太湖地区不同轮作模式下的稻田氮素平衡研究

采用田间微区15N示踪,研究了太湖地区稻田不同轮作模式(紫云英-水稻轮作、休闲-水稻轮作、小麦-水稻轮作)和施氮水平(0、120 kg·hm?2、240 kg·hm?2、300 kg·hm?2)下水稻对氮肥的吸收利用效率及土壤氮素残留特征。结果表明,水稻吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为20.9%~49.6%,休闲-水稻轮作模式下水稻产量的获得更加依赖无机氮肥的大量投入。当季水稻对肥料氮的利用率为25.0%~41.5%,肥料氮的土壤残留率为13.4%~24.6%,其中90%以上的土壤残留肥料氮集中在0~20 cm土层,在土壤剖面中的残留率随土层深度增加而迅速降低,30~40 cm土层的肥料残留量仅占氮肥施用量的0.2%~0.7%。紫云英?水稻轮作和休闲?水稻轮作模式下氮肥利用率和土壤残留率均在施氮240 kg·hm?2时达到最大值,其氮肥利用率显著高于小麦?水稻轮作55.6%和66.0%。稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,小麦-水稻轮作模式下的氮肥利用率、土壤残留率以及总回收率显著最低,损失率显著最大;紫云英?水稻轮作模式下的氮肥损失率最小,分别小于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦-水稻轮作13.9%、39.2%。不同轮作模式下,水稻籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加,稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,紫云英?水稻轮作下水稻籽粒产量显著高于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦?水稻轮作,小麦?水稻轮作籽粒产量虽略高于休闲?水稻轮作,但没有达到显著水平。本研究认为,选择紫云英还田配施氮肥240 kg·hm?2,既可以保证水稻氮肥利用率而获得高产,又能减少氮肥损失而带来的环境风险,是一种值得在当地大力推广的耕作制度。     

石灰组配土壤改良剂抑制污染农田水稻镉吸收

为达有效地调控污染稻田水稻糙米对Cd吸收,该研究选取湖南省长株潭地区的湘潭、醴陵和株洲3处不同Cd污染程度田块,研究石灰配施海泡石、钙镁磷肥、有机肥对水稻Cd吸收和累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰及其组配改良剂均可明显提高土壤pH值,有效降低土壤中酸提取态Cd含量和水稻中Cd含量。与不施用改良剂相比,石灰配施海泡石或有机肥、配施海泡石和有机肥,Cd污染稻田土壤pH值平均升高1.08,0.96和0.93个单位,酸提取态Cd质量分数分别平均降低20.6%,15.6%和21.2%。石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥处理下在轻度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了48.3%,46.7%和34.2%,石灰配施有机肥、钙镁磷肥或钙镁磷肥和有机肥处理下在中度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了52.8%,47.8%和37.5%,石灰配施钙镁磷肥和有机肥、有机肥或海泡石处理下在重度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了51.2%,44.6%和42.5%,均低于食品安全国家标准中糙米限量值0.2 mg/kg(GB2762-2017)。相关分析表明,土壤中酸提取态Cd含量与水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),说明土壤酸提取态Cd含量是影响糙米对Cd吸收的关键因素之一。上述结果说明,石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥+有机肥可有效调控污染稻田土壤中Cd进入水稻,实现水稻安全生产。     

石灰在酸性稻田的施用效果

在土壤呈酸性且重金属铜、镉含量相对较高的稻田开展施用石灰效果试验。试验显示,施用石灰可提升土壤pH值,平均750 kg/hm~2石灰提升土壤pH值0.179;施用石灰可促进土壤有机质分解,增加土壤氮和磷的有效性,也会影响土壤铜、镉全量变化。试验初步表明,处理C(石灰用量750 kg/hm~2)的稻米对铜、镉富集能力较强。增施石灰可减少土壤铜、镉向稻米转移富集。水稻对镉的富集能力高于对铜的富集能力。试验表明,施用石灰可增加水稻有效穗数和千粒重,增产效果显著。以石灰用量750 kg/hm~2的水稻产量最高,效益最好,比CK增产干谷619.7 kg/hm~2,每千克石灰增产稻谷0.83 kg,净收入1 068.7元/hm~2,产投比为2.66。科学施用石灰可促进水稻增产和减轻稻米对铜、镉富集。     

