陕西省地形起伏度最佳计算单元研究

[目的]确定陕西省地形起伏度最佳计算单元,分析地形起伏度的空间分布规律,为地貌类型划分提供基础数据。[方法]以陕西省90 m×90 m的航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命(SRTM)数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,首先利用邻域统计分析法〔矩形邻域选取2×2,3×3,4×4,…,35×35共34个不同大小的邻域窗口,圆形邻域窗口选取20个(邻域半径R为2~21)〕对陕西省地形起伏度进行提取,然后统计不同矩形窗口和圆形窗口下的各种地形起伏度类型所占面积比例,接着运用均值变点分析法计算最佳计算单元,最后完成陕西省地形起伏度分级图的绘制,并对地形起伏度特征进行分析。[结果]不同地形起伏度类型所占面积比例的变化各有不同。按矩形邻域计算的地形起伏度最佳计算单元为12×12,对应面积为898 704m2,按圆形邻域计算的地形起伏度最佳计算单元为R=8,对应面积为1 254 191.4m2,这说明在使用邻域分析法提取地形起伏度时,采用圆形邻域有别于采用矩形邻域。陕西省地形总体较平缓,主要以小起伏、中起伏为主。[结论]简单实用的均值变点分析法,是确定最佳计算单元的一种较为理想的方法。     

基于3S技术的地形起伏度与区域土壤侵蚀的相关性研究

地形起伏度直接影响着地面的径流变化,是导致土壤侵蚀的主要根源之一。分析两者相关性的前提是准确提取地形起伏度,而确定研究数据尺度下地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口是得出可靠结果的保障。在3S技术的支持下,运用均值变点法分析罗甸县基于DEM（空间分辨率为30 m×30 m）的最佳分析窗口,并依据2007年修正的土壤侵蚀分类分级标准估算研究区各样本单元的土壤侵蚀量,对两者进行相关性分析。结果表明:罗甸县在该尺度数据源下的最佳分析窗口为32×32,最佳统计面积为0.921 6 km²,实证了均值变点分析方法提取地形最佳分析窗口的可行性;地形起伏度与区域土壤侵蚀模数的相关系数为0.519 1,充分说明了作为宏观地形因子之一的地形起伏度是区域土壤侵蚀的主导因素之一。     

基于DEM和均值变点法的措勤县地形起伏度分析

地形起伏度能够反映特定区域的地势起伏特征，采用均值变点法可以有效确定地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口。利用措勤县ASTER GDEM 30 m分辨率高程数据，在GIS平台支持下，通过Python编程，采用邻域分析法在不同窗口大小下提取地形起伏度，运用均值变点法确定措勤县最佳分析窗口。研究表明：(1)措勤县最佳分析窗口为27×27的矩形单元，分析窗口面积为0.656 1 km²。(2)措勤县地形起伏度范围为0～688 m,将其分为5类，起伏度值为70～200 m的丘陵地形和200～500 m的小起伏山地地形为措勤县主要地形，占比分别为37.62%和33.24%;起伏度值为30～70 m的台地地形和0～30 m的小起伏平地地形，占比分别为16.22%和12.57%;地形起伏度值为500 m以上的中起伏山地地形面积最小，占比为0.35%。     

基于DEM的京津冀地区地形起伏度分析

京津冀地区地貌类型复杂,全局单值最佳分析窗口在该地区地形起伏度提取中具有局限性。采集了区内不同地貌、地貌组合样本,采用均值变点法分别提取了各样本地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口,分析了地形地貌对最佳分析窗口的影响,在此基础上提取了京津冀地区的地形起伏度。结果表明:京津冀地区地形起伏度随分析窗口面积的增大而增大,对两者对应关系的拟合效果幂函数优于对数函数;区内因地形地貌差异存在4.64和5.35 km2两个最佳分析窗口,前者可以表达400 m以内的高差,后者更适合于表达400 m以上的高差;利用4.64和5.35 km2双窗口方案提取的地形起伏度优于单窗口方案,前者改善了后者对平坦地区起伏度的夸大;京津冀地区的地形起伏度在0~1 145 m之间,以平坦、中起伏和小起伏为主。     

基于变点分析法提取废弃采石场地形起伏度的方法

地形起伏度是废弃采石场水土保持治理和生态重建的重要地形指标之一。以0.5m,0.7m,1m,1.5m等12种不同水平分辨率DEM为数据源,采用GIS的窗口递增分析法和均值变点分析法对12种不同分辨率DEM的地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口进行了分析。结果表明:12种不同分辨率的最佳分析窗口都是为9×9网格,相应地提取地形起伏度的最佳统计面积与其相应的水平分辨率关系比较密切,呈幂函数的关系。以0.5m水平分辨率的DEM数据提取地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口面积为20.25m~2,并计算出大于5m地形起伏度的区域占总面积的13.12%。均值变点分析法确定地形起伏度也同样适用于废弃采石场的地形分析。     

