops and remove crop residues from fields. These practices may strongly affect yield and soil K‐fertility status in the emerging rice–maize (R‐M) systems in different locations of South Asia. The dry‐matter yield of the R‐M system is usually much higher than that of the R‐R or R‐W system causing high withdrawal of nutrients from the soil. The current review assesses various K forms and K availability in diverse soil types of South Asia supporting rice‐based systems. Aspects considered include: long‐term crop yield and its response to added nutrients, K balance for intensive rice‐based systems, and the role of crop residues in supplying K to crops. Emerging data from either completed or on‐going experiments on the R‐M systems in India and Bangladesh have revealed very high system productivity and variable responses and agronomic K‐use efficiency of maize and rice. Potassium responses of maize are extremely high and variable for soils in Bangladesh. Finally, a plant‐based strategy for field‐specific nutrient management is presented and the need for models and decision support systems for developing efficient K management of the R‐M system is also discussed.     

华北低山丘陵区绿豆和玉米农田土壤呼吸动态研究

不同作物覆被下的土壤呼吸研究是农田生态系统碳循环的重要研究内容.基于气体红外分析技术,2006年对华北低山丘陵区绿豆和玉米农田的土壤呼吸进行观测,并分析两种农田生态系统土壤呼吸的日动态和季节变化特征及其影响机制.结果表明,绿豆全生育期(7月15日-10月3日)的平均土壤呼吸速率为2.11 μmol·m-2·s-1,显著大于玉米的1.90μmol·m-2·s-1(P＜0.05).两种植被覆盖下的土壤呼吸均呈现明显的季节变化规律,最大值均出现在8月9日,玉米土壤呼吸的季节变化振幅大于绿豆.统计分析表明,土壤温度是绿豆和玉米生态系统土壤呼吸动态变化的主要影响因子,van't Hoff模型和Arrhenius模型模拟的决定系数均超过0.73,土壤呼吸与土壤水分的相关关系不明显.绿豆和玉米土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10分别为3.31和2.16,Arrhenius模型模拟效果略优于van't Hoff模型,玉米土壤的活化能(79.41kJ·mo1-1)大于绿豆土壤(55.72kJ·mol-1).     

作物轮作对土壤中烟草青枯菌数量及发病的影响

为查明春烟换茬后青枯菌在土壤中的消长规律, 采用接种耐药性青枯菌的盆土种植烟草, 烟草枯死后种植不同轮作作物的方法, 研究不同作物对土壤中青枯菌数量及其越冬状况的影响。设茄子、大豆、花生、甘薯、大蒜、玉米、晚稻和双季稻8 个轮作物处理, 后作生长期间定期取样, 用含利福平的选择性培养基检测样品中的青枯菌数量。结果表明, 栽后第4 周起秋茄子和秋大豆根中皆测出青枯菌, 秋茄子根达10⁶ cfu·g^-1;晚稻和秋花生根只第2 周和第8 周测出带菌。秋茄子、秋大豆、秋花生和晚甘薯生长期间土壤皆测出青枯菌,数量先降后升至10⁴~10⁶ cfu·g^-1; 晚稻和秋玉米土壤中青枯菌数量持续下降; 大蒜处理先测出带菌后未测到。冬季对水稻残桩青枯菌数量监测显示, 稻桩根和土壤中青枯菌数量先后出现峰值, 分别达1.00×10⁵ cfu·g^-1 和5.17×10⁴ cfu·g^-1; 发现病菌能在稻根变黑腐烂时增殖。翌年春季从茄子、大豆、花生和甘薯茬口土壤中测出遗留青枯菌数量皆达10⁴ cfu·g^-1, 玉米为10³ cfu·g^-1。烟草移栽后青枯病调查表明, 不同处理发病迟早取决于茬口土壤中菌源数量, 两者相关系数r 为0.908 9。不同茬口土壤发病轻重有显著差异, 茄子茬土发病最重,病情指数100, 大豆和大蒜茬土发病略重于花生、甘薯和玉米茬土; 晚稻茬土发病最轻, 病情指数16.7, 与茄子茬土相比发病期推迟20 d, 病情指数下降83.3%; 双季稻茬土未见发病, 证明烟稻轮作对青枯病有较好的控制效果。     

水稻-番茄轮作植物寄生线虫及微生物群落结构差异

土壤线虫和微生物群落结构与作物健康密切相关。采用田间试验，利用传统分类和高通量测序技术，研究了水稻–番茄轮作(FS)、番茄连作(FF)和休耕(CK)3种种植制度土壤线虫及微生物群落结构差异。结果表明，水旱轮作土壤中线虫种类少，自由生活线虫占比高。土壤中植物寄生线虫属的检出率，轮作最少，仅有5个，连作最多，共13个，且大部分为常见属；水旱轮作同时能降低土壤中植物寄生线虫的种类，包括主要危害番茄的根结线虫属，占比仅2.1%，而连作为29.7%。不同种植制度下真菌和细菌类群OUTs和群落结构差异明显；与连作相比，轮作和休耕真菌、细菌种群丰富度更高，共享占比更多，群落构成更相近；水旱轮作Alpha多样性指数显著高于连作；轮作土壤中植物寄生线虫拮抗微生物类群Chaetomium,Talaromyces,Anaerolineaceae和Acidobacteria相对丰度高于连作。水稻–番茄轮作能大幅减少植物寄生线虫种类，增加微生物群落多样性，改善土壤质量，是番茄生产中防控线虫病害的理想措施。     

关于稻田施用石灰的研究

本文对稻田施石灰的研究进行了综述。内容包括稻田水—旱轮作和施石灰对土壤pH、Eh和氧化还原物质的影响;施石灰对土壤微生物和有机质、氮、磷、钾及微量元素转化的影响;施石灰对土壤物理性质及大、小麦和水稻生长发育的影响。提出稻田土壤pH值达5.6及其以上不必对水稻施石灰,土壤pH在5.5以下,可根据土壤的缓冲性能在水稻移栽前结合稻草还田或翻压绿肥施石灰。最好在稻田轮作的旱作期将石灰施在旱作物(如大、小麦)上。