连续施石灰对作物生长及其养分吸收的影响

在浙江金华由红色粘土发育的酸性水稻土上,对稻—稻—大麦连续,次施石灰的试验结果表明,适量地施石灰可使大麦增产2—3倍,而水稻的反应一般不明显。对土壤和作物的测定显示,大麦增产的原因主要与石灰提高土壤pH,消除铝的毒害,提高磷肥有效性,促进根系发育,并显著增强大麦对磷、钾等养分吸收有关。但施石灰反而降低了水稻对磷素的吸收。因此,石灰一般宜用于大麦等旱作物。从产量、经济效益、消除铝毒及养分有效性诸因素综合考虑,对大麦的石灰用量以中和土壤pH至6.0左右为宜。但不论何种作物,连续大量地施石灰都是极不可取的。     

不同施氮水平下土壤微生物种群异步性与稻麦产量的关系

研究稻麦轮作体系中施氮水平对土壤微生物多样性和异步性的影响,可为调控土壤微生物区系以维持作物稳产高产提供理论依据和科学指导。采集长期稻麦轮作体系中不同施氮水平下作物关键生育时期的土壤样品,使用高通量测序技术分析施氮水平对土壤微生物多样性和异步性的影响,研究施氮水平通过改变土壤微生物异步性对稻麦产量产生的影响。小麦季和水稻季的施氮水平梯度分别为：0、50、100、200、300 kg?hm-2和0、90、180、270、360 kg?hm-2;土壤样品采集时期分别为：小麦种植前、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、成熟期和水稻种植前、最大分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、扬花期、成熟期。结果表明,施氮水平对各生育时期的土壤微生物多样性和组成均产生显著影响。施氮水平可解释约12%的水稻季微生物丰富度变异（P<0.05）。当小麦季和水稻季施氮水平分别为100和180 kg?hm-2时,土壤微生物群落在作物多个生长阶段均能维持相对较高水平的丰富度。施氮水平可解释9%~11%的小麦季/水稻季微生物群落组成变异（P<0.05）。随着施氮水平的提高,小麦季土壤中Phenylobacterium、Sphingomonas、Cyanobacteria GpI、Desulfovirga、Lacibacter、Terrimonas属和水稻季土壤中Desulfovirga、Spartobacteria genera incertae sedis、Ohtaekwangia、Acidobacteria Gp7、Arenimonas、Niastella属的种群异步性显著上升。其中,Phenylobacterium、Desulfovirga属的种群异步性和Desulfovirga、Spartobacteria genera incertae sedis、Ohtaekwangia、Arenimonas属的种群异步性分别与小麦、水稻的产量存在显著正相关关系。稻麦轮作体系中,土壤微生物多样性受到施氮水平的持续性影响,并随生育期推移而发生变化。施氮水平能够直接影响微生物种群异步性,从而影响微生物功能的互补性,进而对稻麦系统的产量产生积极作用。     

