辐照技术在食品污染物控制方面的研究进展

概述了辐照技术在控制食品真菌毒素、农药、兽药、渔药等方面残留污染的研究现状,并就辐照降解效果、降解机理、降解产物及毒性等内容加以阐述,总结出导致食品污染物降解的原因主要是由于辐照产生的自由基作用于物质结构中键能较低的位点,生成使毒性减小或增大的降解产物,并分析了辐照技术在食品污染物残留控制方面的局限性以及发展方向。     

γ辐照对水和扇贝中大田软海绵酸降解效果的研究

为了探讨辐照对大田软海绵酸(OA)的降解效果,采用60Co-γ射线辐照降解水溶液和扇贝组织中的OA,基于ELISA法分析辐照剂量、OA初始浓度以及OA所处体系对其降解率的影响。结果表明,OA初始浓度越低、辐照剂量越大,辐照降解率越高。不同体系中辐照降解率的顺序为:水溶液体系的OA肌肉组织体系的OA肠道组织体系的OA胰腺组织体系的OA。研究证实辐照技术可用于去除饮用水中的OA毒素,但去除扇贝等水产品中的OA毒素尚有困难。本研究为OA的去除提供了参考。     

辐照降解技术应用及影响因素分析

辐照降解技术作为辐照技术的一个分支,近年来获得了较快的发展。本文概述了辐照降解技术在减少动物源性食品中兽药残留、植物源性产品辐照降解加工、环境污染治理方面的应用现状。并就辐照降解技术的影响因素、机制和辐解产物的分析方法等内容加以综述。     

壳聚糖电离辐射降解的研究

利用60 Coγ射线辐照技术 ,研究了壳聚糖辐射降解后产物分子量、粘度、微量元素与辐照剂量之间的关系。结果表明 ,1 0～ 45 0kGy的辐照剂量可以使壳聚糖的相对分子量由 8 2× 1 0 5降至 1 0× 1 0 3 左右 ,降解效果明显 ,最适辐照降解剂量为 47 75kGy ;经 1 0～ 45 0kGy剂量辐照 ,壳聚糖粘度减小 ,分子量和粘度均随辐照剂量的增大而降低。     

辐照降解溶液及粮谷中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

为研究脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)在不同介质中经γ射线辐照的降解效果,以DON标准品水溶液、乙酸乙酯溶液及粮谷中自然污染的DON为对象,研究了经剂量为3~9kGy的辐照处理后DON浓度的变化,并对降解产物进行初步分析。结果表明,辐照处理可有效降低水溶液、乙酸乙酯溶液中DON标准品及大米中DON的含量。相同条件下,水溶液中DON的降解效果优于乙酸乙酯,9 kGy时,800μg·m L~(-1)的乙酸乙酯溶液中DON的降解率为27.5%,而水溶液中达到73.1%;散装大米中DON污染量为112.5μg·kg~(-1),9 kGy时降解率接近90%。m/z为373的物质可能是DON的辐照降解产物,其图谱表明,该物质在水溶液中有3个同分异构体。本研究结果为进一步深入探究DON的辐照降解产物及降解机理提供了参考。     

水溶液和芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解

为寻求一种能有效降解毒死蜱残留的技术方法,本文采用60Co γ射线辐照水溶液和芦笋中的毒死蜱,并对比了毒死蜱的辐照降解率。结果表明,辐照剂量在0～12kGy时,水溶液中毒死蜱的降解率随剂量的增加而增大,4kGy的辐照可使其降解率达95.5%;芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解率偏低,8kGy辐照时降解率最高,达到30.0%。进一步研究表明,芦笋成分Vc、芦丁和总糖等的存在对辐照降解毒死蜱有抑制效应。     

γ射线辐照降解木聚糖的机理研究

为了探讨γ射线辐照降解半纤维素的机理,以木聚糖为模型化合物,经0、200、400、600、800、1 000、1 200 k Gy剂量的辐照后,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)、气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)研究其表观形貌结构、分子结构及降解产物的变化特征。结果表明,γ射线辐照处理后木聚糖表观形貌结构发生破坏,多孔性增加;随着辐照剂量升高,木聚糖3 354 cm~(-1)处拉曼光谱峰强度降低且峰位发生红移,1 122 cm~(-1)和1 093 cm~(-1)处拉曼光谱峰强度逐渐减弱,表明木聚糖分子中的氢键、糖苷键发生破坏;木聚糖降解产物的GC-MS分析表明,辐照处理后木聚糖乙酸乙酯提取液中共检测到18种脂肪酸类化合物、5种糖类化合物和2种呋喃类化合物,其相对含量分别在1 200、800和1 200 k Gy达到最大值(16.59%、1.46%和1.03%)。本研究结果为木聚糖γ射线辐照降解产物全利用提供了支持。     

电子束辐照降解人参口服液多种农药残留的可行性研究

本研究旨在探索电子束辐照降解人参口服液农药残留的技术可行性.研究采用0 ～ 15kGy的电子束射线辐照方法,对人参口服液中16种禁、限用农药进行了系统的降解试验.结果表明:人参口服液中农药降解率随着电子束辐照剂量的增加而增大,其中辐照处理对吡虫啉、甲氰菊酯降解效果较为明显,降解率分别在90％和50％以上；对地虫硫磷、杀扑磷、二嗪磷、伏杀硫磷、甲萘威等农药降解率也在30％以上；其余9种农药降解效果不明显.     

辐照与化学相结合协同降解壳聚糖研究

研究了单一辐照和协同处理对壳聚糖降解的影响。在协同降解中研究了辐照剂量、H2O2浓度、溶剂/溶质体积质量比、乙酸4个因素的作用。对前3个因素进行了方差分析和不同水平的多重比较,同时对降解产物的结构进行了红外光谱分析。结果表明协同降解效果较好,即15%H2O2、1.5%HAc、H2O2溶液/壳聚糖体积质量比4∶1、辐照剂量为110kGy可以使壳聚糖的分子量从8.7×105降低到104以下,且结构没有明显变化。     

γ射线辐照降解微晶纤维素的研究

为探讨γ射线辐照降解秸秆的机理,将微晶纤维素(MCC)作为模型化合物,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)、气质联用(GC-MS)分别研究了0、200、400、600、800、1 000、1 200、1 400k Gyγ射线辐照对MCC物理、化学结构和小分子降解产物的影响。结果表明,MCC经辐照后孔隙增多,比表面积增加,MCC分子化学结构发生变化,新生成了羰基。MCC经高剂量辐照处理后产生大量小分子物质,其中至少包括20种脂肪酸、9种糖类和3种呋喃类物质。本研究结果为系统阐明辐照降解秸秆类生物质的机理提供了数据支撑。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.