基于DEM数据的祁县地形起伏度分析

地形的起伏是造成水土流失的重要因素,以空间分辨率为30 m×30 m ASTER GDEM数据和全国1∶400万矢量数据为基础数据源,运用邻域分析法提取祁县最佳地形起伏度,均值变点分析确定最佳统计单元,最后对祁县地形起伏度进行分级。结果显示,祁县地形起伏度的最佳统计单元为23×23,最佳统计面积为47.61×104 m~2,地形起伏度可分为4级:平原(30 m)占全县总面积的29.82%、台地(30~70 m)占19.81%、丘陵(70~200 m)占40.87%、小起伏山地(200~500 m)占9.51%;西北以平原(30 m)和台地(30~70 m)为主,东南部地形起伏较大,起伏度70 m的丘陵区和小起伏山地占全县总面积的50.38%,地形坡度较大,加之祁县降雨集中,土壤结构松散,侵蚀作用较强,水土流失严重。提出治理祁县的水土流失"应积极建设小型水利工程,加强水土保持监管制度,在丘陵和小起伏山地实行退耕还草还林,发展林业生产基地或者水果种植基地,不断恢复生态平衡"的建议。     

基于DEM的甘肃省地貌形态特征分类

[目的]分析微观尺度上的地貌分类指标,为甘肃省的水土流失、地质灾害防治以及农业规划决策提供数据支持。[方法]利用甘肃省DEM数据,通过窗口递增分析、均值变点分析、叠加分析、水系盒维数检验等方法,得到甘肃省地貌形态特征分类试验的最佳分析窗口以及甘肃省地貌形态特征分类结果。[结果](1)利用均值变点分析得到甘肃省DEM分类试验的最佳分析窗口为29×29。(2)根据分类指标体系,结合地表起伏度、地表切割度、地形位置指数(TPI)因子将甘肃省地貌形态分为13类。[结论]提取研究区内5个小流域对得到的甘肃省地貌形态特征分类结果进行了检验,分类结果符合实际情况。构建的甘肃省地貌形态特征的分类指标体系实现了甘肃省地貌形态特征分类试验。     

基于地形起伏度的江西省人口-经济格局变化分析

[目的]对江西省人口-经济格局变化进行分析,为新常态下区域层面的人口与资源环境协调发展提供量化依据。[方法]基于江西省数字高程数据,运用ArcGIS技术,采用窗口分析法,提取江西省地形起伏度,系统分析地形起伏度的空间分布规律及其与人口、经济的相关性。[结果](1)江西省的地形度以低值为主,88%的县域地形起伏度小于0.5,东、南、西部3面高,中部和北部低,在空间分布上呈现U形特征;(2)江西省人口、经济集中度总体上北高南低,人口向地势较为平坦的北部区域集聚明显,经济整体向北部鄱阳湖生态经济区集聚;(3)江西省2000—2010年10a间,受地形起伏度影响,起伏度小于0.25的区域人口集中度的比重由2000年的59.23%增加到60.47%,相应地经济集中度所占比重由2000年的72.80%增加到75.49%。[结论]江西省地形起伏度与人口、经济存在较强的负相关性,区域人口、经济表现出随地形起伏度下降而增加的趋势。     

喀斯特山区地形起伏度及其对水土流失敏感性的影响——以贵州省荔波县为例

[目的]探究喀斯特高原山区水土流失的特征与空间变化规律,为制定符合喀斯特山地环境的水土流失防治对策提供科学依据。[方法]以典型喀斯特山区重点生态功能区贵州省荔波县为研究区,综合运用地理空间分析方法,确定提取地形起伏度最佳的分析单元,结合水土流失敏感性评价,分析地形起伏度与水土流失敏感性的空间分布规律及其相互关系。[结果]基于10 m空间分辨率DEM数据,提取地形起伏度的最佳网格大小为54×54,地形起伏度(RDLS)在0.32～2.12之间;荔波县水土流失敏感主要为微度侵蚀,占县域总面积达88.40%;水土流失敏感性区域主要集中在RDLS为0.7～1.7的分级范围内,RDLS在1～1.5区间对水土流失的响应最敏感,为水土流失敏感性的优势因子区间。[结论]研究区内RDLS与不同敏感度的水土流失分布具有一定的一致性,总体上水土流失受地形起伏度变化的影响显著。     

中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用

基于全国 1:10 0万的栅格数字高程模型 ( DEM)数据 ,在 ARC/ INFO的 GRID模块支持下 ,利用窗口分析方法 ,经过采样统计 ,确定中国水土流失地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口大小为 5 km× 5 km;基于 5 km× 5 km的分析窗口 ,提取了中国水土流失地形起伏度 ,完成了中国水土流失地形起伏度制图 ;最后对中国水土流失地形起伏度进行了适用性分析 ,并将其初步应用于中国潜在水土流失评价     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.