调理剂配合紫云英还田降低水稻土镉的生物有效性

  【目的】  研究紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)还田及配施石灰或生物炭等不同土壤调理剂,对镉(Cd)污染水稻土中Cd有效性及水稻吸收转运Cd的影响,以期为我国南方Cd污染稻田的修复和水稻的安全生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  盆栽试验在湖南省土壤肥料研究所科研实验基地进行,供试土壤为重度污染的水稻土 (总镉 1.27 mg/kg、有效镉0.15 mg/kg)。以水稻收获后冬闲为对照(CT),设冬季种植并翻压等量紫云英3个处理:紫云英单独还田(GM)、紫云英还田+石灰(GL)、紫云英还田+生物炭(GB)。在水稻分蘖期和成熟期,测定土壤主要理化性质和有效Cd含量,测定水稻各器官吸收和富集Cd量,并于成熟期测定水稻产量。  【结果】  1) GM处理提高了水稻分蘖期土壤有效Cd含量和水稻根部Cd富集系数,但GM处理降低了分蘖期水稻茎叶Cd含量,对稻米中Cd含量没有显著影响;GM处理对水稻成熟期土壤pH无显著影响,但提高土壤微生物量碳(MBC)的效果最好(P<0.05)。2) GL处理和GB处理均显著提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤Cd活化率和有效Cd含量,两处理分别平均降低了分蘖期水稻根部Cd累积量55.4%和57.8%。与紫云英单独还田(GM)相比,紫云英配施石灰还田(GL)减少了稻米中Cd的累积量,而紫云英配施生物炭还田(GB)提高了成熟期水稻根部Cd富集系数和茎叶–籽粒的Cd转运系数,导致水稻籽粒中Cd含量(0.08 mg/kg)显著高于对照(低于国家稻米Cd含量标准)。3)冗余分析(RDA)和随机森林模型预测结果显示,土壤pH、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤有效磷(AP)是决定土壤Cd生物有效性的最重要的环境因子。  【结论】  紫云英还田提高了水稻产量,配施石灰或生物炭还田可通过提高土壤pH而有效降低土壤有效Cd含量。紫云英配施石灰可减少稻米中的Cd含量,而紫云英配施高量生物炭则会增加稻米Cd污染的风险。     

酸性土壤连续施石灰对养分有效性及作物生长的影响

1980年春至1983年夏在浙江金华蒋堂农场红壤性水稻土上,布置了早稻—晚稻—大麦轮作的连续九季施石灰的田间试验,以探讨酸性土壤上施用石灰对不同作物生长、养分吸收、土壤养分有效性及发生学性质的影响。     

缓释氮肥运筹对稻麦轮作周年作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】稻麦轮作是我国一种重要的农业种植模式。缓/控释肥作为高效兼环境友好的肥料类型,在多种作物单季种植上具有增产和提高肥效的作用,但是缓释肥在周年轮作体系中的肥效研究鲜有报道。因此研究稻麦轮作体系中的肥料施用模式,有助于提高稻麦产量,降低化肥用量,提高化肥利用率。【方法】本文通过稻麦轮作两周年四季作物的田间小区试验,以不施氮和习惯施氮为对照,研究了4种不同缓释肥减氮处理[进口树脂包膜尿素减氮24.3%、 国产硫包衣尿素减氮24.3%、 国产尿素加NAM(长效氮肥添加剂)减氮24.3%和国产尿素加NAM减氮10.8%]对水稻和小麦产量、 氮肥利用率、 第二周年稻麦收获后土壤养分含量和两周年土壤氮养分表观平衡的影响。【结果】与不施氮对照相比,所有施氮处理均提高了两周年稻麦4季作物产量,习惯施氮增产幅度最高,小麦的氮肥增产效果总体高于水稻,第二周年高于第一周年; 与当地习惯施氮量相比,所有的缓释氮肥减氮24.3%或10.8%处理均无显著降低两季小麦产量,进口树脂包膜尿素减氮24.3%处理和国产尿素加NAM减氮10.8%处理也无显著降低两季水稻产量,但是国产尿素加NAM减氮24.3%处理显著降低了第二季水稻产量,国产硫包衣尿素减氮24.3%显著降低了两季水稻产量; 与当地习惯施氮量相比,4个缓释氮肥减氮处理均提高了第一和第二周年氮肥利用率,显著降低了两周年稻田土壤养分氮盈余量,其中国产尿素加NAM减氮24.3%处理氮肥利用率较高,同时土壤氮盈余量较少,说明缓释氮肥减量在提高肥料利用率和降低氮的环境效应上具有一致的优势; 不同缓释氮肥对土壤养分含量的影响无明显规律性。【结论】在目前稻麦轮作体系中,缓释氮肥减施对小麦产量具有较好的稳定效果,但是个别缓释氮肥减施对水稻有减产风险,有必要依据稻田土壤氮素转化特点,研制水稻专用缓释氮肥,适当降低水稻季缓释氮肥的施用量。     

菇稻不同轮作年限对水稻产量和土壤肥力特征的影响

为明确大球盖菇-水稻轮作年限对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,在南方丘陵区选取种植一季水稻(CK)、大球盖菇-水稻轮作年限为2年(R2)、5年(R5)及10年(R10)的田块作为研究对象,分析了水稻产量、土壤pH和有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量及土壤团聚体组分等指标的变化规律。结果表明,与CK相比,R5及R10处理使水稻产量分别显著增加了9.0%与12.3%(P<0.05),而R2处理则无显著影响。大球盖菇-水稻轮作可缓解土壤酸化(pH比CK提高0.26～0.43个单位),同时,R2、R5和R10处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量分别比CK增加42.25%～137.67%、22.46%～95.13%和63.38%～79.70%;与CK相比,大球盖菇-水稻轮作可以显著增加土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)比例和平均重量直径(MWD),且随轮作年限延长而增加,其中R2、R5和R10处理的大团聚体(>0.25 mm)比例分别比CK增加5.45%～23.2%,MWD增加24.28%～86.55%;相关分析表明,水稻产量与土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及MWD均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上,大球盖菇-水稻轮作可改善土壤结构和肥力状况,增加水稻产量,因此,该模式可以为南方丘陵区稻田的种植模式优化提供参考。     

苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量及土壤性质的影响

在盆栽试验条件下研究了苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理均可显著提高饲草产量,整个轮作期,单施化肥（NPK）、石灰和化肥配施（NPK+Lime）、有机肥和化肥配施（NPK+OM）处理的鲜草产量分别比不施肥处理（CK）增加6.1倍、6.8倍和7.3倍;在化肥基础上配合施用石灰和有机肥,鲜草分别增产9.5%和17.2%。养分吸收结果显示,不同施肥处理明显提高饲草N、P、K含量并促进饲草对养分的吸收。土壤养分分析结果表明,与CK及NPK处理相比,增施石灰和有机肥提高酸性土壤pH值,促使其向中性靠近;在NPK基础上配合施用石灰,轮作结束时土壤有效钙含量比NPK处理提高了20.7%,有效铁和有效锰含量降低了26.5%和41.2%;在NPK基础上增施有机肥,能显著提高了土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量。     

Inclusion of upland crops in rice‐based rotations affects chemical properties of clay soil

In the Mekong Delta, alluvial clay soils have been used intensively over many generations for rice monoculture. Currently, farmers are confronted by problems of declining land productivity. Rotations comprising rice and upland crops can increase soil quality, but appropriate cropping systems for paddy soils have received relatively little attention. We therefore established a multiyear field experiment to evaluate the long‐term effects of cropping systems with different rotations on soil chemical quality. Systems laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications were as follows: (i) traditional rice monoculture with three rice crops per year (R‐R‐R), (ii) rotation with two rice crops and maize (R‐M‐R), (iii) rotation with two rice crops and mung bean (R‐Mb‐R) and (iv) rotation with one rice crop and two upland crops – mung bean and maize (R‐Mb‐M). We hypothesized that systems with rotations of upland crops and their temporary beds improve chemical quality of paddy rice soil. Soil chemical parameters were determined to better understand and evaluate the sustainability of the cropping systems. Results showed an improvement in soil chemical quality for cropping systems with rotations of rice and mung bean or maize grown on temporary beds (R‐M‐R, R‐Mb‐R and R‐Mb‐M), particularly the content of soil organic carbon and a presumed hydrolysable labile carbon fraction compared with rice monoculture. Less pronounced improvements in EC, CEC and total acidity were also found with inclusion of upland crops. Cropping systems of rice with upland crops improved rice grain and straw yield in subsequent season in contrast with rice monoculture.     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

南方红壤稻田与旱地土壤有机碳及其组分的特征差异

大量研究证明稻田土壤比旱地土壤更具固碳潜力,但至今对稻田土壤固碳机制的认识尚不甚清楚。本研究于2007年利用两个开垦年代相似,近20多年分别一直种植双季稻和双季玉米的长期定位试验,来比较不同种植模式下土壤有机碳及其组分的差异。结果表明,水田土壤总有机碳和总氮的浓度分别是旱地的2.2倍和2.5倍。与试验前相比,水稻种植显著提高了土壤有机碳的含量,增幅达到30.8%,而旱地的前后差异不显著。在所有团聚体粒径水平上,水田有机碳的浓度均显著高于旱地。其中53～250μm微团聚体相差最大,水田是旱地的近3倍。水田微团聚体保护碳（iPOM_m）在土壤中的浓度是旱地的4.2倍,微团聚体保护碳在总有机碳中的比重也显著高于旱地,达到25.5%,是旱地的2倍。水田和旱地iPOM_m组分碳的差异能够解释其总有机碳差异的42.8%。上述结果可以增强我们对稻田土壤固碳机制的了解,为稻田土壤碳管理提供理论依据。     

Combined N,P, K fertilization and liming maximises crop productivity of acid loams in Lithuania

Crop response to fertilization and liming was investigated in field and pot trials on sandy loam Dystric Albeluvisols (pH 4.2–4.3). Treatments in the field trial were: 1, no fertilizer; 2, PK; 3, NK; 4, NP; 5, NPK; 6, lime; 7, lime+PK; 8, lime+NK; 9, lime+NP; 10, lime+NPK. In the pot trial, they were: 1, no fertilizer; 2, N; 3, P; 4, K; 5, NP; 6, NK; 7, PK; and 8, NPK applied to unlimed and limed soils. All treatments were in four replicates. Crops sensitive to soil acidity (winter wheat, fodder beet, spring barley and clover-timothy ley) and the less acid-sensitive winter rye, potatoes, oats and lupins and oats mixture were sown in the field trial. In the pot trial, the acid-sensitive spring barley and red clover, and the less acid-sensitive oats and lupin-oats served as the test crops. Combined application of fertilizers (NPK) increased yields of crops sensitive to soil acidity in plots receiving lime by 23%, and those of crops less sensitive to soil acidity by 18% in comparison to crops grown on unlimed soils. The results of pot experiments corroborated the field results. When N was applied alone, crop yields were always higher than those recorded for P or K treatments on both the unlimed and limed treatments. N application proved to be a prerequisite for high crop yields in the soils investigated. Thus, the efficiency of P and K fertilizers increased in the order NK<NP<NPK, with the effects being accentuated more in the limed than in the unlimed treatments. The results demonstrated the importance of multi-nutrient (NPK) fertilization in combination with liming for enhancement of high crop productivity in the unlimed soil investigated. N applied alone in combination with liming produced relatively good yields; hence, where resources are limited for the purchase of P and K fertilizers, applying N and lime can be a viable option in the short term.     

水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响

通过田间试验,研究了间歇灌溉和全生育期淹水2种水分管理结合水稻分蘖期施用石灰对不同水稻生育期的土壤和水稻各组织中Cd分布与运移的影响。研究结果表明,全生育淹水和施用石灰均能升高土壤p H值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量;施用石灰能降低土壤中酸可提取态Cd所占比例而残渣态所占比例增加。在全生育期淹水条件下施用石灰有利于改善土壤性状并提高土壤中Fe质量百分含量。与不施用石灰相比,在间歇灌溉条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.86 mg/kg降低到0.56 mg/kg,而在全生育期淹水条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.77 mg/kg降低到0.34 mg/kg;无论间歇灌溉还是全淹水处理条件下,施用石灰均增加了水稻总生物量。施用石灰后,在灌浆期,水稻茎叶中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在成熟期,根和稻米中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在全生育期淹水条件下,成熟期水稻根到茎叶转运系数和茎叶到米中转运系数均显著降低(P0.05)。水稻糙米中Cd含量与土壤中有效态Cd含量、水稻地上部Cd累积量呈显著正相关,与土壤p H值呈显著负相关。上述研究结果表明,施用石灰能够显著降低稻田土壤中Cd的生物有效性;采用全生育期淹水结合在分蘖期施用石灰是降低稻米中Cd含量有效措施且不会导致水稻减产。     

Lime and phosphorus interactions on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice,wheat, common bean,and corn in an Oxisol

Liming and phosphorus (P) applications are common practices for improving crop production in acid soils of the tropical as well as temperate regions. Four greenhouse experiments were conducted on an Oxisol (clayey, kaolinitic, isothermic, Typic Haplustox) to evaluate response of liming (0,2, and 4 g/kg) and P application (0, 50, and 175 mg P/kg) in a factorial combination on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.01) increased dry weight of tops of all the four crop species as well as dry weight of roots of wheat and corn. Liming significantly (P<0.01) improved growth of common bean and corn but had significant negative effects on rice growth. Maximum dry weight of tops of rice and wheat was obtained at 175 mg P/kg without lime. Maximum dry weight of tops in common bean was obtained at 4 g lime/kg with 175 mg P/kg of soil. In all the crops, increasing levels of applied P significantly increased nutrient uptake. With some exceptions, increasing levels of lime tend to reduce uptake of P, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) and increase the uptake of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in all the crop species. Decrease in potassium (K) uptake, due to high lime, is probably due to antagonistic effects of Ca and Mg and reduced micronutrients uptake is probably due to increased soil pH resulting in decreased availability of these elements to plants. Therefore, in these types of acid soils, one should avoid over liming.     

红黄壤的石灰位

Aslyng^[2]和Schofield^[5]提出了“石灰位”的概念.石灰位的数学表示式为pH-0.5pCa,它是土壤中石灰[Ca(OH)₂]的数量的一个函数.以后,一些学者研究了石灰位的影响因素.     

长期施用氮磷钾肥和石灰对红壤性水稻土酸性特征的影响

利用34年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾化肥配施石灰(NPK+Ca O)对红壤性水稻土不同形态酸、土壤盐基离子及水稻植株阳离子吸收量的影响,探讨土壤交换性H+和Al3+占交换性酸的比例、土壤盐基离子、植株带出阳离子数量与土壤酸度的关系。结果表明,长期NPK处理早、晚稻土壤p H较CK处理分别降低0.2和0.3个单位,交换性酸提高2.3倍和4.2倍,水解性酸提高35.4%和40.0%;NPK+Ca O处理早、晚稻土壤p H较NPK处理分别提高0.5和0.7个单位,较CK处理分别提高0.3和0.4个单位,交换性酸、水解性酸均显著低于NPK和CK处理(p0.05)。土壤交换性H+、Al3+含量高低顺序均为NPK+Ca OCKNPK。土壤交换性盐基离子以交换性Ca2+所占比例最大(81.8%~89.3%),NPK+Ca O处理交换性Ca2+较CK和NPK处理分别提高40.1%和62.9%。交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基离子、盐基饱和度与土壤p H正相关,与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Mg2+与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Na+与水解性酸负相关。植株移出带走的钙、镁、钾、钠离子量及其总量对土壤p H、交换性酸和水解性酸有一定影响,但其相关性均不显著。研究表明长期施用化肥条件下通过配施石灰可有效缓解稻田土壤的酸化,促进酸性稻田土壤的生态修复与改良。